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http://ce.sharif.edu/courses/91-92/1/ce443-1/index.php

Objective
Experiment with routing protocols and collect associated metrics using OPNET.

Pre-Lab
Review the lecture notes on RIP and OSPF routing protocols.

Problem Description
Routing is the process of finding an optimal multi-hop path to a certain destination. The optimality of the path is
determined by the cost definition used in the routing algorithm, for example, RIP uses hop-count as the routing
metric and so the optimal path between two nodes in a network that runs RIP is the one with the least number of
hops. Another example is the OSPF routing protocol, where the cost definition can vary; it can represent link
bandwidth (1/bandwidth), delay, reliability (1/BER) or even a combination of them Figure 1 below clarifies the
idea, where the numbers on the links represent link costs.

Figure 1 RIP and OSPF routes for a network with given link costs

In this lab you will:

1)
Create a small network and fill the routing tables manually to see the difficulties that the network
administrator will endure if there were no dynamic routing protocols.
2) Duplicate the scenario and reconfigure the network to use RIP as the routing protocol. Determine the
routing tables using simulation.
3) Duplicate the scenario and reconfigure the network to use OSPF as the routing protocol. Determine the
routing tables using simulation.
4) Apply what you have learned in an exercise to determine the routing tables for a familiar network, using RIP
and OSPF as the routing protocols.

Procedure
Use OPNET to model Network 1 (see Figure 2).

Figure 2 Network 1 to demonstrate static, RIP, and OSPF routing

Create a new project, set the name to routing_lab, and the scenario name to static_routing. Use the wizard to
complete the creation process: Empty Scenario, Campus, 10 Km x 10 Km and select the following technologies to
be added to the object palette:
When you build this scenario, use the Cisco 2511 model for routers, ethernet_wkstn to represent users, and
ethernet_server for the server. The links between routers and users/server are of type 100BaseT, while the links
between routers are of type ppp_adv (duplex link). The server you setup in the procedure will act as a Web server,
and the users will be running the Heavy Web Browsing application. This means you will need to add an Application
Configuration and a Profile Configuration to your scenarios, like you did in Lab 2. When you create the Profile, you
will need to specify the application as Heave Web Browsing, and assign this Profile to all the users. Additionally,
the server should support all services.

Configure IP Addresses
NOTE: When assigning IP addresses, you must be cognizant of the interface information. Hold your mouse over
the link you wish to assign IP addresses on, and notice the interface (port) information for the connected routers.
Assign IP addresses to those particular interfaces. In other words, this means each router interface is defined
with an IP address.
Work through this section carefully, and double-check your work. The Cisco 2511 routers have 19 interfaces, one
of them is an Ethernet interface (IF0) and the rest are serial interfaces. To configure the IP address and link cost on
any node:
Right-click on the node and select Edit Attributes.

 Choose IP-> IP Routing Parameters->Interface Information on routers or IP->IP Host Parameters-> Interface
Information on workstations and the server.
To configure the IP address of a routers interface, expand the corresponding row. Workstations and servers
have only one interface.

Static Routing (Configure Routing Tables )

When using static routing, it is the network administrators responsibility to keep monitoring and reconfiguring the
network accordingly. Configure the static routing tables for the routers in Network 1 based on Table 1 (note that
this routing table is not complete, and it provides only enough routes to make the scenario operate correctly):

To configure the routing table on a router:

Right-click on a router and select Edit Attributes .
Choose IP -> IP Routing Parameters -> Static Routing Table , and then add rows to the table as required. Each
table entry should specify a destination address, a subnet mask, and a next hop (note that the next hop can be a
port address on the same router or a port address on the next hop router).

Routing Protocol Configuration

Configure the network to use static routing. Note that you will use this procedure later to setup the network with
RIP and OSPF.
Select ALL of the nodes in the network
From the Protocols menu choose Protocols -> IP -> Routing -> Configure Routing Protocols . See Figure 3.

 In the dialog box select the desired routing protocol, or select None in the case of static routing. Uncheck the
Apply selection to subinterfaces. In the Apply the above selection to section, make sure that you choose
Interfaces across selected links. Finally, make sure Visualize routing domains is checked. Your network should look
similar to Figure 4:

Right-click on the server and select Choose Individual DES Statistics and choose Node Statistics ->TCP Connection > Load (bytes/sec). We are not interested in the load, but using this statistic allows us to see all the connections

made to the server from workstations. Run the simulation to verify your network is operating (connections are
made to the server from the workstations).
What happens if the link from R2 to R3 would fail? Disable the link between R2 and R3: right-click on the link and
select Advanced Edit Attributes -> set condition to disabled and run the simulation again . can you see
connections from User 2 to the server? To allow User 2 to access the server, you need to reconfigure the routing
table on R2 so that the new path from User 2 to the server is: User 2 -> R2 -> R1 -> R3 -> server. Do this and run
the simulation again to verify your solution.

RIP Routing
Create a new scenario by duplicating the static_routing scenario, and name the new scenario RIP_routing.
Remove the static routing tables you created on the three routers by deleting the rows found at Edit Attributes ->
IP -> IP Routing Parameters -> Static Routing Table (set rows to 0). Make sure any previously disabled links are
enabled. Reconfigure Network 1 to use the RIP routing protocol. See the section on Routing Protocol
Configuration and Figure 3. Your network should look similar to Figure 5:

In order to make sure the network is operating properly we need to view the routing tables.

View Routing Tables

The dynamically configured routing tables can be found using the following steps:

 Choose Protocols -> IP -> Routing -> Export Routing Tables -> All nodes -> OK
Run the simulation
Choose Protocols -> IP -> Configuration Reports -> Generate All
View the simulation results, and choose Discrete Event Tables -> Object Tables
You should now be presented with the RIP routing tables for each router. You will use this same procedure later to
determine the OSPF routing tables.

OSPF Routing
Duplicate the RIP_routing scenario and name the new scenario OSPF_routing. Reconfigure the network to use
OSPF the same way you configured it to use RIP. Your network should look similar to Figure 6:

Configure Link Costs

Since OSPF relies on link costs to determine routing pat hs, follow these steps to set the link costs in your OSPF
scenario:
Click on a link
Choose Protocols -> OSPF -> Configure Interface Cost . See Figure 7.

 Select Set the interface cost explicitly to option, and enter the link cost
Select the Selected links button

Run the simulation to determine the routing tables.

Exercise

Network 2 is given in Figure 8. Configure this network in OPNET, using what you have learned above, with the RIP
and OSPF routing protocols. No users/servers are needed, and the routers and links are the same type as used in
modeling Network 1. The link costs only need to be specified for OSPF, since RIP uses hop-count as the routing
metric.
1) Provide the routing table for R4 (screenshot or printout of web report) using
a. RIP
b. OSPF
2) What are the differences between the RIP and OSPF routing tables for R4? Why?