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4.

BONTOC/BONTOK

Environmental Situations: Mountain area of the Cordillera

- Also known as Fayu is square in plan and is


designed to facilitate various activities.
- The four corner post and side walls of the
ground floor, leaning slightly outwards at the top
to the horizontal beam, are built as supports to
the roof.
- The front and side walls are made of wood
connected to the posts while the rear wall is
made of stone and mud (because of the fire
place at the rear)
- Roof covering are made of grass shingles to the
rafters

8. GADDANG

Environmental Situation: Forested areas along the hilltops of the


Cordilleras

Plan:
- Built on upright posts of about 1.00 - 2.00 m above the
ground with split bamboos as its flooring material
- Furniture are absent since eating, sleeping and any
mode of living are done on the floor
- The only furniture in the house is one or two trunks used
for storing valuables.

Structural Elements:
- Upright tree trunks are used as main support of the
house while walls are made of either split, plaited or
upright bamboo covered with grass

Protective Elements:
- From a central horizontal beam acting as ridge pole, cogon thatching arches all the way
downward to the level of the floor

10. IBALOY
Environmental Situation: Mountains of Benguet

Plan:
- House for the poor folks are built directly on the ground, covered with cogon grass thatching
and are provided with very small door opening in order to contain the heat within
- For well-to-do families, dema houses containing a bedroom, dining room, kitchen, a
discussion room and a storage room are built above the ground. In order to keep the house
warm, wooden planks are used for the flooring
- Ibaloy of Takdian built one-room houses. It has enclosed kamparan used or pounding rice
and for cooking. This enclosure stands directly on the ground which contains two stoves used
separately for preparing the familys food and that of the pigs
- The house is devoid of furniture
- House corners usually contains weapon, blankets, bakong clothes container, saraw jar and
working implements of the household head
- Pieces or furniture are generally absent in the Takdians house. Stool made from blocks of
wood
- Built-in bed of 2 wide and elevated 6 from the floor is permanently nailed in the corner of the
house

Structural Elements:
- Pine wood, numbering four to six or more is used as posts for the structure
- The floor is elevated about less than a meter above the ground by posts made of mature pine
or tribangdal fern wood

Protective Elements:
- Ceilingless, the Takdian roof is made of dema

Circulatory Elements:
- Stair is provided while doors and windows is provided for circulation
- Takdian house is windowless. A door which generally faces east or the north is provided

11. IBANAG
Environmental Situation: Lowland of Isabela

Plan:
- The house is built elevated about a meter or more from the ground
- Living room is converted into a bedroom at night
- Houses with an altar room
- Storage room for rice, corn and tobacco
- Batalag or porches located at the front is used by the family for relaxation and at rear is used
as an open-air bathroom and as washing and laundry area

Structural Elements:
- The house is supported by posts of sturdy wood
- The wall is made of split bamboo

Protective Elements:
- Roof covering is usually made of cogon or nipa
- The batalag porches are not roofed

12. IFUGAO

- The Apalis-Mondiguing is a typical


Ifugao house

Environment Situations: Mountain of Cordillera

- Four tree trunks as column


(Amugawan tree)
- Wooden planks on solid floor joist
(over hanged), floor girders for
flooring
- Ambubulan figure formed placed on
of roof for protection against evil
spirits, lightning and as a sign of
asking of favor from the God Kabunyan
- Buried in to the hole m in to the ground and secured by the stones placed on each holes
- Floor girders are carved with mortises on both ends to firm in the pointed upper end of the
post which acts as the tendons. These girders support solid floor joists section with wooden
flooring attached by wooden pegs.
- Roof made of reeds and grass (pyramidal shape roof)
- Detachable ladder for security and protection

13. ILOKANO

Environmental Situation: Lowland of Ilocos


Plan:
Ilokano House:
a. Pinagong
b. Tinubang
c. Kalapaw

Pinagong and Tinubang houses:


- Generally rectangular in plan
- Akin to the architectural form of the Tagalong house
pinagong and tinubang house

- Consist of the following:


a. Main room sala or living room
b. Silid sleeping room which is separated from the main room by means of partitions
c. Kitchen cooking area ; usually has an unroofed annex made of unsplit bamboo laid out
with spaces in the between and whose floor level is lower than the klitchen porper. The
annex is used for storing large water jars, for cleaning pots and pans and rice and
vegetables and for bathing and urinating. It is also used as drying place for their rice meat
and fish under the sun.
d. Batalan this connects the kitchen to the main house and serves as the dining room

- Types of flooring:
a. Datar made of small and thin strips of bamboo tied together with almost no spacing in
between them.
b. Basar made of large strips of bamboo tied together with large spacing in between the
laths and woven bamboo is placed over it.

