DESIGN

EXPERIMENT

A+ SPM
2017
Biology 3 SPM EXAMINATION TECHNIQUES

PAPER 3 : QUESTION 1
1. MEASURING AND USING NUMBERS
Complete the table by recording the reading of thermometer, stopwatch,
measuring tools, ruler etc. from the given diagram. (state the unit if it is not stated
in the header of table)
2. OBSERVATION
QUESTION : State two observations.
ANSWER : Write
3.

down what can be observed only.

Usually have units and values
Link MV and RV as shown in the header table
Do not do the analysis, comparison or conclusion.

INFERENCE

State one scientific explanation which corresponds to each observation

4. COMMUNICATING
Construct the table using the given titles and units, record the relevant data or
calculation.

5.

INTERPRETING DATA

State the relationship and explain

6. VARIABLES
Manipulated variable 1st column of table/from question
Responding variable 2nd or 3rd column of table/ from question
Fixed variable find from question (1 is enough)

CONTROLLING VARIABLES
Variables
(STATE)

MANIPULATED
RESPONDING

CONTROLLED

7.

Method to handle the

variables
(MUST USE VERB and state
the INSTRUMENT used)
Use different MV
(list the different)
Measure RV using apparatus
and record
Or
Culculate RV using formula
and record
(Observe/
read/
are
not
accepted)
Use the same/ Maintain
at.

MAKING HYPHOTHESIS
Able to state the hypothesis correctly based on the following criteria:
State the manipulated variable (MV)
State the responding variable (RV)
State the relationship between MV and RV

8.

PREDICTING

QUESTION : If the experiment is repeated .., predict the observation

ANSWER : One number or relevant statement
-increase
-decrease
-same/constant
-more than
-Less than
X more or less

9. DEFINING OPERATIONALLY
EXAMPLE:

Based on the results of the experiment, what can you deduce about
vitamin C ?

YOUR ANSWER MUST BEGIN WITH : Vitamin C is ..

(Your answer must based on the results of the experiment, not exactly from the
theory. Must also include the RV and MV)
e.g. Vitamin C is the ascorbic acid which can decolorize the DCPIP solution and it is
found in different types of fruit juice.
10. CLASSIFYING
Students must complete the given table according to the title. If the table is not
provided, construct the table according to the classification given.
11. USING SPACE-TIME RELATIONSHIP
State the changes of with time

PAPER 3 : QUESTION 2
(New Format in SPM 2010)
Students must have all of the following:
Problem statement
Hypothesis

Variables
List of material and apparatus
Experimental procedure or method
Presentation of data

1. PROBLEM STATEMENT(3M)
Must be in a question form.
(What/how/is/does the MV..RV?)

2. HYPOTHESIS (3M)
Able to state the hypothesis correctly based on the following criteria:
State the manipulated variable
State the responding variable
Relate the MV and RV
Higher..higher/ lower
Bigger.. bigger/smaller
More lesser
3. VARIABLES (3M)
Manipulated variable:
Responding variable
Fixed variable: (1 is enough)
4. APPARATUS(3M) (can be used over again)
List down at least 5 apparatus .
MATERIALS (can be used only once)
List down at least 3 materials

5. PROCEDURE / METHOD (3M)

Write down each step clearly and systematically (include
precautionary
steps) .
K1: technique of assembling the apparatus to carry out the experiment
K2: technique of fixing the FV

K3: technique of changing the MV

K4: technique of measuring the RV
K5: precautionary method to increase accuracy/formula

6. PRESENTATION OF DATA (2M)

Construct the table with the correct titles and units (results no need to fill,
just leave it blank).

1.TO INVESTIGATE OF DIFFERENT TYPE OF CELL TO THE FIXED SHAPED

OF THE CELL
Problem statement
Does plant cell and animal cell have fixed shape?
Hypothesis
Plant cell has a fixed shape but not animal cell
Variables
MV : type of cell/plant cell and animal cell
RV : fixed shape of cell
CV : One drop of methylene blue solution and distilled water
Apparatus and materials
Glass slide,cover slips,forcep,knife,microscope,toothpick,white tile/cutting
board,methylene blue solution,iodine solution,iodine solution,filter paper,distilled
water,onion scale leaf,cheek cell
Procedure
1. A scale leaf from an onion bulb are obtained
2. By using a forcep .the inner surface of onion scale leaf is peeled off
3. One drop of distilled water was placed in the middle of glass slide
4. With a needle ,the cover slip is dropped slowly at 45 0 to the glass slide so that
no air bubble being trapped
5. A drop of iodine solution was dropped at one side of the cover slip
6. A filter paper was placed at the opposite end of the opposite end of the cover
slip to allow the spreading of solution absorbing excess solution
7. The slide is observed under a light microscope using a low power objective
lens then high power objective lens
8. The plant structure is then drawn and recorded by using a microscope
9. This experiment is repeated using a cheek cell
10.The mouth is rinsed before starting with experiment
11.By using a toothpick, the inner mouth were scrapped to get some cheek cell
12.Then the cheek cell was placed onto a glass side

13.A drop of methylene blue solution was added

14.Slowly the cover slips was dropped, then the filter paper were placed at one
end of the cover slip for irrigation
15.This slide is then observe and the structure was recorded by using a
microscope
16.All the results are tabulated in a table
Presentation of Data
Type of cell

Structure of cell seen under microscope

Magnification : 10 x 40

Plant cell/onion scale leaf

Animal cell/cheek cell

2.TO DETERMINE THE CONCENTRATION OF SUCROSE SOLUTION WHICH IS

ISOTONIC TO THE CELL SAP OF POTATO STRIP
Problem statement
What is the concentration of the sucrose solution that will maintain the length of
potato strip?
Hypothesis
As the sucrose solution reach certain concentration (isotonic to the cell sap),there is
no changes in the length of potato strip
Variables
MV : the concentration of the sucrose solution
RV : change in length of potato strip
FV : initial length of potato strip
Apparatus & material
Cork borer, test tubes,stopwatch,ruler,potatoes,various concentration of sucrose
solution,filter paper
Procedure:
1. Six test tube are labeled P,Q,R,S,T and U
2. Test tube P is filled with 10ml distilled water, test tube Q is filled with 10ml
sucrose solution O.1M,test tube R is filled with 10ml sucrose solution
0.2M,test tube S is filled with 10ml sucrose solution 0.3M,test tube T is filled
with 10ml sucrose solution 0.4M and test tubes U is filled with 10ml sucrose
solution 0.5M
3. The cork borer is pushed into the potato and the potato strip is obtained by
pushing it out of the cork borer using a glass rod
4. The potato strips are cut to the exact length of 5 cm.
5. One potato cylinder is placed in each labeled test tubes for 30 minutes.
6. After 30minutes,the potato strips are removed from the test tube and gently
wiped with filter paper
7. The final length of the potato strips are measured and record using a ruler
8. The final length of the potato strips are recorded in a result table

