CURRENT AND FUTURE STANDARDS &

GUIDELINES FOR OIL & GAS SECTOR IN

INDIA AND STATUS OF ITS IMPLEMENTATION

DR. B. SENGUPTA
Member EAC (Industry) - MoEF
Former Member Secretary
Central Pollution Control Board
Email: bsg161@gmail.com

Presented at International Conference on Occupational and Environmental Health

Organised by Oil Industry Safety Directorate in collaboration with Drexel University,
School of Public Health, Philadelphia, USA held during December 13-14 , 2013
 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL
ACTS/RULES/POLICY
1. The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
2. The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Cess, Act, 1977
3. The Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
4. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
5. The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1989, 2003, 2009
6. The Bio - Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1988, 2003
7. The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules 2000
8. The Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999
9. The Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) Rules, 2000
10. The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001
11. Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 2006, 2009
12. National Environmental Policy, 2006
13. Fly Ash Management Rule, 2008
14. Ambient Air quality standard , 1982, 1995, 2009
15. Proposed national environmental assessment and monitoring authority, 2010
 PRESENT SCENARIO

Present indigenous crude oil production is
30 million tones per annum (ONGC, RIL,
Carin Energy, Oil India) etc.

Present import of crude oil is about 100
million tones per annum

Growth in oil consumption (as
transportation fuel, industry and domestic
fuel) is about 7.8%.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD OF POLLUTION
CONTROL RELEVANT FOR OIL INDUSTRY SECTOR:-

Amendment in EIA 2006 notification in 2009.

Amendment in hazardous waste management rule 1989 in 2009.

Notification of new ambient air quality standard 2009.

Declaration of 43 critically polluted areas (CPA) based on
comprehensive environmental pollution index (CEPI) and restriction
of new industries and its expansion of existing industry in CPA.

Revision of oil refineries standard and notification under EPA act.
GSR 186(E) 18 March 2008.

Enforcement of Bharat stage III and Bharat stage IV fuel quality in
2010.

Post-project monitoring guidelines 2010 for post project monitoring

CREP recommendation implementation
 STANDARD AND GUIDELINES FOR OIL
DRILLING & GAS EXTRACTION SECTOR
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL FROM OIL DRILLING
AND GAS EXTRACTION INDUSTRY

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

and amendments thereafter.

The Environment Protection Act, 1986 Guidelines for
discharge for gaseous emissions by Oil Drilling and
Gas Extraction Industry as notified vide notification
dated GSR 176(E) April, 1996

The Environment (Protection) Second Amendment
Rules, 2002 Emission Standards for New Generator
Sets.

The Factories Act, 1948 and amendments thereafter.

The Motor Vehicle Act, 1938 and amendments
thereafter.
 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
STANDARDS 2009
S.No. Pollutant Time Concentration in Ambient Methods of Remarks
Weighted Air Measurement
Average
Industrial, Ecologically
Residenti Sensitive
al, Rural Area
and Other (notified by
Area Central
Government)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
1. Sulphur Annual* 50 20 a) Improved West Facilities
Dioxide 24 hours** 80 80 and Gaeke available
(SO2), g/m3 b) Ultraviolet
fluorescence
2. Nitrogen Annual* 40 30 a) Modified Jacob & Facilities
Dioxide 24 hours** 80 80 Hocheiser (Na- available
(NO2), g/m3 Arsenite)
b)
Chemiluminiscence

Contd..
3. Particulate Annual* 60 60 a) Most of the NAMP Stations
Matter 24 hours** 100 100 Gravimetric have Gravimetric
(size less b) TOEM measurement facility
than 10 c) Beta including CPCB
m) or attenuation CAQMS is having BAM
PM10 g/m3 TEOM has to be introduced
gradually
4. Particulate Annual* 40 40 a) Gravimetric measurement
Matter 24 hours** 60 60 Gravimetric facility may be developed
(size less b) TOEM countrywide
than 2.5 c) Beta CAQMS is having BAM
m) or attenuation TEOM is yet to be
PM2.5 g/m3 introduced gradually

