Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT V
LIST OF TABLES VI
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION: 1
1.1 OVERVIEW 1
1.2 BACKGROUND 2
1.3 LITERATURE SURVEY 3
1.4 THESIS ORGANIZATION 4
2.1 ELECTROCARDIOGRAM 5
2.1.1 STRUCTURE AND PHYSIOLOGY OF HEART 5
2.1.2GENERATION OF HEART BEAT 7
2.2 ECG MORPHOLOGY 8
2.3. HRV MEASUREMENT METHODS 9
5.1 CONCLUSION 28
5.3 FUTURE WORK: 28
APPENDIX: 29
ABSTRACT
Heart rate variability is an important measurement that can predict the
survival after a heart attack. Studies have shown that reduced HRV predicts sudden
death in patients with Myocardial Infarction (MI). The existing methodology for HRV
measurement uses 12 or 3 or single lead electrode which is connected to the diagnosis
device via the wires. This method has the problem of restricting the mobility of patient
and the patient need to be in the hospital. Wireless HRV measurement allows the
activity monitoring without affecting the mobility of patients. For heart patient, the
heart rate variability has to be continuously monitored. Wireless ECG transmission
have the potential to provide near real-time health information and may also facilitate
a means to observe important cardiopulmonary information in patients and aging
adults in comfort of their homes. Development of Wireless ECG patches for the
measurement of Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is the main objective of this project.
This project focuses on the design, development and calibration of Wireless ECG
sensor. It also involves the design of Wireless communication system and protocols
for ECG transmission. For this purpose, the suitable transceiver modules have to be
designed and tested. ECG data will be collected using suitable ECG electrodes and
transmitted by using RF transmitter and microcontroller. The proper sampling rate (>
1 KHz) will be chosen for the low heart rate variability because the improper selection
will lead to the aliasing error. On receiving side, after the RF receiver and the
microcontroller, suitable software such as LabView 2015 is used in order to measure
the HRV from ECG data. The suitable no. of leads has to be identified and the proper
position of leads has to be determined such that it doesnt affect the measurement of
HRV and also provides a least hardware requirement. The suitable algorithm can also
be determined for sleep scheduling the patches so that the battery efficiency can be
improved.
LIST OF TABLES
VALUE.
LIST OF FIGURE
3.4 AD8232 18
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION:
1.1 OVERVIEW
Electrocardiogram (ECG) is the record of the electrical potentials produced by
the heart. The electrical wave is generated by depolarization and repolarization of
certain cells due to movement of Na+ and k+ ions in the blood. The ECG signal is
typically in the range of 2 mV and requires a recording bandwidth of 0.1 to 120 Hz .
The ECG is acquired by a non-invasive technique, i.e. placing electrodes at
standardised locations on the skin of the patient . The ECG signal and heart rate
reflects the cardiac health of human heart. Any disorder in heart rate or rhythm or
change in the morphological pattern of ECG signal is an indication of cardiac
arrhythmia. It is detected and diagnosed by analysis of the recorded ECG waveform.
The amplitude and duration of the P-QRS-T-U wave contains useful information about
the nature of disease related to heart.
1.2 BACKGROUND
The clinical relevance of heart rate variability was first appreciated in 1965
when Hon and Lee noted that foetal distress was preceded by alterations in interbeat
intervals before any appreciable change occurred in the heart rate itself. Twenty years
ago, Sayers and others focused attention on the existence of physiological rhythms
imbedded in the beat-to-beat heart rate signal. During the 1970s, Ewing devised a
number of simple bedside tests of short-term RR differences to detect autonomic
neuropathy in diabetic patients. The association of higher risk of post-infarction
mortality with reduced HRV was first shown by Wolf et al. in 1977. In 1981, Akselrod
et al. introduced power spectral analysis of heart rate fluctuations to quantitatively
evaluate beat-to-beat cardiovascular control. These frequencydomain analyses
contributed to the understanding of the autonomic background of RR interval
fluctuations in the heart rate record. The clinical importance of HRV became apparent
in the late 1980s when it was confirmed that HRV was a strong and independent
predictor of mortality following an acute myocardial infarction. With the availability
of new, digital, high frequency, 24-h multi-channel electrocardiographic recorders,
HRV has the potential to provide additional valuable insight into physiological and
pathological conditions and to enhance risk stratification.
3
2.1 ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
The ECG is a bioelectric signal, which records the electrical activity of heart
versus time. Therefore, it is an important diagnostic tool for assessing heart function.