9. A graph pf the concentration of sucrose solution against the change in the

length is plotted
Presentation
Test tube
P
Q
R
S
T
U

Concentration
of sucrose
solution(M)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

Initial(cm)

Length
Final(cm)

Change in
length(cm)

5
5
5
5
5
5

3.TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF ALBUMEN CONCETRATION ON THE

ENZYME PEPSIN REACTION
Problem statement
What is the effect of different albumen concentration on the rate of enzyme
reaction?
Hypothesis
The higher the albumen concentration,the higher the rate of enzyme reaction
Variables
MV : the concentration of albumen solution
RV : rate of enzyme reaction
CV : the volume of albumen solution
Apparatus and Materials
Albumen solution(1%,2%,3%,4%),1% pepsin solution, pipette/measuring
cylinder,HCL,water bath,thermometer,stopwatch
Procedure
1. 5ml of 1% albumen solution is poured into a test tube using a pipette.The
test tube is labeled P.
2. 1 ml of HCL acid is poured into the same test tube using another pipette
3. 1 ml of 5% pepsin is poured into the same test tube using another
pipette.The mixture is shaken well.
4. The test tube is placed in the beaker containing 300 ml of water at 37 oC.A
thermometer is placed in the beaker to check the temperature.
5. The stopwatch is started
6. The mixture is observed and the time taken for the solution to turn colourless
is taken using a stopwatch and recorded in a table.
7. Steps 1 to 6 are repeated twice to get an average result
8. Steps 1 to 7 are repeated,replacing the 1% albumen solution with 2%,3% and
4% albumen solution respectively.

9. All data are recorded in a table and a graph of the rate of enzme reaction
against the albumen concentrated is plotted
Presentation of data
Concentration of
albumen solution(%)

Time taken for the mixture to turn

colourless(min)

average

The rate of
enzyme reaction
(min-1)

1
2
3
4

4.TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF PH VALUES ON THE RATE OF PEPSIN ENZYME

Problem statement
What is the effect of pH values on the rate of of Pepsin Reaction?
Hypothesis
The lower the pH, the higher the rate of pepsin reaction
Variables
MV : pH values
RV : rate of pepsin reaction
CV : concentration of pepsin
Apparatus and materials
Pepsin solution,albumen suspension,distilled water,Hydrochloric acid,sodium
Hydroxide solution,stopwatch,water bath,tripod stand and wire
gauze,thermometer,test tube,measuring cylinders/syringe,pH paper,wire
gauze,Bunsen burner and tripod stand,test tube rack
Procedure
1. 200ml of egg white is mixed with 500ml of distilled water to prepare an
albumen suspension
2. The albumen suspension were boiled,stirred and leave to cool
3. Three test tubes were labeled as P,Q and R
4. 5ml of albumen suspension were placed into each test tube using a syringe
5. Then the following solutions were added into each test tubes as follows:
Test tube
pH
Mixture of solution
P
2 = acidic 1ml of 0.1M HCL + 1ml of 1% pepsin solution
Q
7=
1ml of distilled water + 1ml of 1%pepsin solution
neutral
R
9=
1ml of 0.1M NaOH + 1ml of 1% pepsin solution

alkaline
6. pH paper were dip into each test tube and the pH values were recorded
7. All the test tubes were immersed in a water bath with a temperature of 37%
for 20minutes.
8. Observe and recorded the time taken for the cloudiness of mixture turns clear
by using a stopwatch
9. Results of the experiment were recorded in a table
Presentation of data
Test tube
P
Q
R

pH
values
2
7
9

Time taken for the hydrolysis of albumen suspension

(minutes)

5.THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE RATE OF SALIVARY AMYLASE

Problem statement
What are effects of different temperature on the rate of salivary amylase reaction?
Hypothesis
As the temperature increase,the rate of amylase reaction increases until it reaches
the optimum temperature
Variables
MV : temperature of the medium
RV : the rate of reaction catalysed by salivary amylase
CV : volume of saliva
Apparatus and Materials
Beakers,test tube,thermometer,syringe,droppers,glass rods,white tiles woth
grooves,water bath,stopwatch,1% of starch suspension,saliva suspension iodine
solution ,ice cubes and distilled water
Procedure:
1. Mouth is rinsed with warm water and saliva is collected.Saliva with equal volume of
distilled water is diluted
2. 5ml of 1% starch suspension is out into each of the test tubes labeled A1,B1,C1,D1,
and E1 respectively using a syringe
3. 2 ml of saliva is added into each of another set of the test tubes labeled A2,B2,C2,D2
and E2 using a second syringe
4. Test tubes A1 and A2,B1 and B2,C1 and C2,D1 and D2,E1 and E2 is immersed
respectively into 5 different water baths with temperature kept constant at
OOC,28oC,37OC,45OC and 60oC.
5. The test tubes are left for five minutes

6. Meanwhile, a dry piece white tile with grooves is prepared and a drop of iodine
solution is placed into each groove
7. After five minutes of immersion ,the starch suspension in test tube A1 is poured into
the saliva in test tube A2.The mixture is stirred using a glass rod. The stopwatch is
started immediately.
8. A drop of mixture is removed from test tube A2,using a dropper and is placed in into
the iodine solution in the first groove on the tile.The first groove is considered as zero
minute
9. The iodine test is repeated every minute for ten minute.The dropper in a beaker of
water is rinsed after each sampling.The time taen for the completion of the hydrolysis
of starch is recorded (that is when the mixture gives a negative iodine test) using a
stopwatch.
10. The test tube with the mixture in their respective water bath is kept throughout the
experiment .steps 7 to 10 for test tubes B1,C1,D1 and E1 is repeated.
11. Thermometer is used to ensure that the temperature remain constant throughout the
experiment
12. The result is recorded and a graph showing the rate of reaction against temperature
is plotted
13. The activities of amylase reaction Is optimum at 37oC

Presentation of data
Test
Tem Time taken for the hydrolysis of starch to be
completed (minutes)
tube
p
o
( C)

Rate reaction (min1

)

6.TO DETERMINE THE ENERGY CONTENT IN THE SAMPLE OF FOOD

Problem statement
Does the final water temperature reading for cashew nut is higher than peanut and
white bread?
Hypothesis
The final temperature reading/energy value for cashew is higher than peanut and
white bread
Variables
MV : type of food
RV : the energy content
CV : volume of distilled water
Materials and apparatus
Cashew nut,peanut,white bread,distilled water,boiling
tubes,plasticine,pin,thermometer,bunsen burner and wire gauze,stopwatch,retort
stand and clamp
Procedure
1. Weigh the white bread and record its weight
2. Fill a boiling tube with 20ml distilled water
3. Clamp the boiling tube to the retort stand

