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1/16
Table of Contents
A. Governing equations ................................................................................................................................. 2
B. Kinetic Theory........................................................................................................................................... 3
Constitutive equations................................................................................................................................ 3
Algebraic granular energy equation ........................................................................................................... 5
C. Frictional Stress Models ............................................................................................................................ 5
Schaeffer model ......................................................................................................................................... 5
Princeton model ......................................................................................................................................... 6
D. Interface Momentum Transfer .................................................................................................................. 7
Wen-Yu drag correlation ........................................................................................................................... 7
Gidaspow drag correlation ......................................................................................................................... 8
Hill-Koch-Ladd drag correlation ............................................................................................................... 8
Syamlal and OBrien.................................................................................................................................. 9
Solids/solids momentum exchange coefficient ........................................................................................ 10
E. Correlations for maximum packing ......................................................................................................... 10
Yu-Standish correlation ........................................................................................................................... 10
Fedors-Landel correlation ........................................................................................................................ 11
F. Gas momentum equation constitutive models ......................................................................................... 12
Stresses..................................................................................................................................................... 12
Porous media model ................................................................................................................................. 12
G. Gas/Solids Turbulence models................................................................................................................ 12
H. Energy equation constitutive models ...................................................................................................... 12
Interphase heat transfer ............................................................................................................................ 12
Gas and solids conduction ....................................................................................................................... 13
Heats of reaction ...................................................................................................................................... 13
Nomenclature ............................................................................................................................................... 14
References .................................................................................................................................................... 16
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The purpose of this document is to summarize the current set of equations in MFIX. This document will
be updated when the equations in MFIX are revised or errors in this document needs to be fixed. The
equations are listed here without any explanation, to expedite the publication of this document. Some
details about the equations may be found in the two previous MFIX documents [1, 2]; be aware that some
of the equations in those documents have been revised. Refer to the readme file for the keywords (to be
used to set up an MFIX simulation) for selecting the different equation choices presented here.
Please note that all transport equations in MFIX are solved in non-conservative form by subtracting the
continuity equation from their conservative form.
A. Governing equations
Einstein summation convention implied only on subscripts i and j.
Continuity equations for solids phases m = 1, M:
Nm
m m m mU mi Rmn
t
xi
n=1
(A1)
g g g gU gi
t
xi
Ng
(A2)
gn
n=1
m m U mjU mi
m mU mi
x j
t
Pg
mij
I gmi I kmi
m
xi
x j
k 1
(A3)
m m gi
g g U gjU gi
g gU gi
x j
t
g g gi
Pg
gij
I gmi f gi
g
xi
x j
m 1
(A4)
m
U mi
3 m m mU mj m
m
mij
m
x j
xi
2 t
x j
xi
m m m J m (A5)
3/16
Tm
m m C pm
U mj
Tm
qmi
4
gm Tm Tg H m Rm TRm
Tm4
x j
xi
(A6)
Tg
Tg
q gi M
g g C pg
U gj
gm Tm Tg H g Rg TRg4 Tg4
x j
xi m1
t
(A7)
m m X mn m mU mi X mn Dmn X mn
t
xi
xi
xi
R mn
(A8)
g g X gn g gU gi X gn Dgn X gn
t
xi
xi
xi
R gn
(A9)
B. Kinetic Theory
Constitutive equations
This is a modified Princeton model [3]. Modifications include the ad-hoc extension of kinetic theory to
polydisperse systems (more than one solids phase), which guarantees that two identical solids phases will
behave same as one solids phase.
