Transformer Lab Manual

Electrical Engineering Department
EE 405 - Laboratory Manual in Transformer and AC Apparatuses
Experiment No. 1
TRANSFORMER CHARACTERISTICS AND POLARITY TESTING
1. Objective(s):
The course activity aims to introduce the concept, theories, principles and characteristic of an AC Single
Phase Transformer through testing in the laboratory and validation of theories.
2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

At the end of the experiment, the student shall be able to:
1. Determine the electrical characteristics of the transformer.
2. Determine the transformation ratio of transformer.
3. Recognize the polarity marking of step-down transformer.
3. Principles and Discussion:
A transformer is an electrical machine that transfers or converts electrical energy into another
electrical energy specifically with a change in voltage but without a change in frequency. Commonly, the
transformers we see in transmission and distribution system are all step- down transformers, which the high
voltages is converted or set down into small voltages. At this type of transformer, the primary side with a
higher voltage has a low current while the secondary side with a smaller voltage has a high current. Thats
why the significance of the transformer is on transmission and distribution copper wire advantage because
low current are flowing in the primary side of a step down transformer. On the other hand, step up
transformer are seen in the power plant transmission for the purpose of increasing the voltage for better
transmission efficiency.
The transformation ratio or turns ratio of the transformer can be simply obtained by dividing the
primary voltage to the secondary voltage. It is also equal to the primary number of turns divided by the
secondary number of turns of the transformer. Thus,
Vp - Primary Voltage
Vs - Secondary Voltage
Vp Np Is Np - Primary Turns
a
Ns
Ip - -Primary
Secondary Turns
Current
Vs Ns Ip Is - Secondary Current
Primary Side Laminated Core Secondary Side

Ip Is
Vp Np Ns Vs
Windings
STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
A Step-Down transformer has a greater number of turns of fine wire in the primary side and
lesser number of turns of heavy wire in the secondary side. Take note that the secondary side carries a huge
amount of current compared with the primary current. This type of transformer are used in distribution of
electric power, household application and seen in most electronic appliances.
Primary Side Laminated Core Secondary Side
Ip Is
Vp Np Ns Vs
Windings
STEP UP TRANSFORMER
On the other hand, a Step-Up transformer has a greater number of turns of fine wire in the secondary
side and lesser number of turns of heavy wire in the primary side. Take note that the primary side carries a
huge amount of current compared with the secondary current. This type of transformer is usually seen at the
power plant switch yard for stepping up the voltage.
The polarity testing of a transformer is important on proper labeling of transformer terminals for
paralleling condition and three phase transformer bank connections. The polarity of a given transformer is a
comparison of the relative instantaneous polarity of each terminal.
H1 - High Tension Terminal 1

H2 - High Tension Terminal 2
Jumper Wire
X1 - Low Tension Terminal 1 Jumper Wire
X2 - Low Tension Terminal 2
H1 X2
H1 X1
X2 H2 X1
H2
V V
Subtractive Polarity Additive Polarity
4. Resources:
1 set Single Phase Transformer (61-106)

1 set Universal Power Supply (60-105)
1 set 3 Phase Measurement (Multi-tester) (68-100)
2 sets AC Voltmeter & Ammeter (68-117)
2 sets Electro Dynamic Wattmeter (68-204)
1 set Switched Three Phase Resistance Load (67-142)
1 set Switched Three Phase Inductive Load (67-312)
1 set Switched Three Phase Capacitive Load (67-212)
1 set Patch Leads (Connecting Wires)
1 pc Digital Multi-tester (VOM)
5. Procedures:
A. Transformation Ratio
5.1 Connect as per instruction of Fig 1.1

5.2 Connect three (3) load resistors in parallel across the secondary terminal of transformer.
5.3 Adjust the Variable Power Supply (VARIAC) according to the voltages at Table 1.1 and record
each value.
5.4 Slowly reduce the voltage back to zero.
5.5 Disconnect the whole circuit from the power source by opening the main switch.
5.6 Complete the measured and computed data in Table 1.1 and Table 1.2.
B. Polarity Testing of a Transformer
5.1 Set the transformer as shown in Figure 1.2.1.