4. Record the initial temperature of the water in the boiling tube

5. Spike the white bread firmly at the end of the pin which is mounted on some
plasticine
6. Ignite the white bread by holding it in the flame of a bunsen
burner.then,immediately place it beneath the boiling tube to heat the water
7. Stir the water gently with the thermometer
8. Record the initial temperature,that is the highest temperature reached as
soon as the peanut has stopped burning using thermometer.
9. Calculate the energy value of the peanut using the formula below [show
energy value formula]
10.Tabulate the results in table below
11.Steps 1 to 9 are repeated by using different food sample such as peanut and
cashew nut
Presentation of data
Food sample
Initial

Temperature 0C
Final

Energy value
Increase in
temperature

White bread
Peanut
Cashew nut

7.TO DETERMINE THE CONCENTRATION OF VITAMIN C CONTENT IN THE

SAMPLE OF FRUIT JUICES
Problem statement
What is the sample of fruit juices that contains a higher concentration of vitamin C?
Hypothesis
Guava juice contains a higher concentration of vitamin C compared to orange Juice
and pineapple juice
Variables
MV : type of fruit juice
RV : concentration of vitamin C
CV : volume of DCPIP solution
Apparatus and materials
Boiling tube,a syringe,a syringe with needles ,beaker,gauze cloth and a knife ,DCPIP
solution,0.1% ascorbic acid solution .freshly prepared guava juice,pineapple juice
and orange juice
Procedure

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Label four boiling tube as A,B,C, and D

Place 1ml of DCPIP solution in each boiling tube
Fill a syringe with 5ml of ascorbic acid solution
Immerse the needle of the syringe in the DCPIP solution drop-by-drop
Do not shake the tube vigorously
Record the volume of ascorbic acid solution used to turn the DCPIP solution
colourless using a syringe
7. Repeat steps 22 to 7 using Lime Juice,pineapple juice and papaya juice
8. Calculate the percentage and concentration of vitamin C in these three types
of fruit juice using the formula below [ shows percentage of vitamin C and
Concentration of vitamin C formula]
Presentation of data
Solution

Volume of fruit
juice needed to
decolourize 1ml of
DCPIP solution (ml)

Percentage of
vitamin C In fruit
juice (%)

Vitamin C
concentration in
fruit juice (mg/cm)

8.TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON THE RATE OF

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Problem statement
What is the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis?
Hypothesis
The higher the light intensity ,the higher the rate of photosynthesis until it reaches
limiting value
Variables
MV : light intensity
RV : rate of photosynthesis
CV : The temperature
Apparatus and materials
Hydrilla Sp.,0.3% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution,beaker,thermometer,test
tube,stopwatch,60W electric bulb , measuring cylinder , retort stand,paper
clip,metre ruler

Procedure
1. A 5cm sprig is cut from a hydrilla sp. Plant using a sharp scalpel
2. The plant is placed with the cut end facing upwards
3. A paper clip is used to weight down the other end of the hydrilla sp. Sprig
4. 10ml of 0.3% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution is poured in a boiling tube
5. The boiling tube with plant is placed in a water bath with the temperature
maintained at 280C
6. A 60watt bulb is placed at a distance of 50cm from the plant
7. When the rate of bubbles given out is constant ,the number of bubbles
released for 5 minutes is recorded using a stopwatch
8. The steps are repeated by placing the apparatus at distance
40cm,30cm,20cm and 10cm from the light source.
9. The results are recorded and the rate of photosynthesis is calculated by using
a formula:[rate of photosynthesis formula]
Presentation of data
Distance of
light source
(cm)
50
40
30
20
10

Number of bubbles
released in 5 minutes

Rate of photosynthesis (number of

bubble /minute)

9.TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE ON

THE RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Problem statement
What is the effect of concentration of carbon dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis?
Hypothesis
The higher the concentration of carbon dioxide the higher the rate of
photosynthesis
Variables
MV : concentration of Carbon dioxide
RV : rate of photosynthesis
CV : temperature
Apparatus and materials

Hydrilla Sp., sodium hydrogen carbonate solution,beaker,thermometer,test

tube,retort sand,stopwatch,lamp , measuring cylinder , retort stand,ruler and paper
clip
Procedure
1. A 5cm sprig is cut from a hydrilla sp. Plant using a sharp scalpel
2. The plant is placed with the cut end facing upwards
3. A paper clip is used to weight down the other end of the hydrilla sp. Sprig
4. 10ml of 0.3% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution is poured in a boiling tube
5. The boiling tube with plant is placed in a water bath with the temperature
maintained at 280C
6. A 60watt bulb is placed at a distance of 50cm from the plant
7. When the rate of bubbles given out is constant ,the number of bubbles
released for 5 minutes is recorded using a stopwatch
8. The steps are repeated by using 0.4%,0.6% and 0.8% sodium carbonate
solution.
9. The results are recorded and the rate of photosynthesis is calculated by using
a formula:[rate of photosynthesis formula]
Presentation of data
Concentration of
Number of bubbles
sodium hydrogen
released in 5 minutes
carbonate solution
(%)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8

Rate of photosynthesis (number of

bubble /minute)

10.TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN DEFECIENCIES IN CULTURE

SOLUTION ON THE BEIGHT/GROWTH RATE OF SEEDLING
Problem statement
What is the effect of nitrogen deficiencies in culture solution on the growth rate of
seedling
Hypothesis
The growth rate of seedling is slower in nitrogen deficiencies of culture solution
Variables
MV : the type of culture medium
RV : growth rate of seedling
CV : the initial height if seedling

Apparatus and material

Tomato seedling/maize seedling,potasium hydrogen phosphate,calcium
chloride,pottasium chloride,distilled water,cotton wool,black paper,glass jar,glass
tubing,L-shaped delievery tube,air pump,rubber bung,ruler
Procedure
1. Three glass jars labeled A,B and C are prepared
2. In glass jar A ,distilled water is fulfilled which serves as a control experiment
3. In glass jar B, a complete culture solution is prepared using the composition
of the Knops solution as a guide
4. In glass jar C a culture solution deficient in nitrogen is prepared by replacing
calcium nitrate with calcium chloride and potassium nitrate is replaced by
potassium chloride
5. Each jar is wrapped with black paper to prevent light from penetrating into
the culture which will cause the growth of green algae
6. Three maize seedlings of the same height are chosen and put into each jars
7. Keep the roots of seedlings are fully immersed in each solutions.The culture
solution is aerated using an air pump to ensure the root of the seedling
obtain enough for respiration
8. All set of apparatus are exposed to light so the seedling are able to carry out
photosynthesis
9. The culture solution in each jar is replaced every week to ensure that the
nutrients which are supposed to be available are not depleted
10.After one month,seedling in jar A Is taken out and the height of seedling is
measured and recorded by using a ruler.the growth rate of the seedling is
calculated and is recorded in a table using formula:
The height of seedling
(cm)
Time taken (days)
11.Step 10 is repeated with seedling in glass jar B and glass jar C are observed
12.Record the result in table and plot a bar chart showing the growth rate of
seedlings(cm/day) against the types of solution
Presentation of data
Glass jar