5. Ozone (O3) 8 hours* 100 100 a) UV CAQMS equipped with UV

g/m3 1 hour** 180 180 photometric based or
b) Chemiluminescence Online
Chemilumini Analysers and may be used
scence for 1 hrly data
c) Chemical Chemical method may be
Method adopted nationwide but
monitoring hours is not
specified, however 09 hrs to
17 hrs may be introduced
Contd..
6. Lead (Pb) Annual* 0.5 0.5 a) AAS/ICP method It appears that Pb is to
g/m3 24hours** 1.0 1.0 after sampling be monitored in PM10,
on EPM 2000 or this standard already
equivalent filter exists but monitored in
paper SPM only at few
b) ED-XRF using locations.
Teflon filter Once the sampling is
done in Teflon the same
may also be analyzed by
other method ED-XRF
7. Carbon 8 hours* 02 02 Non Dispersiv Infra Only option is to go with
Monoxide 1 hour** 04 04 Red (NDIR) online analyzer
(CO) spectroscopy
g/m3
8. Ammonia Annual* 100 100 a)Chemiluminiscence Recently introduced at
(NH3) 24hours** 400 400 b) Indophenol blue few locations in CAQMS
g/m3 method Chemical method may
be adopted nationwide
9. Benzene Annual* 05 05 a)Gas chromatography BTX analysers are being
(C6H6) based continuous used at CAQMS
g/m3 analyzer Active 24 hourly
b) Adsorption and sampling in diffusion
Desorption followed tubes followed by
by GC analysis desorption in CS2 and
finally GC Analysis may
be adopted nationwide in
NAMP Contd..
10. Benzo(a) Annual* 01 01 Solvent Facilities available with
Pyrene extraction CPCB but BIS method using
(BaP) followed by GC-FID may not attain the
particulat HPLC/GC desired lowest concentration
e phase analysis level below 1ng/m3
only, alternatively GC-MS or
ng/m3 HPLC-UV Fluorescence may
be provided
11. Arsenic Annual* 06 06 AAS/ICP It appears that As is to be
(As), method after monitored in PM10.
ng/m3 sampling on Micro-wave digester is
EPM 2000 or required for digestion
equivalent alternatively acid digestion
filter paper at 700 C for 12 hours is
required.
12. Nickel Annual* 20 20 AAS/ICP It appears that Ni is to be
(Ni), method after monitored in PM10.
ng/m3 sampling on Micro-wave digester is
EPM 2000 or required for digestion
equivalent alternatively acid digestion
filter paper at 700 C for 12 hours is
required.
 WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FROM OIL
DRILLING AND GAS EXTRACTION INDUSTRY

The Water (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1974 and amendments
thereafter.

The Environment Protection Act, 1986
Standards for liquid discharge by Oil
Drilling and Gas Extraction Industry as
notified vide notification dated GSR 176
(E) April, 1996.
 SOLID / HAZARDOUS WASTES FROM OIL
DRILLING AND GAS EXTRACTION INDUSTRY

Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and

Trans-boundary Movement) Rules, 2008 and
amendments thereafter

Guidelines for disposal of solid waste by Oil
Drilling and Gas Extraction industry as notified,
vide notification dated GSR 176 (E) April, 1996.

Manufacture Storage and Import of Hazardous
Chemicals 1989 and amendments thereafter.
 OIL SPILL MANAGEMENT

Oil spillage management scheme to be

prepared.

In case of oil spillage/contamination,

action plan to be prepared to clean the
site by adopting proven technology.

The recyclable waste (oily sludge) and

spent oil to be disposed off to the
authorized recyclers/reprocessors.
H2S RELEASE FROM OIL DRILLING AND
GAS EXTRACTION INDUSTRY

A contingency plan for H2S release to be

in place.

Evacuation to resumption of normal

operations.

Workers to be provided with personal H2S

detectors in locations of high risk of
exposure alongwith self containing
breathing apparatus.
SOLID WASTE, DRILL CUTTING AND
DRILLING FLUIDS MANAGEMENT

Solid waste, drill cutting and drilling fluids
disposal for onshore drilling operation as per
vide GSR. 546(E) dated 30th August, 2005.

Drill cutting (DC) wash water to be treated to

conform to limits notified under the
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 before
disposal.

The treated effluent shall be monitored

regularly.

Top soil removed to be stacked separately for

reuse during restoration process.
RESTORATION OF DRILLING SITE

Measures after completion of drilling process :

- Well plugging and secured enclosures,

- decommissioning of rig upon abandonment of
the well and,
- restoration of the drilling site to the original
condition.

