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Environmental Protection
Agency
Environmental
Regulations and
Technology
Control of Pathogens and
Vector Attraction in
Sewage Sludge
EPA/625/R-92/013
Revised July 2003
in Sewage Sludge
This report has been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and approved
for publication. The process alternatives, trade names, or commercial products are only ex
amples and are not endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Other alternatives may exist or may be developed.
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Foreword
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is charged by Congress with protecting the
Nations land, air, and water resources. Under a mandate of national environmental laws, the Agency
strives to formulate and implement actions leading to a compatible balance between human activities and
the ability of natural systems to support and nurture life. To meet this mandate, EPAs research program
is providing data and technical support for solving environmental problems today and building a science
knowledge base necessary to manage our ecological resources wisely, understand how pollutants affect
our health, and prevent or reduce environmental risks in the future.
The National Risk Management Research Laboratory (NRMRL) is the Agencys center for
investigation of technological and management approaches for preventing and reducing risks from
pollution that threaten human health and the environment. The focus of the Laboratorys research
program is on methods and their cost-effectiveness for prevention and control of pollution to air, land,
water, and subsurface resources; protection of water quality in public water systems; remediation of
contaminated sites, sediments and ground water; prevention and control of indoor air pollution; and
restoration of ecosystems. NRMRL collaborates with both public and private sector partners to foster
technologies that reduce the cost of compliance and to anticipate emerging problems. NRMRLs
research provides solutions to environmental problems by: developing and promoting technologies that
protect and improve the environment; advancing scientific and engineering information to support
regulatory and policy decisions; and providing the technical support and information transfer to ensure
implementation of environmental regulations and strategies at the national, state, and community levels.
This publication has been produced as part of the Laboratorys strategic long-term research plan.
It is published and made available by EPAs Office of Research and Development to assist the user
community and to link researchers with their clients.
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Contents
3.8 Reporting Requirements for Sewage Sludge [503.18 and 503.28] ................................... 23
4.3 Monitoring of Fecal Coliform or Salmonella sp. to Detect Growth of Bacterial Pathogens
[503.32(a)(3)-(8)] ............................................................................................................. 27
4.5 Alternative 2: Sewage Sludge Treated in a High pH-High Temperature Process (Alkaline
5.4 Sewage Sludge Alternative 3: Use of Processes Equivalent to PSRP [503.32(b)(4)] ....... 38
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5.5 Site Restrictions for Land Application of Biosolids [503.32(b)(5)] .................................... 38
8.4 Option 3: Additional Digestion of Aerobically Digested Sewage Sludge [503.33(b)(3)] .... 60
8.5 Option 4: Specific Oxygen Uptake Rate (SOUR) for Aerobically Digested Sewage
[503.33(b)(7)] ................................................................................................... 62
8.11 Option 10: Incorporation of Sewage Sludge into the Soil [503.33(b)(10)] ........................ 63
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9.14 Quality Assurance ......................................................................................................... 74
10.7 Regulatory Objectives and Number of Samples that Should be Tested .......................... 81
Appendices
A EPA Regional and State Biosolids Coordinators and Listing of EPA Pathogen
E Determination of Residence Time for Anaerobic and Aerobic Digestion ......................... 133
F Sample Preparation for Fecal Coliform Tests and Salmonella sp. Analysis ................... 137
G Kenner and Clark (1974) Analytical Method for Salmonella sp. Bacteria ....................... 141
H Method for the Recovery and Assay of Total Culturable Viruses from Sludge ................ 150
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Acknowledgments
This guidance document was produced by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Pathogen
Equivalency Committee (PEC) whose members include Robert Bastian, Bob Brobst, John Cicmanec, G.
Shay Fout, Hugh McKinnon, Mark Meckes, Frank Schaefer, Stephen Schaub, and James E. (Jim) Smith, Jr.
The contributions of Jim Smith, who was instrumental in the administration, organization, and direction of
this project; and of Bob Brobst, Mark Meckes, and Robert Bastian along with Greg B. Kester of the State of
Wisconsin, who provided significant comments and guidance, are especially appreciated. Eliot Epstein and
Nerissa Wu of E&A Environmental Consultants, Inc. in Canton, Massachusetts, prepared the document with
information and comments from the PEC and from EPA and State sludge coordinators and private contribu
tors including Joseph B. Farrell, a consultant, and Robert Reimers of Tulane University. The assistance of
reviewers including John Colletti, Madolyn Dominy, Lauren Fondahl, Alia Roufaeal, and John Walker of
EPA; Jeffrey G. Faust of Bio Gro; Joe Pearce of the State of North Carolina; Bob Southworth, a consultant;
and all other contributors, too numerous to name, is very much appreciated.
The following individuals assisted by updating guidance for analytical procedures: Appendix F: Sample
Preparation for Fecal Coliform Tests and Salmonella sp. Analysis - Mark Meckes; Appendix H: Method for
the Recovery and Assay of Enteroviruses from Sewage Sludge - Shay Fout; Appendix I: Analytical Method
for Viable Helminth Ova - Frank Schaefer; Appendix J: Composting: Basic Concepts Related to Pathogens
and Vector Attraction - Eliot Epstein of E&A Environmental Consultants and Bob Brobst of EPAs Region 8
Office in Denver, CO.
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