Type of solution

A
B

Distilled water
Complete knops
solution
Nitrogen deficient in
culture solution

The height of seedling cm

initial
final

The growth rate

of
seedling(cm/day
)

11.TO INVESTIGATE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE RATE OF ANAEROBIC

RESPIRATION IN YEAST
Problem statement
What is the effect of temperature on the rate anaerobic respiration in yeast?
Hypothesis
The increase the temperature,the increase the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast

Variables
MV : temperature
RV : the rate of anaerobic respiration
CV : volume/concentration of yeast
Apparatus and materials
Yeast solution,glucose solution,coloured liquid,paraffin oil,manometer
tube,measuring cylinder , rubber tubing, clip ,glass tube, ruler, boiling tube, water
bath, stopwatch, marker pen, rubber stopper, thermometer , beaker, retort stand
Procedure
1. Filled the boiling tube with 15 ml yeast suspension.
2. Then the boiling tube is added with 10ml 5% glucose solution
3. The boiling is filled with paraffin oil
4. The apparatus is joined to a rubber stopper with glass tube,rubber tubing and
the manometer
5. The apparatus is placed to a retort stand
6. Mark and record the initial height of the coloured liquid in the manometer
with a marker pen
7. Then,placed the boiling tube in water bath at 20 0C
8. Start the stopwatch and mark the level of coloured liquid in the manometer
(after 10 minutes)
9. Record the final height of the coloured liquid in the manometer using a ruler
10.Repeat the experiment by placing the boiling tube in water baths at
300C,400C and 500C
11.Make sure all the joints of the apparatus are air-tight
12.Calculate and record the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast by using a
formula
The change in height of coloured water in the manometer
Time taken
13.The results are tabulated in a table
Presentation of data
Temperature
The height of coloured liquid in
0
(C )
manometer(cm)
initial
final
20
30
40
50

Rate of anaerobic in
yeast (cm/min)

12.THE EFFECT OF pH ON THE RATE OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION YEAST

Problem statement
What is the effect of pH on the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast?

Hypothesis
The rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast is optimal in acidic medium
Variables
MV : pH value
RV : rate of anaerobic respiration
CV : concentration of yeast solution
Apparatus and material
pH paper,hydrochloric acid,sodium hydroxide Yeast solution,glucose
solution,coloured liquid,paraffin oil,manometer tube,measuring cylinder , rubber
tubing, clip ,glass tube, ruler, boiling tube, water bath, stopwatch, marker pen,
rubber stopper, thermometer , beaker, retort stand
Procedure
1. Filled the boiling tube with 15 ml yeast suspension.
2. Then the boiling tube is added with 10ml 5% glucose solution
3. 4 drop of 0.1mol dm3 Hydrochloric acid is added
4. The content in boiling tube is shaked.determine the pH of the solution using
pH paper
5. The boiling tube is filled with paraffin oil.
6. The apparatus is joined to a rubber stopper with glass tube,rubber tubing and
the manometer
7. The apparatus is placed to a retort stand
8. Mark and record the initial height of the coloured liquid in the manometer
with a marker pen and a ruler
9. Start the stopwatch and mark the level of coloured liquid in the manometer
(after 10 minutes)
10.Record the final height of the coloured liquid in the manometer using a ruler
11.Repeat the experiment by placing add 4 drops o.o1 mol dm 3 HCL,4 drops of
distilled water and 4 drops of 0.1 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide
12.Make sure all the joints of the apparatus are air-tight
13.Calculate and record the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast by using a
formula
The change in height of coloured water in the manometer
Time taken
14.The results are tabulated in a table
Presentation of data
pH
The height of coloured liquid in manometer (cm)

Rate of anaerobic
respiration in yeast
(cm/min)

13.THE EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION OF GLUCOSE ON THE RATE OF

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IN YEAST

Problem statement
what is the effect of concentration of glucose on the rate of anaerobic respiration in
yeast?
Hypothesis
the higher the concentration of glucose the higher the rate of anaerobic respiration
in yeast
Variables
MV : concentration of glucose
RV : The rate of anaerobic respiration
CV : Concentration of yeast solution
Apparatus and materials
Yeast solution,glucose solution,vaselin, coloured liquid,paraffin oil,manometer
tube,measuring cylinder , rubber tubing, clip ,glass tube, ruler, boiling tube, water
bath, stopwatch, marker pen, rubber stopper, thermometer , beaker, retort stand
Procedure
1. Filled the boiling tube with yeast suspension.
2. Then the boiling tube is added with 10ml 5% glucose solution
3. Glucose solution is heated to remove dissolved oxygen.the solution is left to
cool
4. The boiling is filled with paraffin oil
5. The apparatus is joined to a rubber stopper with glass tube,rubber tubing and
the manometer
6. Vaseline is used to make sure all the joints is airtight
7. The apparatus is placed to a retort stand
8. Mark and record the initial height of the coloured liquid in the manometer
with a marker pen
9. Start the stopwatch and mark the level of coloured liquid in the manometer
(after 10 minutes)
10.Record the final height of the coloured liquid in the manometer using a ruler
11.Repeat the experiment by 10% and 30% glucose solution
12.Calculate and record the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast by using a
formula
The change in height of coloured water in the manometer
Time taken
13.The results are tabulated in a table
Presentation of data
Concentration of
The height of coloured liquid in the
glucose (%)
manometer (cm)
initial
final
5
10
20

Rate of anaerobic
respiration(cm/min)

14.TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF SMOKING TO THE LUNG

Problem statement
What is the effect of cigarette number to the colour change in cotton wool and the
increase in temperature of thermometer?
Hypothesis
As the number if cigarette increase ,the more brownish the colour of cotton wool
and the higher the temperature in thermometer
Variables
MV : the number of cigarette
RV : Change in cotton wool and increased in temperature of thermometer
CV : Volume of universal indicator
Apparatus and materials
U-Tube,glass tube,boiling tube,suction pump,temperature,measuring cylinder,boiling
tube ,universal indicator,cotton wool,cigarette
Procedure

To suction
pump

Universal
indicator

1. Diagram with 5 correct labels

2. 50ml of universal indicator is measured using measuring cylinder and poured
into the boiling tube
3. The initial temperature of the air in U-Tube is recorded
4. The initial colour of cotton wool/universal indicator is recorded
5. One cigarette is lighted up and suction pump is switched on
6. Record the change of colour in cotton and increase in temperature using a
thermometer after cigarette stopped burning (In a table)
7. Repeat steps 6 to 8 by using 2,3, and 4 cigarettes
8. Make sure all the joining are air tight
Presentation of data
Before experiment
Temperature (0C)
Colour of cotton
wool