The ECG is acquired by placing electrodes on the skin of the patient. The ECG signal
provides the following information of a human heart:
Some cardiac cells are self-excitable, contracting without any signal from the
nervous system. Even if removed from the heart and placed in culture, the cells have
the self-excitation property. The electrical potentials for contraction are caused by a
group of specialized cells in the heart which control the heartbeat. These cells
produce electrical impulses which spread across the heart causing it to contract. The
main pacemaker of heart, the Sinoatrial node (SA node), initiates the heart beat by
generating an electrical impulse which travels to the left and right atria, causing
them to contract (atrial depolarization). Following the start of atrial depolarization,
the impulse quickly arrives at the Atrioventricular node (AV node) which is
responsible for the contraction of ventricle. The electrical signal next passes through
the Bundle of His, diverges into the Right and Left Bundle branches, and spreads
through the Purkinje Fibres to the muscles of the left and right ventricle. This causes
ventricular depolarization (contraction). The time required for the signal to travel
from the AV node to the Purkinje Fibres provides a natural delay of about 0.1
second. This delay ensures that the atria have become completely empty before the
8
The SA node creates the electrical impulse which causes the heart to beat, but
the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) controls the heart rate and the strength of
heart contractions. The ANS consists of two parts, the Sympathetic Nervous System
(SNS) and the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS). The Sympathetic nerves
increase the heart rate and the contraction force, while the Parasympathetic nerves
act in the reverse manner. A small portion of this electrical potential flows to the
body surface. By applying electrodes on the skin at the selected points, the electrical
potential generated by this current can be recorded as an ECG signal.
Statistical methods:
The band pass filter for the QRS detection algorithm reduces noise in the
ECG signal by matching the spectrum of the average QRS complex. This attenuates
noise due to muscle noise, power line interference, baseline wander, T wave
interference. The pass band that maximizes the QRS energy is in the 5Hz-35Hz
range. The filter implemented in this algorithm is composed of cascaded high pass
and low pass Butterworth IIR filters
The recursive lowpass filter used in the Pan-Tompkins algorithm has integer
coefficients for reducing computational complexity The output y(n) is related to the
input x(n) as:
1
y(n)=2y(n-1) y(n-2) + [x(n)-2x(n-6)+x(n-1)]
32
With the sampling rate being 200 Hz, the filter has a rather low cutoff
frequency of fc=11Hz, and introduces a delay of 5 samples or 24ms. The filter
provides attenuation greater than 35dB at 60Hz, and effectively supress power-line
interference, if present.
The highpass filter used in the algorithm is implemented as an all pass filter
minus a lowpass filter. The output y(n) of the high pass filter is given by the
difference equation
Where x(n) and y(n) are input and output respectively. The high pass filter
has a cut-off frequency of 5Hz and introduces a delay of 80ms.
DERIVATIVE OPERATOR:
1
y ( n )= [2x(n)+x(n-1) x(n-2) 2x(n-3)]
8
d
and approximates the ideal operator up to 30 Hz. The derivative
dx
procedure suppresses the low frequency components of the P and T waves, and
provides a large gain to the high-frequency components arising from the high slopes
of the QRS complex.
14
SQUARING:
The squaring operation makes the result positive and emphasizes large
differences resulting from QRS complexes; the small differences arising from P and
T waves are suppressed. The high frequency components in the signal related to the
QRS complex are further enhanced.
THRESHOLD:
Here the Threshold Peak detection is done to find the peaks and valleys of
ECG Signal. Since the Signal is passed through the High Pass Filter, the baseline
drift is eliminated.. Hence the Threshold Detection of Peak is enough.
PARAMETERS VALUE
Topology Butterworth
Order 4
(Refer:Appendix for further detail)
This VI is configured as
4. MEAN VI
An important feature of Arduino is that you can create a program on the host
pc, download it to arduino. Remove the USB cable connection to the pc and the
program still runs
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using
pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each
pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor
(disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized
functions.
Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial
data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-
TTL Serial chip. External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger
an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the
attachInterrupt() function for details.
.
21
PARAMETER ATMEGA328
Operating Voltage 5V
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)
PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite()
function. SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI
communication using the SPI library. LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to
digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's
off. The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10
bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to
5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using
the AREF pin and the analog Reference() function.