Solids stresses:
mi
ij 2 m S mij
mij Pm b
x
(B1)
where
1 U mi
3 x
i
(B2)
Pm m m m 1 4 n g 0,mn
n 1
(B3)
S mij
1 U mi U mj
2 x j
xi
Solids pressure:
4/16
Solids viscosity:
M
m*
8 M
8
3
2
m
1 n g 0,mn 1 3 2 n g 0,mn b
3 g 0,mm 2 5 n1
n 1
5
5
(B4)
m m g 0,mm m
m*
M
2
m n g 0,mn m
n 1
m m
5
m d p m
96
M
256
m n g 0,mn
5
n 1
(B5)
(B6)
(B7)
Solids conductivity:
M
12 M
12 2
g
1
n 0,mn 5
n 0 ,mn
5 n1
m*
n 1
m
2
g 0,mm 64
2
41 33 n g 0,mn
25
n1
m m g 0,mm m
m*
(B8)
M
6
m n g 0,mn m
5
n 1
m m
75 m d p m
(B9)
(B10)
48 41 33
Collisional dissipation:
Jm
48
1 e
2
n 1
g 0,mn
dp
3m/ 2
(B11)
(B12)
5/16
Exchange terms:
m 3 s
81 m g2 u g u m
(B13)
g 0,mm d p3 m m
2
- K 1m m D + K 1m
(Dmii ) 2 2m + 4 K 4m m [ K 2m (Dmii ) 2 + 2 K 3m (Dmij Dmij ) )]
mii
m =
K
4m
m
(B14)
K 1m = 2 (1 + emm ) m g 0 mm
(B15)
K 2m = 4 d pm m (1 + emm ) m g 0 mm / (3 ) K 3m =
2
K 3m
3
(B16)
8 m g 0 mm (1+ emm )
d pm m
[
3
1
+
0.4(1
+
)(3
1)
]
+
0
.
5
g
emm
emm emm m 0 mm
2 3(3 - emm )
5
(B17)
K 4m =
(B18)
d pm
10 24 *
g
Pc
0
10
g *
g *
(C1)
6/16
P
sin
max
s
min c
, s
M
4I 2D
f
m 1
g *
(C2)
g *
smax 100
(C3)
bulk
0
f
1
Ds ,11 Ds ,22 2 Ds ,22 Ds ,33 2 Ds ,33 Ds ,11 2 Ds2,12 Ds2,23 Ds2,31 (C5)
6
1 u s ,i u s , j
(C6)
xi
2 x j
I 2D
Ds ,ij
(C4)
Princeton model
This model [5] is a modification of Savage model that accounts for strain-rate fluctuations. Also the
frictional model influences the flow behavior at solids volume fractions below maximum packing
( sfmin 0.5 ).
10 24 * 10
g
1 g smin
Pc Fr
s
g *
g *
* g 1 sfmin
(C7)
g 1 sfmin
Where Fr =0.05, r= 2, s=5. (Note that the constants in the code are 0.5 and 1025 dyne/cm2).
Pf
v
1
2
Pc
n 2 sin S : S / d p
n 1
(C8)
m 1
2 Pf sin
Pf
n n 1
f
S : S / d p2
Pc
7/16
1
n 1
s
M
m
(C9)
m 1
Here, the coefficient n is set differently depending on whether the granular assembly experiences a
dilatation or compaction:
n 2 sin
1.03
v 0
(C10)
v 0
2
3
f
bulk
f
(C11)
I gmi gm u gi u mi
(D1)
I kmi km u ki u mi
(D2)
gm
g g m u g u m 2.65
3
g
CD
4
d pm
24 / Re 1 0.15 Re 0.687
CD
0.44
Re
g g u g u m d pm
g
Re 1000
Re 1000
(D3)
(D4)
(D5)
8/16
gm
3
g g m u g u m 2.65
CD
g
d pm
4
150 s 1 g g 1.75 g m u g u m
2
d
d pm
g pm
Re
g 0.8
(D6)
g 0.8
Re 1000
Re 1000
(D7)
g g u g u m d pm
(D8)
gm 18 g 1 m 2 m
F
2
d pm
(D9)
F 1 3 / 8 Re
F F0 F1 R
2
e
F F2 F3 Re
s 0.01 and Re
F2 1
3 / 8 F3
s 0.01 and Re
(D10)
F3 F32 4 F1 F0 F2
2 F1
F2 1
and
0
.
