Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
a)
Take the initial value of the net tensile strain in extreme-tension steel at nominal strength,
t
as 0.0075 because of easy comparisons with the solutions to parts (b) and (c).
The value of the maximum useable compressive strain for concrete as 0.003.
Consider the value of strength reduction factor is 0.90.
f c
Consider that the specified compressive strength of concrete is 4,000 psi.
a, c, 1 ,
Determine the ratio of depth of stress block, to the depth to neutral axis,
using the formula.
f 4000
1 0.85 0.85 0.05 c 0.65
1000
f c
Here, is the specified compressive strength of concrete.
f c
Substitute 4000 psi for
4000 4000
1 0.85 0.85 0.05 0.65
1000
0.85
1
Thus, the ratio of depth of rectangular stress block, a, to depth to neutral axis, c , is
0.85.
c
Determine the cover dimension using the formula.
cu
c d
cu s
cu s
Here, is the maximum useable compressive strain for concrete, is the strain in
steel, and d is the effective depth.
cu s
Substitute 0.003 for and 0.0075 for .
0.003
c d
0.003 0.0075
0.286d
Cc
Determine the concrete compression force using the formula.
Cc 0.85 fcb1c
f c
Here, is the specified compressive strength of the concrete, b is the width of the beam,
1
is the ratio of depth of rectangular stress block depth to neutral axis, and c is the cover
dimension.
As
Determine the area of steel using the enforce equilibrium:
Cc T
0.241 f cb Cc As f y
Substitute for and for T.
0.24 1 f cb As f y
0.24 1 f cbd
As
fy
. (1)
initial
Determine the initial value of the of nonprestressed tension reinforcement using
the formula.
A
initial s
bd
As .
Substitute Equation (1) for
0.24 1 f cbd 1
initial
fy bd
0.24 1 f c
fy
fy
Here, is the specified yield strength of nonprestressed reinforcement.
1 f c fy
Substitute 0.85 for , 4,000 psi for , and 60,000 psi for .
0.24 0.85 4, 000
60, 000
0.0136
0.0136
Thus, the ratio of nonprestressed tension reinforcement is .
Determine the value of reinforcement index using the formula.
f
y
f c
fy f c
Substitute 0.0136 for , 60,000 psi for , and 4,000 for .
60, 000
0.0136
4, 000
0.204
0.204
Thus, the value of reinforcement index is .
R
Determine the flexural-resistance factor using the formula.
R f c 1 0.59
f c
Substitute 0.204 for and 4.0 ksi for .
R 0.204 4.0 1 0.59 0.204
0.718 ksi
0.718ksi
Thus, the flexural-resistance factor is .
Hence, the flexural-resistance factor value is reasonable based on values given in Table
A 3.
Mu
Here, b is the breadth of the beam, d is the depth of the beam and is the factored
design moment
260 kip-ft Mu
Substitute for , 0.90 for , and 0.718 ksi for R.
bd 2
260 12 kip-in
0.90 0.718 kip/in 2
4,828in.3
Consider the value of angle defining orientation of reinforcement as 0.50.
d
Determine the effective depth of the beam using the formula.
1
Mu 3
d
R
260 kip-ft Mu
Substitute for , 0.50 for , 0.90 for , and 0.718 ksi for R.
1
260 12 kip-in 3
d
0.50 0.90 0.718
21.3in.
; 21.5in.
21.5in.
Thus, the depth of the beam is
b
Determine the width of the beam using the formula.
b d
Substitute 0.50 for and 21.5 inches for d.
b 0.50 21.5
10.75
12in.
12in.
Thus, the width of the beam is .
Consider the value of distance between the resultants of the internal compressive and
jd
tensile forces on a cross section (lever arm distance) as 0.90d.
As
Determine the area of steel using the formula.
Mu
As
a
fy d
2
Mu
f y jd
2.99in 2 .
Thus, the area of the steel is
Precede further iteration to get a value for the depth of the compression stress block using
the formula.
a
Determine the depth of equivalent rectangular stress block using the formula.
As f y
a
0.85 f cb
2.99 in.2 As fy f c
Substitute for , 60 ksi for , 4.0 ksi for , and 12 inches for b.
2.99 60
a
0.85 4.0 12
4.40in.
4.40in.
Thus, the depth of equivalent rectangular stress block is
As
Determine the area of steel using the formula.
Mu
As
a
fy d
2
260 kip-ft Mu fy
Substitute for , 0.90 for , 60 ksi for , 21.5 inches for d, and 4.40 inches
for a.