3.3.3 RF TRANSCEIVER:-NRF24L01+
The Nordic nRF24L01+ is a highly integrated, ultra low power (ULP) 2Mbps
RF transceiver IC for the 2.4GHz ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) band.
With peak RX/TX currents lower than 14mA, a sub A power down mode,
advanced power management, and a 1.9 to 3.6V supply range, the nRF24L01+
provides a true ULP solution enabling months to years of battery life from coin cell
or AA/AAA batteries. The Enhanced ShockBurst hardware protocol accelerator
offloads time critical protocol functions from the application microcontroller
enabling the implementation of advanced and robust wireless connectivity with low
cost 3rd-party microcontrollers.
23
From the above value , the proposed algorithm in the labview works well
with less errors.
5.1 CONCLUSION
ECG data is collected using the ECG sensors ( AD8232) and it is interfaced
with the PC using DAQ card. Then the sensor is connected with the help of arduino
to NRF module which transmit and receive the data. On analysis of data it is found
that the algorithm works well for artifact removed data. But if the data is corrupted
by artifact , it affects the heartbeat and HRV calculation heavily. Even though the
data is transmitted and received successfully, it is corrupted by missing of data and
29
artifacts. Therefore the artifact removal algorithm should be included in the program
to make the HRV analysis reliable.
3. From PC, the data can be uploaded in the website for IOT.
APPENDIX:
PARAMETERS DESCRIPTION
Infinite impulse response (IIR) filter Creates an IIR filter that is a digital
filter with impulse responses that can
theoretically be infinite in length or
duration.
.
35
Parameters Description
36
yi=(xi xi1)/dt.
Derivative (dX/dt)
Input Signal displays the input signal. If you wire data to the Express VI and
run it, Input Signal displays real data. If you close and reopen the Express VI, Input
Signal displays sample data until you run the Express VI again.
section for more information about how this VI uses width to control
the decomposition level.
error in describes error conditions that occur before this node runs.
This input provides standard error in functionality.
detrend settings specifies the settings this VI uses to remove the trend
from the signal. detrend specifies whether this VI removes the trend
from the signal. The default is FALSE, which means this VI does not
remove the trend.
threshold frequency specifies the upper frequency limit, in hertz, of
the trend that this VI removes from the signal. The threshold
frequency determines the wavelet transform level. The wavelet
transform level specifies the number of levels in the discrete wavelet
analysis. The wavelet transform level is floor(log2[sampling rate/
(2*threshold frequency)]). The floor function rounds a value to the
nearest integer towards negative infinity. The default is 1, which
means this VI sets the threshold frequency automatically.
number of peaks returns the number of peaks or valleys this VI
detects.
location returns the locations of the peaks or valleys this VI detects.
amplitude returns the amplitudes of the peaks or valleys this VI
detects.
peak plot returns the signal and the peaks or valleys this VI detects. If
detrend is TRUE, peak plot also returns the trend of the input signal.
You can plot this information on an XY graph.
error out contains error information. This output provides standard
error out functionality.
4.Mean (DBL)
error returns any error or warning from the VI. You can wire error to
the Error Cluster From Error Code VI to convert the error code or
warning into an error cluster.
II.ARDUINO CODING:
TRANSMITTER SIDE:
#include <nRF24L01.h>
#include <RF24.h>
#include <RF24_config.h>
#include <SPI.h>
RF24 radio(9,10);
const uint64_t pipe = 0xE8E8F0F0E1LL;
int msg = 1;
void setup(void){
Serial.begin(9600);
radio.begin();
radio.openReadingPipe(1,pipe);
radio.startListening();
}
void loop(void){
if (radio.available()){
radio.read(&msg,1);
Serial.println(msg);
}
}
RECEIVER SIDE:
#include <SPI.h>
#include <nRF24L01.h>
#include <RF24.h>
40
#include <RF24_config.h>
int sensorValue = 0;
RF24 radio(9,10);
void setup(void){
Serial.begin(9600);
radio.begin();
radio.openWritingPipe(pipe);}
radio.write(&sensorValue,sizeof(sensorValue));
radio.powerDown();
radio.powerUp();
REFERENCES:
2. Hyung Wook Noh, Yongwon Jang, I.B. Lee, Yoonseon Song, Ji-Wook Jeong,
Sooyeul Lee A Preliminary Study of the Effect of Electrode Placement in
Order to Define a Suitable Location for Two Electrodes and Obtain
Sufficiently Reliable ECG Signals When Monitoring with Wireless System
in Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. ,2012.