After experiment

15.TO DETERMINE THE OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE CONTENTS IN

INHALED AND EXHALED AIR
Problem statement
Does inhaled air contain more oxygen and less carbon dioxide than exhaled hair?
Hypothesis
Inhaled air contains more oxygen and less carbon dioxide than exhaled air
Variables
MV : type of air sample(inhaled or exhaled air)
RV : percentage of oxygen and carbon dioxide in inhaled and exhaled air
CV : length of air used
Apparatus and materials
Potassium hydroxide solution,pottassium pyrogallate solution,water,Jtube,ruler,beaker,boilng tube,basin/water bath,ruber tubings
Procedure
1. Turn the screw of the J-Tube until the end
2. Dip the end of the J-Tube in water.Draw into the tube about 5cm of water
3. Remove the J-Tube from the water.Draw into the tube about 10cm of
air(inhaled air)
4. Dip the open end of J-Tube into the water again .Draw in a little more water
(to seal the air column)
5. Adjust the screw so that air column is sin the middle of the J-Tube
6. Immerse the J-Tube into the water bath for 2 minutes ,to stabilize the
temperature of air sample
7. Measure the length of air column using a ruler .Record the measurement as P
cm
8. Expel some of the water in the J-tube leaving about 2-3mm from the end of
the tube
9. Dip the open end of the J-Tube into the potassium hydroxide and draw in
about 2-3cm of the solution(potassium hydroxide absorbs carbon dioxide
from the air column)
10.Remove the test tube from the solution and move the air column to and fro
several times
11.
Repeat step 6 and 7 .Record the length of air column as q cm
12.
Expel the potassium hydroxide solution leaving about 2-3 mm from the
end of the tube
13.
Repeat step 9 using potassium pyrogallate solution (potassium
pyrogallate absorbs oxygen from the air column)
14.
Repeat steps 6 and 7 .Record the length of the air column as r cm
15.
Based on the results ,calculate the percentage of carbon dioxide and
oxygen in the sample of inhaled air column using formula
16.
Repeat steps 1 -17 using a sample of exhaled air
17.
Compare the percentage of carbon dioxide in inhaled and exhaled air
18.
Compare the percentage of oxygen in inhaled and exhaled air

Presentation data
Data for inhaled air
Length of inhaled air column at the
beginning experiment
Length of inhaled air column after
treating with potassium hydroxide
solution
Length of inhaled air column after
treating with potassium pyrogallate
solution
Length of CO2 column in inhaled air
Length of O2 column in inhaled air
Percentage of CO2 in inhaled air
Percentage of O2 in inhaled air

P
Q
R
(p-q)cm
(q-r)cm
p-qcm x 100%
p cm
q-rcm x 100
p cm

Data for exhaled air

Length of inhaled air column at the
beginning experiment
Length of inhaled air column after
treating with potassium hydroxide
solution
Length of inhaled air column after
treating with potassium pyrogallate
solution
Length of CO2 column in inhaled air
Length of O2 column in inhaled air
Percentage of CO2 in inhaled air
Percentage of O2 in inhaled air

X
Y
Z
(x-y)cm
(y-z)cm
(x-y)cm x 100%
X cm
(y-z)cm x 100%
X cm

15.TO STUDY HOW POPULATION SIZE OF SPECIES MIMOSA PUDICA AND

IMPERATA CYLINDRICA CAN BE DETERMINED IN YOUR SCHOOL FIELD
Problem statement
What is the population size of mimosa pudica and imperata cylindrica in the school
field?
Hypothesis
The population size of species mimosa pudica plant is higher than species
imeprata cylindrica in the school field
Variables
MV : type of plant
RV : population size
CV : quadrat size
Materials and apparatus
Plant species Mimosa Pudica and imperata cylindrica ,plastic quadrat,marker
pen,A4 paper,graph paper
Procedure
1. School field was chosen as the field study
2. Quadrats size 1mx1m was used
3. Two plants species mimosa pudica and imperata cylindrica was identified
4. The quadrats were thrown at random in the school field
5. The area of coverage each plant species were counted
6. If more than half of the squares in the quadrat are covered ,the area of plant
species will be counted.the area is not counted if only less than half is
covered
7. Steps 5 to 7 was repeated for nine quadrats
8. The area covered by plant species studied in each quadrat were recorded
and tabulated in a table
9. The percentage coverage of plant species were calculated by using this
formula :
percentage of coverage = total are covered plant species In all quadrats X
100
Total number of quadrants x area of quadrat
Presentation of data
Plant

Number of plant species in the quadrat

Total
number of

Percentag
e

specie
s

plant
species(m2
)

coverage
area (%)

10

19.TO INVESTIGATE THE WATER POLUTION LEVEL AND BOD VALUE AT THE
STATION A,B, AND C
Problem statement
Which sources of water sample A,B and C will be more polluted and give the higher
BOD value?
Hypothesis
Water sample C are the most polluted and have the highest BOD value compare to
water sample A and B
Variable
MV : type water samples
RV : water pollution level and BOD values
CV : volume of water sample
Apparatus and materials
Reagents bottles with stoppers,syringe,cupboard,stopwatch,label paper, measuring
cylinder, beaker, water sources from station A,B and C,methylene blue solution
Procedure
1. 200ml water samples from A,B and C sources are collected
2. 3 bottles of reagent are labeled as A,B, and X respectively
3. 100ml of water samples at A were measured by using measuring cylinder are
being put into reagent bottle
4. 1ml of methylene blue solution 0.1% solution was added to the base of each
water samples using a syringe
5. The bottles are closed quickly and the contents are not to be shaken
6. Steps 1 to 5 were repeated by using water source from station B and C
7. All the bottles are placed in a cupboard and the stopwatch is started
8. The bottle are examined from time to time
9. The time taken for methylene to decolourise is recorded for all the water
samples
10.The results are recorded in a table
Presentation of data

Reagent bottles

Water samples
(100ml)

Time taken to
decolourise
methylene blue
(hour)

BOD value and

pollution level
(unit)

A
B
C

16.TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON THE POPULATION GROWTH

RATE OF LEMNA MINOR
Problem statement
What is the effect of light intensity on the growth rate of lemna minor?
Hypothesis
The higher the light intensity the higher the growth rate of lemna minor at the end
of experiment
Variables
MV : light intensity
RV : the growth rate of lemna minor
CV : initial number of lemna minor
Apparatus and materials
Lemna minor,pond water,light bulb(5,40,80 watts),beaker,ruler,measuring
cylinder,waterproof paint
Procedure
1. Three beakers are prepared and filled with 500ml of water in each beaker
2. The beakers are labeled as A,B and C with waterproof paint
3. 5 lemna minor are put into each baker
4. Each beaker is placed at 30cm from the lamps with different light
intensities ,that is 5 watts ,40 watts, and 80 watts respectively
5. All the beakers are placed in area of the same temperature
6. Change the water in each beaker every 3 days
7. After 7 days,the number of lemna minor in each beaker is counted and
recorded
8. The growth rate of lemna minor is calculated by using formula:
The number of lemna minor
Time taken(day)
9. The result are recorded in a table
Presentation of data