As
260 12 kip-in
4.40
0.90 60 21.5
2
3.0in 2
Therefore, no further iteration is necessary since the estimated value was very reasonable.
3.0in.2
Thus, the area of the steel reinforcement is
Use 3#9 bars for the beam.
Determine the selection of bars as bottom reinforcement at the critical section of the
beam.
As 3 Ab
Ab
Here, is the area of the #9 rebar.
1in 2 Ab
Substitute, for
As 3 1
3in 2 3in 2
Required checks:
1)
The width 12 inches is sufficiently wide for 3 # 9 bars to be placed in a single layer.
Use minimum bar spacing and cover values or Table A.5 to verify.
2)
Check that the reinforcement provided is more than the minimum required using the
formula.
3 f c
As ,min bw d
fy
3 f c
Here, not less than 200 psi. Therefore,
f c
For specified compressive strength of the concrete, is 4,000 psi.
3 4000 190
190 200.
3)
t
Calculate the strain in the extreme layer of tension steel, to verify that assumed value
of strength reduction factor is valid using the formula.
a
Determine the depth of equivalent rectangular stress block, using the formula.
As f y
a
0.85 f cb
3.0in.2 As fy f c 12 in.
Substitute for , 60 ksi for , 4.0 ksi for , and for b.
3.0 60
a
0.85 4.0 12
4.41in.
4.41in.
Thus, the value of the depth of equivalent rectangular stress block is
c
Determine the cover dimension using the formula.
a
c
1
1
Substitute 4.41 inches for a and 0.85 for .
4.41
c
0.85
5.20in.
5.20in.
Thus, the cover dimension is
Determine the strain in the extreme layer of tension steel using the formula.
d c
t cu
c
t
Here, is the net tensile strain in extreme tension steel at nominal strength, d is the
cu
effective depth, and is the maximum useable compressive strain for concrete.
cu
Substitute 21.5 inches for d, 5.20 inches for c, and 0.003 for .
21.5 5.20
t 0.003
5.20
0.0094 0.005
0.90
Therefore, the design is permitted to use . Hence, the design is OK.
4)
Mn
Verify that whether the nominal flexural strength, is sufficient for the applied
loads using the formula.
a
M n As f y d
2
3.0in.2 As fy
Substitute 0.90 for , for , 60 ksi for , 21.5 inch for d, and 4.41 for a.
4.41
M n 0.9 3.0 60 21.5
2
3126 k-in.
3126
= k-ft
12
M n 260.5 k ft 260 k ft
b)
Take the value of net tensile strain in extreme-tension steel at nominal strength as 0.005.
cu s
Substitute 0.003 for and 0.005 for .
0.003
c d
0.003 0.005
0.375d
Cc
Determine the concrete compression force using the formula.
Cc 0.851 f cbc
As
Determine the area of steel using the enforce equilibrium:
Cc T
0.319 f cb1 Cc As f y
Substitute for and for T.
0.319 f cb1 As f y
0.319 1 f cb
As
fy
. (2)
initial
Determine the initial value of the of nonprestressed tension reinforcement using
the formula.
A
initial s
bd
As .
Substitute Equation (2) for
0.319 1 f cbd 1
initial
fy bd
0.319 1 f c
fy
1 f c fy
Substitute 0.85 for , 4,000 psi for , and 60 ksi for .
0.319 0.85 4, 000
60 1000 psi
0.0181
0.0181
Thus, the ratio of nonprestressed tension reinforcement is .
Determine the value of reinforcement index using the formula.
f
y
f c
fy f c
Substitute 0.0181 for , 60 ksi for , and 4,000 for .
0.0181
60 1000
4, 000
0.272
0.272
Thus, the value of reinforcement index is .
R
Determine the flexural-resistance factor using the formula.
R f c 1 0.59
f c
Substitute 0.272 for and 4.0 ksi for .
R 0.272 4.0 1 0.59 0.272
0.911ksi
0.911ksi
Thus, the flexural-resistance factor is .
Hence, the flexural-resistance factor value is reasonable based on values given in Table
A 3.
260 kip-ft Mu
Substitute for , 0.90 for , and 0.911 ksi for R.
bd 2
260 12 kip-in
0.90 0.911
3,805in.3
Consider the value of angle defining orientation of reinforcement as 0.50.
d
Determine the effective depth of the beam using the formula.
1
Mu 3
d
R
260 kip-ft Mu
Substitute for , 0.50 for , 0.90 for , and 0.911 ksi for R.