If no economic quantity of hydrocarbon is found :

- A full abandonment plan to be implemented for

the drilling site as per Indian Petroleum
Regulations.
STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR OIL DRILLING AND GAS
EXTRACTION SECTOR

Water based mud system for drilling only to be used.

Diesel based mud use for drilling to be eliminated.

Mud decant water to be recycled.

Drill cuttings (DC) originating from onshore or location closed
to shore line and separated from water based mud (WBM)
should be properly washed and unusable drilling fluids (DF)
should be disposed off in a well designed pit lined with
impervious liner located off-site or on-site.

The disposal pit should be provided with leachate collection
system

Design aspects of the impervious waste disposal pit, capping
of the disposal pit should be informed to SPCB at the time of
obtaining consent.

Incase of any problem due to geological formation for
drilling, low toxicity OBM having aromatic content less
than 1% should be used.

The chemical additives used for the preparation of DF
should have low toxicity that is 96 hrs LC50 more than
30,000 mg/l as per toxicity test conducted on locally
available sensitive sea species. The chemical used
should be biodegradable.

DC separated from OBM after washing should have oil
content at less than 10 mg/kg for disposal into disposal
pits.

Hydrogen sulphide scavengers to prevent
degradation of sweet wells by sulphate reducing
bacteria to be used.

Select less toxic biocides corrosion inhibitors
and other chemicals.

Minimize gas flaring.

Store crude oil in tanks having secondary double
seal.

Minimize and control leakage from tanks and
pipelines.

Proactive corrosion prevention and monitor above and below
ground tanks, vessels, pipes etc.

Remove hydrogen sulphide and mercaptans from soar gases
before flaring.

Use knock out drums on flares to prevent condensate
emission.

Regenerate spent amines and spent solvents or send off site
for recovery.

Provide spill prevention and control measures (bunds, berms
and hard surfacing for storage tanks, pressure relieve valves,
high level alarms)

Recover oil from process waste water.

Segregate storm water from process water.

Implement leak detection and repair programmes.
STANDARD AND GUIDELINES FOR
OIL REFINERY SECTOR
 LEGAL REQUIREMENT FOR
POLLUTION CONTROL - OIL REFINERY

To obtain Consent under Water Act, 1974.

Payment of water cess as per Water Cess Act, 1977.

To obtain Consent under Air Act, 1981.

To obtain Authorization for hazardous waste
management under Hazardous Waste Management
Rules, 1989.

To obtain EC under EIA 2006 for new setting-up new
refinery / expansion of existing refinery.

Submission of environmental statement (Audit) report.

Submission of EC compliance report and also posting of
the same on industry website.
 EMISSION STANDARD
FURNACE / BOILER / CAPTIVE POWER PLANT

Limiting concentration in mg/Nm3, unless stated

Fuel Type Existing New Refinery/
refineries Furnace / Boiler
Sulphur Dioxide Gas 50 50
(SO2) Liquid 1700 850
Oxides of Nitrogen Gas 350 250
(NOx) Liquid 450 350
Particulate Matter Gas 10 5
(PM) Liquid 100 50
Carbon Monoxide Gas 150 100
(CO) Liquid 200 150
Nickel and Vanadium Liquid 5 5
(Ni+v)
Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) Liquid / Gas 150 150
in fuel gas
Sulphur content in liquid Liquid / Gas 1.0 0.5
fuel, weight%

Note : No solid fuel (coal / petcoke etc.) in captive power plant

??
 EMISSION STANDARD
FURNACE / BOILER / CAPTIVE POWER PLANT
Notes:-
(i) In case of mixed fuel (gas and liquid) use, the limit shall be computed
based on heat supplied by gas and liquid fuels.
(ii) All the furnaces/boilers with heat input of 10 million kilo calories/hour or
more shall have continuous systems for monitoring of SO2 and NO2.
Manual monitoring for all the emission parameters in such furnaces or
boilers shall be carried out once in two months.
(iii) All the emission parameters in furnaces/boilers having heat input less
than 10 million kilo calories/hour will be monitored once in three months.
(iv) In case of continuous monitoring, one hourly average concentration
values shall be complied with 98% of the time in a month. Any
concentration value obtained through manual monitoring, if exceeds the
limiting concentration value, shall be considered as non-compliance.
(v) Data on Nickel and Vanadium content in the liquid fuel (in ppm) shall be
reported. Nickel and Vanadium in the liquid fuel shall be monitored at
least once in six months, if liquid fuel source & quality are not changed. In
case of changes, measurement is necessary after every change.
 EMISSION STANDARD
FCC REGENERATORS
Limiting concentration in mg/Nm3, unless stated
Existing refineries New Refinery
Hydro Other than /FCC
processed Hydro Commissioned
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 500 1700 500 (for hydro-
processed feed)
850 for other
feed)
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) 400 450 350
Particulate Matter (PM) 100 100 50
Carbon Monoxide 400 400 300
(CO)
Nickel and Vanadium (Ni+V) 2 5 2
Opacity, % 30 30 30