Light intensity
(watts)
5
40
80

Number of lemna
Beginning
end
5
5
5

The growth rate of

lemna minor

17.TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF PH ON THE POPULATION GROWTH OF LEMNA

MINOR IN THIS LABORATORY
Problem statement
Does the changes in pH effects the growth rate of lemna minor?
Hypothesis
The growth rate of lemna minor is higher in neutral medium
Variables
MV : the changes in pH
RV : the growth rate of lemna minor
CV : numberof lemna minor in the beginning of experiment
Apparatus and materials
Lemna minor,pond water,0.1M hydrochloric acid ,0.1M sodium hyroxide,distilled
water,beaker,waterproof paint,measuring cylinder and dropper
Procedure
1. Three beakers are prepared and filled with 500ml of pond water in each
beaker
2. The beaker are labeled A,B, and C with waterproof paint
3. Bu using measuring cylinder,10ml of 0.1M of hydrochloric acid is measured
and poured into beaker A,10ml of 0.1M sodium hydroxide solution is
measured and poured into beaker B and 10ml of distilled water is measured
and poured into beaker C
4. 20 numbers of lemna minor are put into each beaker
5. Each beaker is placed in an area of distributed light and temperature
6. After 5 days,the number of lemna minor is counted in each beaker
7. The growth rate of lemna minor is calculated by using formula
8. The result are recorded in a table
Presentation of data

Beaker
A
B
C

Condition of pH

Number of lemna minor

beginning
ending

The growth
rate of lemna
minor(day)

0.1M of hydrochloric
acid(acidic)
0.1M sodium
hydroxide(alkaline)
distilled
water(neutral)

20.TO DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF SOLID POLLUTANTS IN THE AIR OF

DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENT
Problem statement
Which place will produce the largest number of fine particle in the air?
Hypothesis
The number of solid particles in school car park is higher than air sample in air
conditional room,classroom and school canteen
Variables
MV : location where glass slide is placed
RV : number of solid particles
CV : time exposure
Apparatus and materials
Glass slide,cellophone tape,light miscroscope,petri dish,ruler,places of study,fine
particles
Procedure
1. 4 slides are prepared and labeled them A,B,C and D
2. 5cm of cellophane tape is sticked on each slide with the sticky surface facing
outward
3. The slide A is placed at school park
4. Leave the slide undisturbed for a week
5. After one week,collect a slide view under light microscope under low power
6. Repeat experiment for slide B at conditioned room,slide C at classroom and
slide D at school canteen
7. The number of solid pollutions is recorded
Presentation of data
Glass slide

Place where slide is

Number of fine particles

located
A
B
C
D

as seen under microscope

(unit)

Air conditioned room

Classroom
School canteen
School car park

21.TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF TOTAL SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME(TSA/V)

RATIO TOWARDS THE RATE OF DIFFUSION OF SUBTANCES BY USING POTATO
Problem statement
How does the TSA/V ration effect the rate of diffusion of the substance?
Hypothesis
As the TSA/V ratio increases the rate of diffusion of the substances increases
Variables
MV : TSA/V
RV : rate of diffusion
CV : concentration of coloured water
Apparatus and materials
Coloured water,potato,filter paper,knife,blade,white tiles,forceps,stopwatch,grided
transparency sheet,beaker
Procedure
1. Potato is cut into cubes which is 1cm3,8cm3,27cm3, and 64cm3
2. Each potato cubes is placed in a beaker containing coloured water for
20minutes
3. After 20minutes the potato cubes are cut into two halves
4. The outer surface of the potato cubes are dried using filter paper
5. The transparency sheet is placed on the top of cut surface
6. The area that is stained red is drawn and shaded on the gridded transparency
7. Coloured area in each potato cubes is measured by using gridded
transparency
8. The percentage of coloured area in each potato cube is calculated and
recorded
9. Calculated and recorded the rate of diffusion using a formula
Percentage of coloured area %

Time taken(Min)
Presentation of data
Size of cubes(cm3)

Percentage of coloured
area (%)

Rate of diffusion of potato

cube (%/min)

1
8
27
64

22.TO DETERMINE WETHER THE NUMBER OF LEAVES EFFECTING THE RATE OF

TRANSPIRATION IN PLANTS
Problem statement
Does number of leaves effect the rate of transpiration?
Hypothesis
The higher the number of leaves,the higher the rate of photosynthesis
Variables
MV : number of leaves
RV : rate of transpiration
CV : air movement
Apparatus and materials
Plant shoot with leaves,water,photometer(or capillary tube,ruler,ruber
tube),stopwatch,light bulb,beaker
Procedure
1. A leafy shoot is chosen from a plant.the shoot is cut and is immersed
immediately into a basin of water
2. The shoot is cut 1cm from the bottom of the stem under water.the leaves are
removed from the shoot and 8 leaves is left behind
3. The cut end of the stem is inserted carefully into the rubber tubing of the
photometer under water
4. The apparatus is then set up as shown in diagram .the end of the tube is
immersed in a beaker of water
5. The leaves and the apparatus are wiped dry with a cloth
6. Vaseline is used to ensure no water leakage and the apparatus is air tight
7. An air bubble is introduced in the tube
8. The photometer then placed in an enclosed room with no air movement

9. The shoot Is allowed a few minutes to reach a steady state before any
readings is taken
10.The stopwatch is activated and the time taken for air bubble travel10cm
distance is recorded
11.The experiment is repeated to obtain two more reading
12.Steps 1 to 11 are repeated by using difference shoot with difference number
of leaves 6,4,2 and 0.
13.The time taken for air bubble to travel for each shoot is recorded in the
following table using stopwatch
14.Calculate the rate of transpiration by using formula
Presentation of data
Number of
leaves
0
2
4
6
8

Time taken (min)

Rate of
transpiration(cm/min)

23.TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON THE RATE OF

TRANSPIRATION
Problem statement
Is the light increasing the rate of of transpiration of a plant?
Hypothesis
The higher the light intensity,the higher the rate of transpiration
Variables
MV : distance light sources
RV : rate of of transpiration
CV : temperature
Apparatus and materials
Photometer,stopwatch,knife,beaker,fluorescent lamp,meter ruler, balsam
plant,vaseline,water,tissue
Procedure
1. A suitable balsam plant is selected and is cut using a sharp knife.the
cut end is immediately immersed in a beaker filled with distilled water
2. The cut plant is then fixed onto a photometer and the joint between
the plant and the photometer are sealed using a Vaseline to make the
airtight
3. The laboratory curtains and doors are pulled and closed so that outside
lightning will not effect the outcome of experiment
4. A 40W fluorescent lamp is set 30cm away from the edge of the
photometer with a meter ruler placed to measure the distance
5. The air bubble in photometer is set to 0cm.the lamp is switched on and
the stopwatch is started when the air bubble cross X mark.