1
3,120 3
d
0.50 0.90 0.911
19.7 in.
19.5in.
19.5in.
Thus, the depth of the beam is
h ,
Determine the total depth of beam using the formula.
h d 2.5
d.
Substitute 19.5 in. for
h 19.5 2.5
22in.
b
Determine the width of the beam using the formula.
b d
Substitute 0.50 for and 19.5 inches for d.
b 0.50 19.5
9.75
10in.
10in.
Thus, the width of the beam is .
Consider the value of distance between the resultants of the internal compressive and
jd
tensile forces on a cross section (lever arm distance) as 0.90d.
As
Determine the area of steel using the formula.
Mu
As
a
fy d
2
Mu
f y jd
3.29in 2 .
Thus, the area of the steel is
Proceed further iteration to get a value for the depth of the compression stress block using
the formula.
a ,
Determine the depth of equivalent rectangular stress block using the formula.
As f y
a
0.85 f cb
3.29in.2 As fy f c
Substitute for , 60 ksi for , 4.0 ksi for , and 10 inches for b.
3.29 60
a
0.85 4.0 10
5.81in.
5.81in.
Thus, the depth of equivalent rectangular stress block is
As
Determine the area of steel using the formula.
Mu
As
a
fy d
2
3.48in.2
Thus, the area of the steel reinforcement is
3.48in.2 As fy f c
Substitute for , 60 ksi for , 4.0 ksi for , and 10 in. for b.
3.48 60
a
0.85 4.0 10
6.14in.
6.14in.
Thus, the depth of equivalent rectangular stress block is
As ,
Determine the area of steel using the formula.
Mu
As
a
fy d
2
260 kip-ft Mu fy
Substitute for , 0.90 for , 60 ksi for , 19.5 in. for d, and 6.14 in. for a.
As
260 12 k-in
6.14
0.90 60 19.5
2
3.52in.2
3.52in.2
Thus, the area of the steel reinforcement is
Determine the selection of bars as bottom reinforcement at the critical section of the
beam.
As 3 Ab
Ab
Here, is the area of the #10 rebar.
1.27 in 2 Ab
Substitute, for
As 3 1.27
3.81in 2 3.52in 2
Required checks:
1)
The width 12 inches is sufficiently wide for 3 # 10 bars to be placed in a single layer.
Use minimum bar spacing and cover values or Table A.5 to verify.
2)
Check that the reinforcement provided is more than the minimum required using the
formula.
200psi
As ,min bw d
fy
fy bw
Substitute 60 ksi for , 12 in. for , and 19.5 in. for d.
200
As ,min 12 19.5
60 1000 psi
0.78in.2 3.81in.2
3)
t
Calculate the strain in the extreme layer of tension steel to verify that assumed value
of strength reduction factor is valid using the formula.
Determine the depth of equivalent rectangular stress block using the formula.
As f y
a
0.85 f cb
3.81in.2 As fy f c
Substitute for , 60 ksi for , 4.0 ksi for , and 12 in. for b.
3.81 60
a
0.85 4.0 12
5.60in.
5.60in.
Thus, the value of the depth of equivalent rectangular stress block is
c
Determine the cover dimension using the formula.
a
c
1
1
Substitute 5.60 inches for a and 0.85 for .
5.60
c
0.85
6.59in.
6.59in.
Thus, the cover dimension is
Determine the strain in the extreme layer of tension steel using the formula.
d c
t cu
c
cu
Substitute 19.5 inches for d, 6.59 inches for c, 0.003 for .
19.5 6.59
t 0.003
6.59
0.0059 0.005
0.90
Therefore, the design is permitted to use . Hence, the design is OK.
4)
Verify that whether the nominal flexural strength is sufficient for the applied loads using
the formula.
a
M n As f y d
2
3.81in.2 As fy
Substitute 0.90 for , for , 60 ksi for , 19.5 inch for d, and 5.60 for a.
5.60
M n 0.9 3.81 60 19.5
2
3, 436 k-in.
3, 436
= k-ft
12
M n 286 k-ft 260 k-ft
Mn Mu
Therefore, this design is sufficient, since is 10% larger than . This design is
perhaps too conservative. Options for optimizing the design might be done by selecting
the different bars and resizing the element.
c)
Take the value of net tensile strain in extreme-tension steel at nominal strength as 0.0035.
c
Determine the cover dimension using the formula.
cu
c d
cu s
cu s
Substitute 0.003 for and 0.0035 for .
