Q-10 Discuss the importance of Heat Rejection Ratio.

What are the different

types of:
A. Air-Cooled Condensers
B. Water- Cooled Condensers.
Ans - The heat rejection ratio (HRR) is the ratio of heat rejected to the heat
absorbed (refrigeration capacity), that is,
HRR = Qc/Qe = Qe+Wc/Qe = 1 + 1/COP
In a fixed condenser temperature increases as soon as the evaporator temperature
decreases the COP decreases and HRR increases. As the condenser temperature
increases the COP decreases and the HRR increases. The HRR of refrigeration
systems by the use of hermetic compressor is high than the open compressor
system. This is due to additional heat given by the motor and compressor present in
the hermetic systems.

A) Air- Cooled Condensers =Types of water cooled condensers generally used

are as follows:
Double Pipe Condenser: Normally used for ammonia systems,double pipe
condenser usually consist of a pipe inside another pipe, or a tube within a
tube. The tubes are positioned horizontally to form a vertical bank. The
whole unit is fixed on a wall, and the water-ammonia mixture enters the
sections at the bottom, flowing up through the inner pipe. The compressed
refrigerant vapor goes through the top section flowing downward, due to
which a counter flow is created.
Double Tube Condenser: It is a version of the double type condenser in
which water flows inside the tubes, and refrigerant flows through the annular
space between the two tubes. A compact condensing unit is created by
placing the compressor inside the condenser.
Shell and Coil Condenser: It consists of a copper coil located in a steel
shell. Water runs through the coil, and refrigerant vapor is discharged from
the compressor, condensing on the outside of the cold tubes. This type of
condenser is economical, but its maintenance is difficult. If a leakage occurs
in the coil, it is essential to remove the head of the shell, and withdrawal of
coil from the shell.
Shell and Tube Condenser: It is comprised of a large number of tubes
located in a steel shell, with water flowing inside, and vapor flowing around

the tubes. The vapors condense on the exterior surface of the tubes, and
drops to the bottom of the condenser. A considerable amount of condensing
surface is available in a smaller place.

B) Water Cooled Condensers = Types of water-cooled Condensers are as

follows :
Tube-Within-A-Tube = In this design, the inner tube is inserted into
the bigger outer tube and both pipes are formed into the shape of a
coil to save space. This is the most commonly used design as it is easy
to manufacture.
Water will flow through the inner tube and cools the refrigerant that is
flowing in the outer tube. The refrigerant is also cooled by the air in
the room. The inner tube can be designed to have grooved inner tube
to increase the heat transfer between the refrigerant and the water.
Take note that the water and the refrigerant are designed to flow in
opposite directions. This is known as counter-flow arrangement and
its purpose is to keep the difference in temperature between them
consistent throughout the length of the heat exchange.
As the condenser is shaped into a coil, cleaning the inner tube from
mineral deposits of the water mechanically using brush is not
possible. The only way to get rid of the deposits is to use suitable
chemical to breakdown the minerals and flushed them out from the
tube.
Shell and Coil = This configuration of condenser consists of a shell
(can be steel) which contains a coil of tube which is usually made
from copper inside it. The water will flow through the coil to cool the
hot gas refrigerant in the shell. Hot air is usually feed from the top of
the shell and condenses as it flows down and contact the coil. The gas
that condenses is further cool down into sub cooling state at the
bottom of the shell.
The minerals that are deposited on the coil from the water cannot be
cleaned mechanically as it is located inside the shell. The only way to
clean it is to use chemicals to flush out the minerals.
Shell and Tube = This type of condenser has a steel shell with copper
tubes inside the shell. The cost to produce this tube is really high , it is

only used for large capacity AC units. Water flows in the tubes to
cool the refrigerant that flows in the shell from the top. The shell acts
as receiver in the tube. The subcooled liquid refrigerant is channeled
out from the condenser for use in the next stage of the cooling
process. The tubes can be removed and can be cleaned of mineral
deposits in them.
Q-11 Explain the difference between flooded type shell-and-tube
evaporator and dry type shell-and-tube evaporator.
AnsFlooded type shell-and-tube Evaporator = Its consist of a float value
because of this value the liquid flows in low passages and passes through the rule
upward and boils due to heat of absorption from warmer surface which is already
cooled.
The vapor which is formed by boiling bubbles up in flash chambers which separate
liquid from vapor.
Different vapor passes to the compressor, liquid goes blade to the evaporator. The
flash chamber collects the vapor formed by liquid refringent and vapor formed in
the expansion device.
Heat chamber increases because all the surface is in contact with the liquid
refrigerator. The refringent charges is comparatively large as compared to dry
expansion type.
The flash chamber is used to avoid liquid cray to compressor. The evaporator coil
is attached to flash chamber and the liquid flows from the accumulator to the coil
by gravity. The vapor formed in the coil being light rises up and goes to the top
from where it enters the suction line.
In some type a liquid eliminator is given in the top of accumulator to prevent the
possible curry of the liquid to the suction line. A heat exchanger is used to super
heat the suction vapor.
Dry type shell and tube evaporator = In dry type expansion evaporator,
the liquid refrigerant enters through a expansion and value by the time in vaporize
it reaches at the end of the coil. There is 20% vapor present inside the evaporator
pipe. The amount of liquid depends upon the fixture load. The amount of the liquid
will be the small and large depending upon light and high load condition. The
bigger the wet surface, the good the efficiency.

Fins are used inside the rule in dry expansion evaporator. In flooded fins are
outside the rules. Dry expansion required less refrigerant and contrives positive
lubricating oil return. The lubricating oil return to compressor is confirm in dry
expansion type and refrigerant charge is required are less.
Dry evaporator is used in small and medium capacity plant.
Capacity is between 2 to 50 tons where as in flooded is large capacity from 10 to
1000 tons.