- Kalapaw:
- A small and low hut consists of the following :
a. Porch used as an ante room and sleeping area during siesta hours especially
during summer months
b. Main room largest areas, it is use for entertaining guests, sleeping area for
the household members and storage space for family treasures and personal
belongings

- A curtain hanging from a wire is drawn during the night to separate the sleeping area
of the women from the men.
a. Dining room by the house members only. A low table called dulang is
provided where the family eats. No chairs are needed in as much as the
members of the family squat while eating. It is also used for storing various
utensils, condiments and the earthen jar containing the drinking water.
b. Kitchen 4 to 6 lower than the dining room, this is used for cooking food and
for washing dishes and pots
c. Sirok (silong) used as storage space, often fenced by bamboo slats with nipa
or cogon sheathing

- The main room is furnished with a bamboo bench and usually with an antique cabinet, a
family heirloom which is the centerpiece of the room

Structural Elements:
- The main posts are buried into the ground and are attached to the tie
- Beams through the mortise and tenon system of construction
- Supplementary used as braces to prevent the house from leaning
- Split bamboos are used for walling

Protective Elements:
- Bamboos called balatbat are used for purlins
- A single roof covers the whole house including the batalan and the kitchen, but in some
instances, the kitchen and the batalan have separate roofs
- Thatching is made of by placing bamboo laths covered with layers of nipa and cogon placed
on top of the rafters
- The roof ridge is placed over the main room which allows a spacious ceiling height and the
slopes towards the sides which provides a low ceiling height to the rest of the house slopes
towards the sides which provides a low ceiling height to the rest of the house

Circulatory Elements:
- The main door and stairs of the pinagong house are located in such a way that one can enter
either the kitchen or the house proper.
- The bamboo door and windows of the Ilokano house slide by means of a horizontal bamboo
placed above them
- The sliding window may also be propped up by using bamboo placed above them
- The sliding window may also be propped up by using a bamboo pole cut into a desired length
and placed in a slanting position with one end resting on the window sill and the other end
supporting the lower edge of the window frame
- The kalapaw has a single door opening located at main room
- The porch provided with low ladder opens to the entry
- Windows are provided only at the main room and are two types
a. Sliding sashes
b. Awning types

14. ILONGOT

Environmental Situation: Lowland of Isabela

Plan:
- Communal type of house allows several families within the structure but partitions are not
provided to separate each family
- Its flooring made of rattan strips usually elevated 5 from the ground
- At the center of the floor is a 25sq.ft to
225sq.ft floor space sunk 6 below the
floor line. On one side of this sunken area
are apportioned spaces for sleeping for
each family. The elevated remaining
spaces of 4-5 wide are used as fireplaces
and storage spaces per family
- The underneath portion is used to house
pigs and chicken
- Skulls of animals are used as decorations

Structural Elements:
- Wooden posts are used as structural supports
- Walls may be built either low and open at the upper part or high and entirely closed above
Protective Elements:
- Roof made of thatched roof is of sloping pyramidal type on top of which is a short ridge
- At both ends of the ridge are projecting wood which curve upward simulating a pair of horns

Circulatory Elements:
- Stairs is a single notched pole leading to a single main door
- The clerestory above the low wall provides ventilation to the house.

15. ISNEG OR APAYAO

Environmental Situation: Mountain of Apayao at the Northern end of the Cordillera

Plan:
- Elevated at 1.5m above the ground
- Binuron
A single-room rectangular structure
designed with three levels
The lowest level called datag or
xassaran is located at the center of
the room
Tamuyon is the immediate level
platforms that occupy three sides of
the floor proper
Tarakip the highest level located
on the remaining side of the house
At the rear corner of the datag is the
hearth with a stove consisting of
three stones. Hanging from the
rafters above the hearth is a three-
shelf sideboard

- House flooring is a removable reed mat made of solid rattan stems or bamboo grass tied
together with rattan strips placed atop the floor joists which in turn are supported by girders
- Ornaments are ancestral weapons, porcelain jars and plates belonging to the Ming or Sung
dynasty

Structural Elements:
- Fifteen post of heavy hardwood are used as supports to the house. The posts are distributed
in the following manner:
a. Sinit posts six of these support the datag and two support the tarakip
b. Adixi posts six of these support the roof
c. Atobtobo a single post supporting the ridgepole
- Walls slanting outwards toward the top made of wooden panel boards that are rabetted to the
upper and lower wall beams

Protective Elements:
- Gable roof, which covers the main house and the lean-to roof, which covers the tarakip is
made of bamboo and cogon grass thatching
- Roof framing which is a separate framework from the floor, consists of six posts rising from
the ground but placed outside the floor posts
- Arched rafters which allow the roof to look like an ogival arch outside
- Purlins made of closely knit canes to which layers of cogon grass are attached

Circulatory Elements:
- Approach to the house is through a wooden stair, usually located on one end of the side wall,
which leads to a door
- No fixed window openings since wall construction system allow occupants to remove few
wallboards in case air is needed for the interior

16. IVATAN HOUSE

Environmental Situation: Slope of cliffs and villages built along the sides and tops of rocky hills of
Batanes Island. Batanes is the location of ancient known as Ijang.