0.003
c d
0.003 0.0035
0.462d
Cc
Determine the concrete compression force using the formula.
Cc 0.85 f cb1c
As
Determine the area of steel using the enforce equilibrium:
Cc T
0.393 f cb1 Cc As f y
Substitute for and for T.
0.393 f cb1 As f y
0.3931 f cb
As
fy
. (3)
initial
Determine the initial value of the of nonprestressed tension reinforcement using
the formula.
A
initial s
bd
As .
Substitute Equation (3) for
0.3931 f cbd 1
initial
fy bd
0.3931 f c
fy
1 f c fy
Substitute 0.85 for , 4,000 psi for , and 60,000 psi for .
0.393 0.85 4, 000
60, 000
0.0223
0.0223
Thus, the ratio of nonprestressed tension reinforcement is .
Determine the value of reinforcement index using the formula.
f
y
f c
fy f c
Substitute 0.0223 for , 60,000 psi for , and 4,000 for .
60, 000
0.0223
4, 000
0.335
0.335
Thus, the value of reinforcement index is .
f c
Substitute 0.335 for and 4.0 ksi for .
R 0.335 4.0 1 0.59 0.335
1.075 ksi
1.075 ksi
Thus, the flexural-resistance factor is .
Hence, the flexural-resistance factor value is reasonable based on values given in Table
A 3.
260 k-ft. Mu
Substitute for , 0.90 for , and 1.075 ksi for R.
bd 2
260 12 k-in.
0.90 1.075
3, 225in.3
Therefore, take the value of angle defining orientation of reinforcement as 0.50.
d
Determine the depth of the beam using the formula.
1
Mu 3
d
R
260 k-ft. Mu
Substitute for , 0.50 for , 0.90 for , and 1.075 ksi for R.
1
d
260 12 k-in.
3
0.50 0.90 1.075
18.6 in.
; 18.5in.
18.5in.
Thus, the depth of the beam is
h ,
Determine the total depth of beam using the formula.
h d 2.5
d.
Substitute 18.5 in. for
h 18.5 2.5
21in.
Substitute 0.50 for and 18.5 inches for d.
b 0.50 18.5
9.25
; 10in.
10in.
Thus, the width of the beam is
Consider the value of distance between the resultants of the internal compressive and
tensile forces on a cross section as 0.90d.
3.47 in.2
Thus, the area of the steel is .
Proceed further iteration to get a value for the depth of the compression stress block using
the formula.
a
Determine the depth of equivalent rectangular stress block using the formula.
As f y
a
0.85 f cb
3.47 in.2 As fy f c
Substitute for , 60 ksi for , 4.0 ksi for , and 10 inches for b.
3.47 60
a
0.85 4.0 10
6.12in.
6.12in.
Thus, the depth of equivalent rectangular stress block is
As
Determine the area of steel using the formula.
Mu
As
a
fy d
2
260 kip-ft Mu fy
Substitute for , 0.90 for , 60 ksi for , 18.5 in. for d, and 6.12 in. for a:
As
260 12 k-in.
6.12
0.90 60 18.5
2
3.74in.2
3.74in.2
Thus, the area of the steel reinforcement is
a
Determine the depth of equivalent rectangular stress block using the formula.
As f y
a
0.85 f cb
3.74in.2 As fy f c
Substitute for , 60 ksi for , 4.0 ksi for , and 10 inches for b.
3.74 60
a
0.85 4.0 10
6.60in.
6.60in.
Thus, the depth of equivalent rectangular stress block is
As
Determine the area of steel using the formula.
Mu
As
a
fy d
2
260 kip-ft Mu fy
Substitute for , 0.90 for , 60 ksi for , 19.5 inches for d, and 6.60 inches
for a.
As
260 12 k-in.
6.60
0.90 60 18.5
2
3.80in.2
3.80in.2
Thus, the area of the steel reinforcement is
Therefore, no further iteration is necessary since the estimated value is very reasonable.
0.79in.2 Ab
Substitute for .
As 5 0.79
3.95in.2 3.80in.2
a
Determine the depth of equivalent rectangular stress block using the formula.
As f y
a
0.85 f cb
3.95in.2 As fy f c
Substitute for , 60 ksi for , 4.0 ksi for , and 10 inches for b.
3.95 60
a
0.85 4.0 10
6.97 in.
6.97 in.
Thus, the depth of equivalent rectangular stress block is
c
Determine the cover dimension using the formula.
a
c
1
1
Substitute 6.97 inches for a and 0.85 for .