Note : Opacity meter to be installed in FCC regenerator stack.

 EMISSION STANDARD
FCC REGENERATORS

Notes:-
(i) In case part feed is hydro-processed, the emission values shall be
calculated proportional to the feed rates of untreated and treated
feeds.
(ii) FCC regenerators shall have continuous systems for monitoring of
SO2 and NOx. One hourly average concentration values shall be
complied with 98% of the time in a month, in case of continuous
monitoring. Manual monitoring for all the emission parameters shall
be carried out once in two months.
(iii) Any concentration value obtained through manual monitoring, if
exceeds the limiting concentration value, shall be considered as
non-compliance.
(iv) Data on Sulphur (weight in %), Nickel (PPM) and Vanadium (PPM)
content in the feed to FCC shall be separated regularly.
(v) Limit of Carbon Monoxide emissions shall be complied with except
during annual shut down of CO boiler for statutory maintenance.
 EMISSION STANDARD
SULPHUR RECOVERY UNITS
Plant Existing New SRU or
Capacity SRU Refinery
(Tonnes/day) Commissioned
Sulphur recovery, % Above 20 98.7 99.5
H2S, mg/Nm3 - 15 10
Sulphur recovery, % 5-20 96 98
Sulphur recovery, % 1-5 94 96
Oxides of Nitrogen All capacity 350 250
(NOx), mg/Nm3
Carbon Monoxide All capacity 150 100

Note : NOx, CO, H2S monitoring system to be installed.

 EMISSION STANDARD
SULPHUR RECOVERY UNITS
Notes:-
(i) Sulphur recovery units having capacity above 20 tonnes per
day shall have continuous systems for monitoring of SO2.
Manual monitoring for all the emission parameters shall be
carried out once in a month.
(ii) Data on Sulphur Dioxide emissions (mg/Nm3) shall be
reported regularly.
(iii) Sulphur recovery efficiency shall be calculated on monthly
basis, using quantity of sulphur in the feed to SRU and
quantity of sulphur recovered.
 STANDARDS FOR EQUIPMENT LEAKS
LDAR PROGRAMME
(1) Approach for controlling fugitive emissions from equipment
leaks shall have proper selection, installation and maintenance
of non-leaking or leak-tight equipment. Following initial
testing after commissioning, the monitoring for leak detection is
to be carried out as a permanent on-going Leak Detection and
Repair (LDAR) programme. Finally detected leaks are to be
repaired within allowable time frame.
(2) Components to be Covered: Components that shall be covered
under LDAR programme include (i) Block valves; (ii)
Control valves; (iii) Pump seals; (iv) Compressor seals; (v)
Pressure relief valves; (vi) Flanges- Heat Exchangers; (vii)
Flanges - Piping; (viii) Connectors - Piping; (ix) Open ended
lines; and (x) Sampling connections, Equipment and line sizes
more than 1.875 cm or inch are to be covered.
 STANDARDS FOR EQUIPMENT LEAKS
LDAR PROGRAMME
(3) Applicability: LDAR programme would be applicable to
components (given at 2 above) for following products /
compounds: (i) hydrocarbon gases; (ii) Light liquid with
vapour pressure @ 20o C > 1.0 kPa; and (iii) Heavy
liquid with vapour pressure @ 20o C between 0.3 to 1.0 kPa.

(4) WHILE LDAR will not be applicable for heavy liquids with
vapour pressure < 0.3 kPa, it will be desirable to check for
liquid dripping as indication of leak.