Plan:
- Stand directly on the ground to withstand strong winds or typoons
- The dwelling is made up of two houses:
a. The rakuh (big house) consist of the
living room and sleeping quarters
b. The kusina (kitchen)

Structural Elements:
a. Walls made of lime and stone, are
sometimes embedded with wooden
reinforcement in order to resist the effect of
strong earthquake.
b. Reinforcement run from the base up to the
roof frame

Circulatory Elements:
a. Doors and windows are provided in the rakuh house but the wall facing the direction of the
strongest winds and left solidly closed.

17. KALINGA
Environmental Situation: Steep mountain slope of the Cordillera

Plan:
- Either rectangular or octagonal
- Octagonal form is called binayon or
finaryon
- Attic as granary
- Elevated fireplace is found at the left rear
side of the house
- Working space at ground level near the
entrance
- Floor rising at about 1.50m above the
ground
- Dattagon a central area with slightly
elevated floor on all sides called sipi

Structural Elements:
- 12 posts used as supports to the binayon house
- Lower part of the wall is made of plaited bamboo or sawali

Protective Elements:
- Hipped roof and thatched with reeds
- Four tall posts carry two crossbeams which support the queen post
- Rafters maybe arched to produce a vaulted interior
- The ridge is covered by bubong thatch

Circulatory Elements:
- Approach to the house is through ladder
- Doors are provided at the front and at the rear

18. KANKANAY

Environmental Situation: Bakun mountain in the north central area of Benguet

Plan:
- Traditional kankanay house is called binangiyan
- Single-room dwelling elevated at 1.5m from
the ground
- Interior space is used for sleeping, cooking,
eating and storage of utensils and valuables
- Underneath the roof and above the hearth is
an attic which serves as a granary
- Space underneath the house is not enclosed,
it used for activities like basket weaving,
kitchen utensils making, sewing cloth or
cutting firewood. Space also used for entertaining guests and as family room. Pigs and
chickens may be kept in a corner
- Flooring is made of hardwood like narra rests on three floor joists
- Underneath the overhanging eaves, jaw bones and skulls of butchered pigs are displayed for
the visitors to see

Structural Elements:
- The house is supported by four or more wooden posts to which the floor framing is attached
- Walls made of hardwood, slant outwards at the top
- Wall boards are rabetted to the transverse beam above

Protective Elements:
- Pyramidal in form, is mortised to the four corners of the slanting walls
- High and pointed, it is thatched with runo, pudong and cogon grass
- Eaves of the roof extends downward to about 1.20m above the ground, as a result, the roof
covers or conceals the house walls

Circulatory Elements:
- Detachable bamboo stair placed at the entrance is used to access to the house
- When Kankanay leaves the house, the stair is removed and placed crosswise against the
closed sliding door
- Windows are not provided except for a small opening above the door which serves as an
outlet for the smoke coming from the hearth.

23. MANGYAN

Environmental Situation: Mountain side or hillside of Mindoro

Plan:
- A communal house
- A one-room structure elevated from the
ground measures 6.00x10.00 and
rectangular in plan
- Palaganan a passageway leading from the
main door
Visitors may sleep along the
palaganan but most of the time
as an extra storage space.
- Flooring made of large logs with rattan
lashing
- Individual families are not separated from
one another by partition, rather, their space
allotment is defined by a mat spread on the floor and they have individual fireplace.

Structural Elements:
- Walls are made of bark of trees constructed a meter or less above the floor

Protective Elements:
- Gabled roof with cogon grass thatching
- Roof eaves project 1.00m beyond the wall

Circulatory Elements:
- Ladder of four steps leads to a narrow door which in turn leads to the palanan.
- No windows, openings are provided through space between the flooring and the underneath
surface of the wall.

30. TINGGIAN

Environmental Situation: Mountain of Abra and Apayao district of Cagayan

Plan:
- House is elevated from the ground with floors made of wooden boards
- Wall boards are ornamented with carvings of eyes, noses and mouths to form figures of
human faces

Structural Elements:
- Posts and walls are made of wood
- Walls are usually with peepholes to allow house occupants to see people or things outside
without them being seen

Protective Elements:
- Roofs is made of several layers of runo grass(found in the innermost): Thatch; facing each
other and placed one over the other and well packed thatch (found in the outermost)

34. TAGBANUA

Environmental Situation: Coastal and near-Coastal plains and valleys of Central Palawan

Plan:
- Elevated on stilts about 8 high
- Usually made of eight levels, each corresponds
to certain function such as entrance, cooking or
hearth, dining, sleeping and various levels for
storage.
- The highest level usually contains storage
space for pillows and blankets

Structural Elements:
- Since there are various floor levels partitions
are unnecessary

Circulatory Elements:
- Entire house do not have windows

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