01
Re
s
3 / 8 F3
F3 F32 4 F1 F0 F2
s 0.01 and Re
2 F1
(D11)
(D12)
9/16
1 3 s / 2 135 / 64 s ln s 17.14 s
s
1 w
10
w
2
3
3
1 0.681 s 8.48 s 8.16 s
1 s
F0
s
10
1 3
s
0.01 s 0.4
s 0.4
(D13)
2
/ 40
F1 s
0.11 0.00051 exp(11.6 )
s
0.01 s 0.1
(D14)
s 0.1
1 3 s / 2 135 / 64 s ln s 17.89 s
s
1 w
w
10
2
3
3
1 0.681 s 11.03 s 15.41 s
1 s
F2
s
10
1 3
s
s 0 .4
s 0 .4
(D15)
s 0.0953
0.9351 s 0.03667
F3
0.0673 0.212 s 0.0232/1 s 5 s 0.0953
g 1 m u g u m d pm
Re
2 g
(D16)
(D17)
w e 10 0.4 s / s
(D18)
gm =
3 m g g
2
rm
4 V d pm
0.63 + 4.8
V rm / Rem u g u m
2
2
V rm = 0.5 A - 0.06 Rem + (0.06 Rem ) + 0.12 Rem (2B - A) + A
(D19)
(D20)
10/16
A = 4.14
g
(D21)
0.8 1.28
if g 0.85
g
B = 2.65
if g > 0.85
g
(D22)
Rem =
d pm u g u m g
(D23)
d p,m d p,k g u u s P
31 e c fkm
m k 0 ,mk
m
k
coef c
8 2 m d 3p ,m k d 3p ,k
2
2
km
(D19)
* 1 smax
,mixture
max
s , mixture
min
max
i 1
1 1 s ,i
pij
j 1
(E1)
smax
,i
cxi
X
ij
smax
cx
i
1 , i
pij X ij
j i 1
i 1, 2, ..., M
(E2)
cxi
11/16
s ,i
(E3)
s, j
j 1
1 rij2
max
2 s ,i
X ij
1 rij2
1 2 max
s ,i
ji
(E4)
ji
max
max
smax
1 2.35rij 1.35rij2
,i s ,i 1 s , i
pij max
s ,i
d p ,i
d p, j
rij
d p, j
d p ,i
smax
,i , d p , i
rij 0.741
(E5)
rij 0.741
i j
(E6)
i j
i 1, 2, ..., M represent the maximum packing and particle diameter of individual powders.
Fedors-Landel correlation
This correlation can only be used for a binary mixture of powders.
max
max
max
max
s ,1 s , 2 1 r2,1 1 s ,1 s , 2
max
max cx1
smax
smax
1
,1
,2
s ,1
s,2
max
s ,1
max
max
max
1 r2,1 smax
,1 1 s ,1 s , 2 cx 2 s ,1
max
s , mixture
cx1
cx1
smax
,1
smax
,1
max
1 smax
,1 s , 2
smax
,1
smax
,1
max
1 smax
,1 s , 2
(E7)
12/16
gij 2 gt S gij
(F1)
where
1 U gi U gj
2 x j
xi
1 U gi
3 x ij
i
gt Min( max , g e )
S gij
(F2)
(F3)
e 2 l s2 g g I 2 Dg
I 2 Dg
1
Dg ,11 Dg ,22 2 Dg ,22 Ds,33 2 Dg ,33 Dg ,11 2
6
Dg2,12 Dg2, 23 Dg2,31
f gi
(F4)
g
c1
U gi
c2
g U gjU gj U gi
2
(F5)
(F6)
gm
0
gm
C pg Rgm
C pg Rgm
1
exp
0
gm
6 g m Num
(H1)
(H2)
d m2
(H3)
13/16
qmi m
q gi g
Tm
xi
Tg
xi
(H4)
(H5)
Heats of reaction
Ts
X gn
X gn
t
x
n
i
Tref
Ts
Nm
n
n=1
Tref
Tg
Ng
n
n=1
Tref
(H6)
(H7)
14/16
Nomenclature
c1
c2
Cpg
Cfkm
Cpm
dpm
D gij
Dmij
Dgn
Dmn
ekm
fgi
gi
g0m
(Hm,ref )n
(Hg,ref )n
Hg
Hm
i, j
I2Dg
I2Ds
kg
kpm
ksm
ls
m
M
Mw
n
Ng
Nm
Num
Pg
Pmp
Pmv
Pr
qgi
qmi
R
Rem
Rkm
Rmk
15/16
Rate of production of the nth chemical species in the fluid phase; kg/m3s
Rate of production of the nth chemical species in the mth solids phase; kg/m3s
Time; s
Thermodynamic temperature of the fluid phase; K
Thermodynamic temperature of the solids phase m; K
Reference temperature; K
Fluid phase radiation temperature; K
Solids phase-m radiation temperature; K
Fluid-phase velocity vector; m/s
mth solids-phase velocity vector; m/s
ith Coordinate Direction; m
Mass fraction of the nth chemical species in the fluid phase