6. The movement of air bubble is observed and the stopwatch is stopped

when the bubble reaches Y mark that is 10cm
7. Record the time taken into a table using stopwatch
8. Step 4 to 7 are repeated ,with the distance of the lamp are put at
40cm,50cm,60cm away from the photometer.
9. Calculate the rate of transpiration by using a formula
10.All the findings are recorded In a table
Presentation of data
Distance of lamp from the
edge of photometer (cm)

Time taken for the air

bubble to travel from X to
Y (s)

Rate of transpiration
(cm/second)

0
40
50
60

24.TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF AIR MOVEMENT ON THE RATE OF

TRANSPIRATION
Problem statement
What are the effect of the different speed of air movement on the rate of
transpiration?
Hypothesis
As the speed of the air movement increases,the rate of transpiration increases.
Variables
MV : speed of air movement
RV : Rate of transpiration
CV : the temperature
Apparatus and materials
Capillary tube,retort stand,50ml beaker,basin,scalpel,rubber tubing,tissue
paper,vaseline,marker pen and stopwatch,ruler,fan,water and plant shoot
Procedure
1. The leafy shoot is immersed In the water and cut using a sharp scalpel
2. The rubber tubing and capillary tube is placed in the basin containing
water.the apparatus is filled with water.the leafy shoot is inserted into the
rubber tubing
3. Steps 1-2 is carried out under water to mae sure no air bubbles are trapped in
the apparatus
4. A finger is placed over the open the end of the capillary tube.the apparatus is
removed from the basin
5. The open end of the capillary tube is placed under water in the beaker before
ermoving the finger from the tube

6. The water is dried from the surface of the leaves of the shoot using a tissue
paper.some vaseline is smeared around the rubber tubing to make the
apparatus airtight
7. The capillary tube is lifted just clear above the water reservoir .the rubber
tubing is squeezed gently to release one drop of water from the capillary tube
.the capillary tube is placed in water
8. The apparatus is supported by a retort stand.a marker pen is used to mark
two points, X and Y at a distance of 5 cm apart
9. The photometer is placed under the table fan with speed 1 .record the time
taken (in minutes) for the air bubble to move from point X to point Y using
stopwatch
10.Repeat the experiment twice
11.To reset the photometer,squeeze the rubber tubing so that air bubble escapes
into the beaker of water
12.The above step is repeated to get three readings with the same shoot in
under water a an with speed 2 and respectively
13.The average rate of the rate of transpiration measurement is recorded in the
table using formula
Prresentation of data
Speed of
Time taken for the air bubble to move from point X to Y
fan
(minutes)
First reading

Second
reading

Third
reading

Rate of
transpiratio
n (cm/min)

average

Speed 1
Speed 2
Speed 3
25.TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE RATE OF
TRANSPIRATION
Problem statement
Does the temperature affect the rate of transpiration of a plant?
Hypothesis
The higher the temperature,the higher the rate of transpiration of a plant
Variables
MV : temperature
RV : the rate of transpiration
CV : air movement
Apparatus and materials
Photometer,stopwatch,cutter,beaker,meter ruler,a basin of water,marker,a leafy
shoot,water,vaseline,dry cloth,thermometer,transparent frame
Procedure
1. The leafy shoot is immersed in the water and cut using a sharp scalpel
2. The rubber tubing and capillary tube is placed in the basin containing
water.the apparatus is filled with water.the leafy shoot is inserted into the
rubbing tubing.

3. Steps 1 and 2 is carried out under water to make sure no air bubbles are
trapped in the apparatus
4. A finger is placed over the open end of the capillary tube.the apparatus is
removed from the basin
5. The open end of the capillary tube is placed under water in the beaker before
removing the finger from the tube
6. The water is dried from the surfaces of the leaves of the shoot using tissue
paper.Some vaseline is smeared around the rubber tubing to make it airtight
7. The capillary tube is lifted just clear above the water reservoir.the rubber
tubing is squeezed gently to release one drop of water from the capillary
tube.the capillary tube is placed in water
8. The apparatus is supported by a retort stand.a marker pen is used to mark
two points ,X and Yat a distance 5cm apart
9. The non transparent frame is used to cover the leafy shoot and of the
photometer is placed in the shady place at 30 0C.the temperature inside the
frame is recorded using stopwatch
10.Record the time taken (in minutes)for the air bubble to move from X to Y
using stopwatch
11.To reset the photometer,squeeze the rubber tubing so that air bubble escapes
into the beaker of water
12.The above step is repeated to get the three readings with the same shoot
with the transparent frame to cover the leaf shoot and photometer is placed
under the sun at 330C.the temperature inside the frame is recorded using
stopwatch
13.The rate of transpiration measurement is recorded in the table by using
formula
Presentation of data
temperature
Time taken for the air bubble to move from X to
Y (minute)
1

Rate of
transpiration(cms1
)

average

Shady place
300C
Under the sun
330C
26.TO INESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF AIR HUMIDITY ON THE RATE OF
TRANSPIRATION
Problem statement
Does humidity of air effect the rate of temperature?
Hypothesis
When the air humidity surrounding the plant is high,the rate of transpiration is low
Variable
MV : humidity of air
RV : rate of transpiration
CV : temperature
Apparatus and materials

Photometer,stopwatch,cutter,beaker,meter ruler,a basin of water,marker,a leafy

shoot,water,vaseline,dry cloth,anhydrous calcium chloride,transparent bag
Procedure
1. The leafy shoot is immersed in the water and cut using a sharp scalpel
2. The rubber tubing and capillary tube is placed in the basin containing
water.the apparatus is filled with water.the leafy shoot is inserted into the
rubber tubing
3. Steps 1-2 is carried out under water to make sure no air bubble are trapped in
the apparatus
4. A finger is placed over the open end of the capillary tube.the apparatus is
removedfrom the basin
5. The open end of the capillary tube is placed under in the beaker before
removing the finger from the tube
6. The water is dried from the surface of the leaves of the shoot using tissue
paper.some vaseline is smeared around the rubber tubing to make sure the
apparatus airtight
7. The capillary tube is lifted just clear above the water reservoir .the rubber
tubing is squeezed gently to release one drop of water from the capillary tube
.the capillary tube is placed under water
8. The apparatus is supported by a retort stand .a marker pen is used to mark
two points ,X and Y at a distance 5 cm apart
9. The transparent bag filled with presence of anhydrous calcium chloride is
used to cover the leafy shoot
10.Record the time taken (in minutes) for the air bubble to move from pint X to Y
using a stopwatch
11.Repeat the experiment twice
12.To reset the photometer,squeeze the rubber tubing so that air bubble escapes
into the beaker of water
13.The above step is repeated to get three readings with the same shoot with
the transparent bag with absence of anhydrous calcium chloride
14.The rate of transpiration measurement is recorded in the table using formula
Presentation of data
Condition inside
tranparent bag