6.97
c
0.85
8.20in.
8.20in.
Thus, the cover dimension is
t
Determine the net tensile strain in extreme-tension steel using the formula.
d c
t cu
c
cu
Substitute 18.5 inches for d, 8.20 inches for c, and 0.003 for .
18.5 8.20
t 0.003
8.20
0.00377 0.005
0.50 As d
Try 2 # 8 bars in the compression zone, which is approximately , with as 2.50
inches.
s
Determine the value of using the formula.
c d
s cu
c
d'
Here, is the effective cover
d cu
Substitute 7.50 in. for c, 2.50 in. for , and 0.003 for .
7.50 2.50
s 0.003
7.50
0.002
s 0.002
Thus, the value of is .
Es
Here, is the modulus of elasticity.
Es s
Substitute 29,000 psi for and 0.002 for .
f s 29, 000 0.002
58 ksi f y
Cs
Determine the value of using the formula.
Cs As f s 0.85 f c
1.58in.2 As f f c
Substitute for , 58 ksi for , and 4.0 ksi for .
Cs 1.58 58 0.85 4.0
86 kips
Cc
Determine the concrete compression force is as follows:
Cc 0.85 fcb1c
f c 1
Substitute 4.0 ksi for , 10 inches for b, 0.85 for , and 7.50 inches for c.
Cc 0.85 4.0 10 0.85 7.50
217 kips
T
Determine the tensile force using the formula.
T As f y
fy As
Substitute 60 ksi for and 3.95 square inches for .
T 60 3.95
237 kips 303kips
s
Determine the value of using the formula.
c d
s cu
c
d cu
Substitute 5.80 inches for c, 2.50 inches for , and 0.003 for .
5.80 2.50
s 0.003
5.80
0.00171
s 0.00171
Thus, the value of is .
Es s
Substitute 29,000 psi for and 0.00171 for .
f s 29, 000 0.00171
50 ksi f y
Cs
Determine the value of using the formula.
Cs As f s 0.85 f c
1.58in.2 As f f c
Substitute for , 50 ksi for , and 4.0 ksi for .
Cs 1.58 58 0.85 4.0
73kips
Cc
Determine the concrete compression force is as follows:
Cc 0.85 f cb1c
f c 1
Substitute 4.0 ksi for , 10 inches for b, 0.85 for , and 5.80 inches for c.
Cc 0.85 4.0 10 0.85 5.80
168 kips
T
Determine the tensile force using the formula.
T As f y
fy As
Substitute 60 ksi for and 3.95 square inches for .
T 60 3.95
237 kips 241kips
Required checks:
1)
The width 10 inches is sufficiently wide for 3#8 bars to be placed in a single layer.
Use minimum bar spacing and cover values or Table A.5 to verify.
2)
Check that the reinforcement provided is more than the minimum required using the
formula.
200psi
As ,min bw d
fy
fy bw
Substitute 60,000 psi for , 10 inches for , and 20.5 inches for d.
200
As ,min 10 20.5
60, 000
0.68in.2 3.95in.2
3)
Calculate the strain in the extreme layer of tension steel to verify that assumed value of
strength reduction factor is valid using the formula.
d c
t cu
c
cu
Substitute 18.5 inches for d, 5.80 inches for c, and 0.003 for .
18.5 5.80
t 0.003
5.80
0.0066 0.005
0.90
Therefore, the design is permitted to use . Hence, the design is OK.
4)
Verify that whether the nominal flexural strength is sufficient for the applied loads using
the formula.
a
M n Cc d C d d
2
Cc C
Substitute 0.90 for , 160 kips for , 18.5 inches for d, 5.80 for a, 73 kips for , and
d
2.50 inches for .
5.80
M n 0.90 160 18.5 73 18.5 2.50
2
3, 414 k-in
3, 414
= k-ft
12
M n 285k-ft 260 k-ft
Mn Mu
Therefore, this design is sufficient, since is 10 % larger than this design is
perhaps too conservative. Options for optimizing the design might be done by selecting
the different bars and resizing the element. Note that the design in (a) was more efficient,
so different initial assumptions can lead to different designs.
d)
The cross section of design (a), (b), and (c) are shown in Figure (1).
The area of reinforcement provided is higher than the third design compared to other two
designs. Even though the section is small, design (c) requires compression steel to ensure
a tension controlled section, whereas the design (a) and (b) are tension controlled, as they
are single-reinforced sections.