(5) Definition of leak: A leak is defined as the detection of VOC

concentration more than the values (in ppm) specified below
at the emission source using a hydrocarbon analyzer
according to measurement protocol (US EPA - 453/R-95-
017, 1995 Protocol for equipment leak emission estimates
may be referred to:
 STANDARDS FOR EQUIPMENT LEAKS
LDAR PROGRAMME
Component General Hydrocarbon Benzene (ppm)
(ppm)
Till 31st w.e.f. Till 31st w.e.f January
Dec. 2008 January 01, Dec., 2008 01, 2009
2009
Pump/Compressor 10000 5000 3000 2000
Valves/Flanges 10000 3000 2000 1000
Other components 10000 3000 2000 1000

(6) In addition, any component observe to be leaking by sight, sound or

smell, regardless of concentration (liquid dripping, visible vapor leak) or
presence of bubbles using soap solution should be considered as
leak.
(7) Monitoring Requirements and Repair Schedule: Following frequency of
monitoring of leaks and schedule for repair of leaks shall be followed:
 STANDARDS FOR EQUIPMENT LEAKS
LDAR PROGRAMME
Component Frequency of monitoring Repair schedule
Quarterly (semiannual after two Repair will be
consecutive periods with < 2% leaks and started within 5
annual after 5 periods with < 2% leaks) working days
Pump seals Quarterly and shall be
completed
Compressor seals Quarterly within 15
Pressure relief devices Quarterly working days
Pressure relief devices Within 24 hours after detection
(after venting) of leak for
general
Heat Exchangers Quarterly hydrocarbons. In
Process drains Annually case of benzene,
the leak shall be
Components that are Annually
attended
difficult to monitor
immediately for
repair.
 STANDARDS FOR EQUIPMENT LEAKS
LDAR PROGRAMME
Pump seals with visible Immediately Immediately
liquid dripping
Any component with Immediately Immediately
visible leaks
Any component after Within five days -
repair/ replacement
 EMISSION STANDARDS FOR VOC / ODOUR FROM
WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND TREATMENT
(1) All contaminated and odorous wastewater streams shall be handled in
closed systems from the source to the primary treatment stages (oil-
water separator and equalization tanks).
(2) The collection system shall be covered with water seals (traps) on
sewers and drains and gas tight covers on junction boxes.
(3) Oil-water separators and equalization tanks shall be provided
with floating/fixed covers. The off-gas generated shall be treated to
remove at least 90% of VOC and eliminate odour. The system design
shall ensure safety (prevention of formation of explosive mixture,
possible detonation and reduce the impact) by dilution with air/inert
gas, installing LEL detector including control devices, seal drums,
detonation arrestors etc. The system shall be designed and operated
for safe maintenance of the collection and primary treatment systems.
(4) Wastewater from aromatics plants (benzene and xylene plants) shall
be treated to remove benzene & total aromatics to a level of 10, 20
ppm respectively before discharge to effluent treatment system without
dilution].
 EFFLUENT STANDARD

1. pH 6.0-8.5
2. Oil & Grease 5.0
3. BOD 3 days, 27oC 15.0
4. COD 125.0
5. Suspended Solids 20.0
6. Phenols 0.35
7. Sulphides 0.5
8. CN 0.20
9. Ammonia as N 15.0
10. TKN 40.0
11. P 3.0
Unit : mg/l except pH
 EFFLUENT STANDARD

12. Cr (Hexavalent) 0.1

13. Cr (Total) 2.0
14. Pb 0.1
15. Hg 0.01
16. Zn 5.0
17. Ni 1.0
18. Cu 1.0
19. V 0.2
20. Benzene 0.1
21. Benzo (a) - Pyrene 0.2
Unit : mg/l
EC CONDITION COMPLIANCE
FOR
OIL REFINERY
PETROLEUM OIL REFINERY AND
PETROCHEMICALS
FUEL QUALITY STANDARDS
 Gasoline Benzene
Reduction Programme
No Specifications
in India
Before 1996

5%
June
1994
April 1996
0.15 g/l
(4 metro) 3% in Metro cities
April
1995 April 2000
1 % in NCT &
Mumbai
Unleaded Jan
4 metros 1997

