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GASES
The object of a flue gas analysis is the determination of the
completeness of the combustion of the carbon in the fuel,
and the amount and distribution of the heat losses due to
incomplete combustion. The quantities actually determined
by an analysis are the relative proportions by volume, of
carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O), and carbon monoxide
(CO), the determinations being made in this order.
The variations of the percentages of these gases in an
analysis is best illustrated in the consideration of the
complete combustion of pure carbon, a pound of which
requires 2.67 pounds of oxygen or 32 cubic feet at 60 degrees
Fahrenheit. The gaseous product of such combustion will
occupy, when cooled, the same volume as the oxygen,
namely, 32 cubic feet. The air supplied for the combustion is
made up of 20.91 per cent oxygen and 79.09 per cent
nitrogen by volume. The carbon united with the oxygen in
the form of carbon dioxide will have the same volume as the
oxygen in the air originally supplied. The volume of the
nitrogen when cooled will be the same as in the air supplied,
as it undergoes no change. Hence for complete combustion of
one pound of carbon, where no excess of air is supplied, an
analysis of the products of combustion will show the
following percentages by volume:
Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen
Nitrogen
32
0
121
153
Actual
Volume
Per
for One
Cent
Pound
by
Carbon
Volume
Cubic Feet
= 20.91
= 0.00
= 79.09
=100.00
pound Carbon
For 100 per cent excess air the volume will be as follows:
153 2 = 306 cubic feet of air per pound of carbon.
Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Actual
Volume
for One
Per Cent
Pound
by Volume
Carbon
Cubic Feet
32
= 10.45
20.91
}=
per cent
32
= 10.45
242
= 79.09
306
=100.00
required
34.5
=
(
+ (H )+
)[29]
per
6
pound of
3
8
8
fuel
(11)
When the flue gas analysis is known, the total, amount of air
supplied is:
Pounds of
N
air
3.03
[30
supplied =
(
)C
6
] )
per pound
CO2 + CO
of fuel
(12
3)
C
O
34.56
(
+
H
)
3
8
(1
N - 3.782(O - CO)
which is derived as follows:
(14)
(15)
)
3 (CO2 + CO)
(16
The heat lost, due to the fact that the carbon in the fuel is not
completely burned and carbon monoxide is present in the
flue gases, in B. t. u. per pound of fuel burned is:
L' = 10,150
CO
(
CO + CO2
(17)
The gas is then driven over into the pipette C and a similar
operation is carried out. The difference between the
resulting reading and the first reading gives the percentage
of oxygen in the flue gases.
The next operation is to drive the gas into the pipette D, the
gas being given a final wash in E, and then passed into the
pipette C to neutralize any hydrochloric acid fumes which
may have been given off by the cuprous chloride solution,
which, especially if it be old, may give off such fumes, thus
increasing the volume of the gases and making the reading
on the burette less than the true amount.
The process must be carried out in the order named, as the
pyrogallol solution will also absorb carbon dioxide, while the
cuprous chloride solution will also absorb oxygen.
[Pg 161]
As the pressure of the gases in the flue is less than the
atmospheric pressure, they will not of themselves flow
through the pipe connecting the flue to the apparatus. The
gas may be drawn into the pipe in the way already described
for filling the apparatus, but this is a tedious method. For
rapid work a rubber bulb aspirator connected to the air
outlet of the cock G will enable a new supply of gas to be
drawn into the pipe, the apparatus then being filled as
already described. Another form of aspirator draws the gas
from the flue in a constant stream, thus insuring a fresh
supply for each sample.
44
28
32
28
17.7
Carbon CO
12+(21
12.2
536.8
=
Dioxide
6)
2
3022.8
Carbon
Monoxi CO
de
Oxygen
Nitrogen
.4
6.9
N 80.5
12+16
216
214
11.2
11.2
3022.8
220.8
220.8
3022.8
2254.0
.4
7.3
2254.0
74.6
=
3022.8
Total
100.0
3022.8
100.0
Per Cent
82.1
4.25
2.6
1.6
6.0
14500
[Pg 162]
The flue gas analysis shows:
CO2
O
CO
N (by difference)
Per Cent
10.7
9.0
0.0
80.3
.821
.026
.016
10.88
34.5
.
(
+(
)+
) = pounds
W=
6
0425 -
.
3
8
8
If the amount of carbon which is burned and passes away as
flue gas is 80 per cent, which would allow for 2.1 per cent of
unburned carbon in terms of the total weight of dry fuel
burned, the weight of dry gas per pound of carbon burned
will be from formula (16):
11 10.7 + 8 9.0 + 7(0 + 80.3)
23.42
W=
= poun
ds
3 (10.7 + 0)
and the weight of flue gas per pound of coal burned will be .
80 23.42 = 18.74 pounds.
The heat lost in the flue gases per pound of coal burned will
be from formula (15) and the value 18.74 just determined.
Loss = .24 18.74 (500 - 60) = 1979 B. t. u.
The percentage of heat lost in the flue gases will be 1979
14500 = 13.6 per cent.
The ratio of air supplied per pound of coal to that
theoretically required will be 18.74 10.88 = 1.72 per cent.
The ratio of air supplied per pound of combustible to that
required will be from formula (14):
.803
.803 - 3.782(.09 - 0)
= 1.73
Gas
Chemical
Symbol
Specific
Gravity
Air=1
Weight of
One Cubic
Foot
Pounds
Volume
of
One
Pound
Cubic
Feet
Relative Density,
Hydrogen = 1
Exact
Approximate
Oxygen
1.053
.08922
11.208
15.87
16
Nitrogen
0.9673
.07829
12.773
13.92
14
Hydrogen
0.0696
.005621
1.00
Carbon
Dioxide
CO2
1.5291
.12269
8.151
21.83
22
Carbon
Monoxide
CO
0.9672
.07807
12.809
13.89
14
Methane
CH4
0.5576
.04470
22.371
7.95
Ethane
C2H6
1.075
.08379
11.935
14.91
15
Acetylene
C2H2
0.920
.07254
13.785
12.91
13
Sulphur
Dioxide
SO2
2.2639
.17862
5.598
31.96
32
Air
1.0000
.08071
12.390
177.90
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FOOTNOTES
[28] See Table 31, page 151.
[29] This formula is equivalent to (10) given in chapter on combustion. 34.56 = theoretical
air required for combustion of one pound of H (see Table 31).
[30] For degree of accuracy of this formula, see Transactions, A. S. M. E., Volume XXI,
1900, page 94.
[31] For loss per pound of coal multiply by per cent of carbon in coal by ultimate analysis.
[32] For loss per pound of coal multiply by per cent of carbon in coal by ultimate analysis.
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