Humidity of air

Time taken for the air

bubble to move from X
to Y

The rate of
transpiration (cm.min)

contain anhydrous
calcium chloride
Without anhydrous
calcium chloride

27.TO DETERMINE THE URINE VOLUME RELEASED BY A STUDENT WHO

DRINKS DIFFERENT VOLUME OF MINERAL WATER
Problem statement
What is the effect of water intake of urine output?
Hypothesis
If more water is taken,more urine will be released
Variables
MV : volume of water
RV : volume of urine released

CV : same student
Apparatus and materials
Beakers,cup/mug,measuring cylinder,stopwatch,drinking water,a student
Procedure
1. A student (sample A) is chosen and instructed to empty his bladders before
the start of the the experiment
2. 200ml of water is measured and put into the mug
3. A student(sample A ) is given 200ml of mineral drinking water drink
4. A stopwatch is started immediately after consuming the water
5. During the experiment,he is kept within 1-2 hours
6. He is instructed not to eat or perform any vigorous physical activities
7. After half an hour,he is asked to empty his bladder
8. The collected urine is kept in a large beaker
9. At the interval of half an hour,until two hours,a student empty his bladder
10.After two hours ,the total collected urine is measured using measuring
cylinder
11.Repeat step 2-9 for different amount of drinking
water(400ml,600ml,800ml,1000ml)
12.Step 7 is conducted for four consecutive days in a fixed time and place
13.Dispose the measured urine properly
14.Measure and record the data collected into a table
Presentation of data
Volume of
urine is
produced(ml
)

200

Volume of water intake(ml)

400
600

800

1000

28.TO INVESTIGATE THE TRAIT OF COLOUR OF FLOWER OBEY MENDELS

FIRST LAW
Problem statement
Is colour of marble influence the total of button pair in beaker?
Hypothesis
When the red button is cross breeding with white button,the ratio of fillial is 3 red
button and 1 white button if first filial do self-breeding
Variables

MV : colour of button
RV : the number of pair button
CV : 50 red buttons ad 50 white buttons
Apparatus and materials
Plastic bag/can/box/pouch,red buttons,white buttons,beaker,student X
Procedure
1. Two black pouches ,A and B each containing a mixture of 50 red buttons and
50 white buttons
2. Pouch A and B were shaken to mix the buttons randomly
3. (without see)one button was drawn at random from each pouch by student X
4. Both of buttons are combined to produce daughter in second filial generation
5. Steps 1 to 4 are repeated when all buttons are completing combined
6. The number of colour combination of buttons from each pouches are
recorded in table show
7. The genotype and phenotype of all the colour combination are recorded in
the table show
Presentation of data
Colour of
combination
Both are red
colours
Both are white
colours
One red colour and
one white colour

Number of button
colour

genotype

phenotype

29.TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AVERAGE HEIGHT/GROWTH

RATE OF MAIZE PLANTS AND TIME AFTER PLANTING
Problem statement
What is the relationship between the average height of maize plants and time after
planting?
Hypothesis

The longer the time after planting,the more the average height of maize plant until
they reach maturity
Variables
MV : the time after planting
RV : the average height of maize plants
CV : number of seedlings types
Apparatus and materials
Maize seeds,nursery tile,garden soil,tap water,fertilizer,measuring tape,meter ruler
Procedure
1. Prepare a site for nursery with garden soil
2. Plant 20 maize seeds in the soil with even spacing between each seed
3. Water the seeds daily throughout the period of experiment
4. After 10 days,measure the height of maize plants using the meter ruler or
measuring tape
5. Repeat steps 4 over 90/120 days
6. Record all the results obtained In a table
7. Plot a graph of the average height of maize plants against time after planting
Presentation of data
Time(days) after
planting

The height of maize

plants /cm
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1
0

Average heights of maize

plants (cm)

10
20
30
40
50

30.TO DETERMINE THE TYPES OF VARIATION TO THE NUMBEROF STUDENTS

Problem statement
Do all the students have the same type of fingerprints and height?
Hypothesis

Each student in group belongs to one fingerprint and height

Variables
MV : types of variation
RV : number of students
CV : same class
Apparatus and materials
Student,graph paper,A4 paper,tissue paper,fingerprint pad,hand lens,marker,meter
ruler
Procedure
1. Ten names of students in the same group were written down in a table
2. My height is measured by using a ruler and recorded in a table
3. The experiment is repeated by investigating the type of fingerprint
4. By using fingerprint pad,I placed my thumbprint were observed and indentify
5. By using hand lens , the type of my thumbprint were observed and identify
6. Steps 2 to 5 were repeated to other students in the same group
7. The measurement of height and fingerprint are repeated twice to get the
average
8. Two graphs on the number of students against the types of variation were
plotted
Presentation of data
students
name
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Type of fingerprint
whorl
curves

Height (m)
composite

loops

31.TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF CAMOUFLAGE ON PREY AND PREDATOR

RELATIONSHIP
Problem statement
What is the effect of colour camouflage on organism?

Hypothesis
When the colour between cloth and the buttons are more distinct ,the number of
contrasting button chosen is greater
Variables
MV : the colour of cloth
RV : the number of coloured button chosen
CV : the size of cloth used
Apparatus and materials
Student,a piece of white cloth(50cmx50cm),a piece of black cloth (50cm50cm),a
piece of multicoloured patterned cloth(30cmX30cm),20 red buttons,20 black
butons,20 white buttons,20 yellow buttons,20 green buttons, a white tile
Procedure
1. Student Y scattered various coloured button randomly on a piece of white
cloth measuring 50cmX50cm.the buttons used are:
20 red buttons
20 black buttons
20 white buttons
20 yellow buttons
20 green buttons
2. Student X did not observe what student Y did
3. Within 1-2 seconds ,student X then quickly took a button from the white tile
and placed it on a white tile
4. Step 3 was repeated 9 times
5. Use the same student that has been chosen
6. Count and record the number of coloured buttons according to colour in the
table
7. Steps 1-4 were repeated using a black cloth followed by a multicoloured
patterned cloth
Presentation of data
Colour of
cloth
White
Black
Multicolour
ed floral

Number of buttons according to colour

black
white
red
yellow
green

otal number of
buttons were
taken