Nov. 2000 3 % in all India

Low leaded &
Entire Country Jan 1% in Major Metros
1999
April. 2005

Gasoline Lead Unleaded

3 % in all India

NCR Feb
Phase-out 2000 April. 2010
Unleded
Programme In Country

India
Vehicle Emission
Norm Schedule In Euro-III (Country)
Euro-IV (11 cities)
India 2010 April
Euro-II (Country) April6
Euro-III (11 cities)
Sulphur 0.50 %
2005 4 metros & Taj
Euro-I equivalent (Country)
August 1997
Euro-II eqv. For cars (4 metros)
Sulphur 0.25%
2000/01 Delhi & Taj
2ndset norms April 1998
notified
Sulphur 0.25%
1996 Metro cities
April-2000
Emission norms for
catalytic vehicles
Sulphur 0.25%
1995 April 2000-04 Entire Country
1st set norms
notified Sulphur 0.05%
11 cities
April-2005
1990
Sulphur 0.05%
April-2010 Entire Country
& 0.035 (11 cities)
Sulphur 0.005% (11 cities)
Diesel Sulphur
& 0.035%
(Entire Country)
Reduction
Programme
 FINDINGS OF CPCB SOURCE
APPORTIONMENT STUDY
1) Levels of PM10 and PM2.5 in the ambient air were found to be
significantly high irrespective of locations. The concentration of these
pollutants are relatively higher at kerbside locations. Vehicles contribute
to PM10 & PM2.5 at all locations, but their contribution to kerbside
locations was relatively higher. At Kanpur and Delhi, almost at all
locations and in all standards of PM10 and PM2.5 are exceeded.
2) Winter and post-monsoon seasons were found to be most critical when
standard exceedence rates are higher than in summer months.
3) PM pollution problem is severe in the six cities and NOx was found to be
an emerging pollutant.
4) With respect to air toxics, Benzene levels were found to be higher in
Bangalore, Pune and Kanpur. Formaldehyde marginally exceed
permissible limits in Mumbai, Pune and Bangalore.
5) High Elemental Carbon (EC) to Organic Carbon (OC) ration (EC/OC)
represents freshly contributed diesel/coal/biomass/garbage combustion
particles (OC being contributed mainly from secondary organic aerosol
formation). This ratio was found to be high for most cities.
 FINDINGS OF CPCB SOURCE
APPORTIONMENT STUDY
6) Significant quantities of sulfates and nitrates were found in PM10
indicating an important contribution of secondary particles.
7) Presence of molecular markers like hopanes and steranes in much
higher quantities indicate contribution from vehicles. Higher
concentration from levoglucosan indicates biomass burning.
8) Within the transport sector, the PM10 contribution in terms of
emission load is mainly from heavy duty diesel vehicles (40-59%) in
almost all the cities. Also, they are also the important contributors of
NOx (43-75%).
9) Though there are city-specific variations among the dominance of
sources, re-suspension of road dust and combustion sources
(including vehicles, refuse burning and DG sets) are prominent
sources of PM in all cities.
10) Morning and evening peaks in CO levels corresponding to vehicular
movement.
 RECOMMENDATION (AS SUBMITTED BY SUBGROUP I AND II)
TO IMPROVE AIR QUALITY TO MAIN COMMITTEE ON AUTO FUEL VISION
AND POLICY 2025

