Pricinples of measurement of

Pressure
IN STR UMENTATION & PRO C ES S CO NTROL

LECTURER: SOHAIL NAWAB

s o h a i l . n a w a b @ f a c u l t y. m u e t . e d u . p k

I N S T I T U T E O F P E T R O L E U M & N AT U R A L G A S
M E H R A N U N I V E RS I T Y O F E N G I N E E R I N G & T EC H N O LO G Y, JA M S H O R O
Content
Pressure
Pressure Measuring Devices
Pressure
Pressure is defined as the normal force per unit area exerted by a
fluid (liquid or gas) on any surface.

Units are : Psi (pounds per square inch), inches of water, millimetres
of mercury, pascals (Pa, or N/m) or bar.
Pressure measurement
Subsurface
Subsurface pressure according to depth (Hydrostatic Pressure,
mathematical calculation)
Bottom hole pressure by (Pressure gauges )
Surface ( tool /Device /Instrument )
Manometer
Gauges
 Atmospheric pressure is the pressure on the Earths surface, due to
the weight of the gases in the Earths atmosphere (14.7 psi)
Vacuum is a pressure between total vacuum and normal
atmospheric pressure.
Absolute pressure is the pressure measured with respect to a
vacuum, and is expressed in psia or kPa(a).
Differential pressure is the pressure measured with respect to
another pressure.
Gauge pressure is the pressure measured with respect to
atmospheric pressure.
Manometers
Manometers are good examples of pressure measuring
instruments, although they are not as common as they previously
were, because of the development of new, smaller, more rugged,
and easier to use pressure sensors
Gauges
Gauges are a major group of sensors that measure pressure with
respect to atmospheric pressure.
Gauge sensors are usually devices that change their shape when
pressure is applied.
These devices include
diaphragms,
capsules,
bellows,
and Bourdon tubes.
Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge
Bourdon tubes are hollow, flattened, or oval cross-sectional beryllium,
copper, or steel tubes.
The flattened tube is then shaped into a three-quarter circle.
Principle:- The bourdon tube works on a simple principle that a bent
tube will change its shape .
As pressure is applied internally, the tube straightens and returns to its
original form when the pressure is released .
The tip of the tube moves with the internal pressure change and is easily
converted with a pointer onto a scale.
Bourdon tubes can have a pressure range of up to 10,000 psi
Pressure Diaphragm Gauge
Diaphragms consist of a thin layer or film of a material supported
on a rigid frame, OR
The diaphragm is a flexible disc, which can be either flat or with
concentric corrugations and is made from sheet metal with high
tolerance.
A wide range of materials can be used for the sensing film: from
rubber to plastic for low pressures,
silicon for medium pressures,
and stainless steel for high pressures
Types of pressure diaphragms
Flat Diaphragms
Corrugated Diaphragms
 Atmospheric Pressure when other side is open to atm
Differential Pressure when pressure is applied on both sides
Absolute Pressure when other side is connected to vaccum
source
 Diagram:-
Other measuring instruments
Barometer
Piezoelectric pressure gauge
Vacuum gauges
Ionization gauges
Pirani Gauge
Mcleod Gauge