Mass fraction of the nth chemical species in the mth solids phase
gm
Coefficient for the interphase force between the fluid phase and the mth solids
phase; kg/m3s
Coefficient for the interphase force between the kth solids phase and the mth solids
phase; kg/m3s
Fluid-solids heat transfer coefficient corrected for interphase mass transfer; J/m3Ks
0
gm
Fluid-solids heat transfer coefficient not corrected for interphase mass transfer;
km
Rg
Rm
g
m
m
rm
vm
e
g
gmax
gt
pm
vm
mk
g
m
gij
mij
J/m3Ks
Fluid-phase radiative heat transfer coefficient; J/m3K4s
Solids-phase-m radiative heat transfer coefficient; J/m3K4s
Granular energy dissipation due to inelastic collisions; J/m3s
Volume fraction of the fluid phase (void fraction)
Packed-bed (maximum) solids volume fraction
Volume fraction of the mth solids phase
Function of restitution coefficient
Granular temperature of phase m; m2/s2
Solids conductivity function
Second coefficient of solids viscosity, viscous regime; kg/ms
Eddy viscosity of the fluid phase; kg/ms
Molecular viscosity of the fluid phase; kg/ms
Maximum value of the turbulent viscosity of the fluid phase; kg/ms
Turbulent viscosity of the fluid phase; kg/ms
Solids viscosity, plastic regime; kg/ms
Solids viscosity, viscous regime; kg/ms
mk = 1 if Rmk < 0; else mk = 0.
Microscopic (material) density of the fluid phase; kg/m3
Microscopic (material) density of the mth solids phase; kg/m3
Fluid-phase stress tensor; Pa
Solids phase m stress tensor; Pa
Angle of internal friction, also used as general scalar
Contact area fraction in solids conductivity model
16/16
References
1. Syamlal, M., W.A. Rogers, and T.J. O'Brien, 1993. "MFIX Documentation, Theory Guide,"
Technical Note, DOE/METC-94/1004, NTIS/DE94000087, National Technical Information
Service, Springfield, VA.
2. Syamlal, M. December 1998. MFIX Documentation: Numerical Techniques. DOE/MC-313465824. NTIS/DE98002029. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA
3. Agrawal, K., Loezos, P.N., Syamlal, M and Sundaresan, S., 2001. J. Fluid. Mech., 445, 151-185.
4. Schaeffer, D.G., 1987. J. Diff. Eq., 66, 19-50.
5. Srivastava, A. and Sundaresan, S., 2003. Powder Tech., 129, 72-85.
6. Hill, R.J., Koch, D.L. and Ladd, J.C., 2001. J. Fluid Mech., 448, 213-241.
7. Hill, R.J., Koch, D.L. and Ladd, J.C., 2001. J. Fluid Mech., 448, 243-278.
8. Yu, A.B. and Standish N., 1987. Powder Tech., 52, 233-241.
9. Fedors, R.F. and Landel R.F., 1979. Powder Tech., 23, 225-231.
10. Gera, D., Syamlal M, O'Brien TJ, 2002. Int. J. Multiphase flow, 30 (4), 419-428.
11. Syamlal, M., 1987, "The Particle-Particle Drag Term in a Multiparticle Model of Fluidization,"
Topical Report, DOE/MC/21353-2373, NTIS/DE87006500, National Technical Information
Service, Springfield, VA.
12. Benyahia, S., Syamlal M and O'Brien TJ, 2006. Powder Tech., 162, 166-174.