1. Road map for fuel quality improvement:

Since the year 2000, differential norms are implemented in metros and
rest of the country due to non-availability of uniform quality fuel across
the country. Due to non-availability of appropriate quality fuel, the
vehicles of advance technology registered in metros and major cities
are deteriorating fast, defeating the purpose.
Ensuring nationwide same quality of fuel will reduce emissions of in-
use vehicle pollution noticeably due to the fact that the after-treatment
devices and other newer technologies are very susceptible to the
quality of fuel used. Very short distance exposure to low grade fuel
quality may deteriorate these devices and thus make newer
generations of in-use vehicles not effective or worse than those of
earlier generation vehicles due to the deterioration of emission control
devices. With this background, it is desirable to have the policy of One
Country-One Fuel-One Norm.
 Learning from the experience due to dual fuel policy, One-Country
One-Fuel One-Norm policy implementations to optimize resources
and maximize the benefits is proposed. In view of this, by 2016 or
earlier country should have One Fuel i.e. BS-IV Gasoline with
50ppm Sulfur and 91 Octane. However, premium fuel with 95 RON
should also be available in the areas where such fuel compliant
vehicles are populated.
In view of large consumption of HSD in off road applications, there
is a need to look into the feasibility of having two grades of diesel
fuels in the country [off-road and on-road applications].
India is consuming more of diesel fuel compared to gasoline and
hence there is need to maximise production of diesel fuel. In the
light of this, studies should be undertaken to see the impact of
increasing T95 of diesel from existing 360degC to 370degC and in
case no significant influence is observed then T95 of HSD as
370degC may be adopted, which is likely to improve the availability
of diesel fuel in the country.
In order to conserve fuel and improve ambient air quality in the
country, fuel additives with proven credentials must be promoted.
The additised fuels which help the fuel efficiency and emission
reduction should attract less duty.
2. Recommendations of AFP-2003 which are yet to be
implemented should be considered as a starting point for
AFV&P-2025.
3. Consumer education on eco-friendly driving habits to curb
pollution and improve fuel economy should be encouraged.
4. AFV&P-2025 shall promote use of appropriate multi-modal
transport such as Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and other Mass
Transport Systems. JNNURM to predict multi-modal transport
system considering current & future demographics.
5. AFV&P-2025 shall ensure quality infrastructure and address
the following issues for sustainable transportation & auto
industry growth -
Inspection & Maintenance regime across the country
In future, ITS enablement & End of Life (old vehicle scrapping policy
including fiscal incentives) vehicle management to be enforced
Urban & Rural Infrastructure & Road network quality
Traffic management (parking on-street & off-street, bus stops, road
information systems, training & education)
 Urban & rural transport planning in conjunction with land use
development plan
Pedestrian facilities e.g. subway, foot over-bridge/ under-bridge,
footpath etc. to streamline the traffic flow & reduce accident thereby
improving overall road safety.
6. As PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in 83 cities / towns have
reached at critical level (100% to 450% times the notified
ambient air quality standard), immediate attention is required
to prepare an action plan to reduce fine particulate pollution.
The integrated action plan to be prepared, keeping the
ultimate objective to meet PM2.5 standard in ambient air,
which must include the following:
Diesel particulate filter (DPF) installation in existing old diesel vehicles
(buses, trucks and commercial vehicles).
Supply of BSIV fuel in these polluted cities at the earliest.
Improved I/M programme for control of emission from in-use vehicles.
Supply of clean transportation fuel (CNG/LPG) in all cities where it is possible
to supply CNG / LPG particularly for 3-wheelers.
Restriction on use of highly polluting DG Sets.
Controlling particulate emissions from power plant/SSI units effectively.
Indentifying grossly polluting in-use vehicles and phasing them out.
7. For all non-attainment cities, and critically polluted areas,
action plans need to be prepared. The action plans should
include emission inventories, air quality monitoring, air quality
modelling, source apportionment studies, etc. Once prepared,
the action plans should be implemented by corresponding
state authorities and overseen by a high powered expert
committee.
8. Air toxics (Benzene, 1,3 butadiene, aldehydes, polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbon, metals, etc) assessment, monitoring
and control should be given the highest priority. The limited
measurement done by CPCB show significantly high values
of air toxics in ambient air. MoEF may setup an expert body to
initiate the work on air toxic management.
9. Action plans prepared by SPCBs to control air pollution from
17 polluted cities as per Honble Supreme Court direction
should be properly implemented. An independent high power
expert body should be setup by MoEF to oversee the
implementation.
10. The PM10/PM2.5 sampler used for the measurement of
PM10 and PM2.5 in ambient air required thorough
auditing with respect to calibration of the analyzers.
MoEF may notify suitable agencies, for example
CPCB, NEERI, and CSIO, which should be given
authority to audit the sampler. Only accredited
suppliers instrument should be used for monitoring.
11. From the on-road vehicles fleet, grossly polluting
vehicles should be identified (which may be 5%-10% of
the total fleet), and they should be phased out.
12. To reduce high benzene levels in ambient air, vapour
recovery systems may have to be installed in petrol
dispensers and also benzene emission from two
wheelers need to be reduced. Impact studies on these
may be undertaken by oil companies and auto industry
and suitable action be taken.
13. As large number of DG Sets (diesel based small power
generating sets) is working in almost all cities due to bad
grid electricity supply, tighter norms need to be defined
for DG Sets.
14. About 40,000 mobile towers are installed in NCR region
and over 200,000 are installed in all over India. All mobile
towers have DG sets as backup power. Effort should be
made to reduce emission from these DG sets and DG
sets should be allowed to use only clean fuels /
technologies.
15. Development of mass rapid transportation systems. This
will reduce traffic congestion, lower personalized VKT,
and reduce soil and road dust re-suspension.
16. For 2 Wheelers, as the change in test cycle has shown
an increase in the emission values, the certifying agency
should establish the correlation.
17. NOx & HC values should be reported separately to show the
impact of NOx component.
18. For 3 Wheelers, the proposed emission values need to be made
more stringent.
19. In order to review the implementation of recommendations of
AFV&P-2025 and also to coordinate various recommended
studies, there it is recommended to form an empowered
committee with members drawn from all the stakeholders. The
scope of said committee must also include taking up following
studies:
To review and suggest the emission norms for 2 & 3 wheelers aligning with
the proposed fuel specifications
To propose the India specific fuel efficiency norms for all class of vehicles
commensurate with the fuel specifications.
Assessment of impact of increasing octane no. from 91 to 95 on fuel
efficiency of gasoline vehicles.
Assess the effect enhancing T95 of diesel fuel from 360 deg C to 370 deg C
on NOX & Particulate emission of diesel vehicles.
Air quality management & source apportionment study to be carried out on
continuous basis and shall be part of periodic review for policy & measures
20. Fiscal strategy must look into following major issues:
Judiciously setting differentiated tax rates

To provide tax reduction/credits to refiners for providing lower

sulfur fuels & additised fuels

One time capital subsidy to meet the refinery costs.

Incentives for non-polluting vehicles like electric/ hybrid/ fuel Cell

based vehicles. This will help in increasing the penetration of
these vehicles in public as well as in personal vehicles category.
 FINAL RECOMMENDATION

Due to the fact mentioned about air quality, its impact on

human health, it is strongly recommended to consider
following:-

50 ppm sulphur fuel should be made available all over India
by 2015

10 ppm sulphur fuel to be made available all over India by
2020.

Implementation of BS-IV fuel quality and vehicle emission
standards by 2015 across the country

Adoption of BS-V vehicular emission standards by 2017

Adoption of BS-VI vehicular emission standards by 2019/20

Commissioning of an effective I&M system across country to
replace or enhance the current PUC system

Move towards world harmonized driving cycles

Development of a fleet modernization programme

Measures for reducing energy demand from the sector

Advancement to Euro norms (Euro-4 and 5) for two- and
three-wheelers and adoption of separate norms for HC and
Nox

Emission control from DG sets, use of clean fuel (CNG etc) in
DGsets operated in metro cities

Emission from other sources like power pants, SSI units also
to be reduced to achieve ambient air quality standard
 FUTURE REQUIREMENT IN THE FIELD OF
POLLUTION CONTROL FOR OIL REFINERIES
1. New ambient air quality standard monitoring using proper
sampling protocol and data reporting.
2. New emission standard (Furnace / Boiler / Captive Power
Plant, FCC and SRU) for SO2, NOx, CO, etc to be
implemented besides total SO2 emission load given as EC
Condition.
3. Fugitive emission standard for VOC and LDAR to be
implemented.
4. Contionuous emission monitoring system (CEM) to be installed
and calibration protocol to be followed strictly.
5. Continuous ambient air quality monitoring system to be
installed and calibration protocol be followed strictly.
6. EC compliance report and CEM / CAAQM data to be posted on
website of respective refinery.
7. CREP recommendation to be implemented.
8. Oily sludge management co-processing of oily sludge in cement
plant / Bio-remediation of oily sludge
9. Sulphur balance to be prepared using actual monitoring data.
10. Volumatric flow rate in each stack to be monitored for total
emission load calculation.
11. Energy efficiency to be promoted to reduce GHG emission.
12. Compliance of all EC Conditions and reporting.
13. Water and waste water recycling .
14. Preparation of environmental statement and reporting.
15. Refineries to target to achieve 50 ppm sulphur fuel by 2015 and 10
ppm sulphur fuel by 2020 in order to reduce impact of air pollution
on human health.
 By
DR. B. SENGUPTA

Email :
bsg161@gmail.com
91-9810043771