5.2 Place a jumper wire between 220V terminal of the primary winding and 110V terminal of the
secondary winding.
(Note: Be sure to connect the voltmeter between H1 and X1 for subtractive polarity testing)
5.3 Energize the circuit according to the voltages set in Table 1.3 then measure and record the
values.
5.4 Gradually adjust the supply voltage to zero.
5.5 Now connect as per Figure 1.2.2.
5.6 Then, place a jumper wire between 220V terminal of the primary winding and 0V terminal of the
secondary winding.
5.7 Energize the circuit according to the voltages set in Table 1.4 then measure and record the
values.
5.8 Gradually adjust the supply voltage to zero.
5.9 Disconnect the whole circuit from the power source by opening the main switch.
5.10 Complete the required data at Table 1.3 and Table 1.4.
E = Ep + Es, it is ADDITIVE polarity

E = Ep - Es, it is SUBTRACTIVE polarity
Safety reminders:
A voltmeter must always be connected in parallel to the load that is being measured. The meter must
be simply "tapped" to the circuit that to be measure.
An ammeter must be connected in series in order to measure the current that is flowing in the circuit.
An ammeter must NOT be connected in parallel because an ammeter has a very low resistance. If it
is happen, the ammeter will be surely damage because it will result to short circuit.
The Clamp meter is the best device that can be used in measuring currents. It is very convenient to
use because you only need to clamp it to the wire and it will now measure current.
If you want to use the clamp meter as a wattmeter, you must measure both voltage and current.
Therefore you must clamp it to the wire at the same time pointing the probes to the voltage source.
You may use additional bulb that will serve as an indicator especially at the input circuit to serve as
an indicator if there is a power at the circuit.
Schematic Wiring Diagrams
Ip
Ip
H1 X1 Switch
WATTMETER WATTMETER
(MAIN Switch)
L
O
230V AC Vp Vp Vs
Source Fuse Output A
D
Switch
Is
Fuse
H2 X2
Fuse
Transformer
VARIAC FIGURE 1.1
Jumper Wire
220V 110V
230V AC Vp Vs
Source Output
Knife Switch Fuse
Transformer
0V 0V
VARIAC Fuse V
FIGURE 1.2.1
Jumper Wire
220V 0V
230V AC Vp Vs
Source Output
Knife Switch Fuse
Transformer
0V 110V
VARIAC Fuse V
FIGURE 1.2.2
Course: Experiment No.
Group No.: Section:
Group Members: Date Performed:
Date Submitted:
Instructor:
6. Data and Results:

MEASURED DATA
TABLE 1.1
Trial Ep Es Ip Is Pp Ps Transformation Ratio
(Volts) (Volts) (Amps) (Amps) (Watts) (Watts) Ep/Es Is/Ip
1 75 V
2 100 V
3 125 V
4 150 V
5 175 V
6 200 V
CALCULATED DATA
TABLE 1.2
1 75 V
2 100 V
3 125 V
4 150 V
5 175 V
6 200 V
TABLE 1.2.1
Trial Ep Es E Additive or Subtractive (Place )
(Volts) (Volts) (Volts) Additive Subtractive
1 100
2 150
3 200
TABLE 1.2.2
Trial Ep Es E Additive or Subtractive (Place )
(Volts) (Volts) (Volts) Additive Subtractive
1 100
2 150
3 200
7. Interpretation of Data and Results:
8. Conclusion:
9. Question(s) and Answer(s):
9.1 What is the purpose of transformer in electrical power system?

9.2 A transformer has 100 primary turns and 50 secondary turns. The current in the secondary winding
is 20 amperes. What is the current in the primary winding?
9.3 A 7200/240-volt step down transformer has 1950 primary turns. Determine the number of turns in the
secondary winding.
9.4 Why the high tension wire in power system is non-insulated or bare before entering in high tension
side of transformer in a step down distribution transformer?
9.5 What will be the scenario in electric power system if transformer does not exist?
9.6 Why is kVA the unit capacity of transformer?
(Note: Support your answer on a separate
sheet)
10. Assessment:
BEGINNER ACCEPTABLE PROFICIENT
CRITERIA SCORE
1 2 3
I. Laboratory Skills
Members do not Members occasionally
Manipulative Members always
demonstrate needed demonstrate needed
Skills demonstrate needed skills.
skills. skills
Members are unable Members are able to Members are able to set-up
Experimental
to set-up the set-up the materials the material with minimum
Set-up
materials. with supervision. supervision.
Members do not Members occasionally Members always
Process Skills demonstrate targeted demonstrate targeted demonstrate targeted
process skills. process skills. process skills.
Members do not Members follow safety
Safety Members follow safety
follow safety precautions most of
Precautions precautions at all times.
precautions. the time.
II. Work Habits
Time
Members do not finish Members finish on Members finish ahead of
Management /
on time with time with incomplete time with complete data
Conduct of
incomplete data. data. and time to revise data.
Experiment
Members have
Members do not know
defined Members are on tasks and
their tasks and have
responsibilities most have defined
Cooperative no defined
of the time. Group responsibilities at all times.
and responsibilities.
conflicts are Group conflicts are
Teamwork Group conflicts have
cooperatively cooperatively managed at
to be settled by the
managed most of the all times.
teacher.
time.
Clean and orderly
Clean and orderly
Messy workplace workplace with
Neatness and workplace at all times
during and after the occasional mess
Orderliness during and after the
experiment. during and after the
experiment.
experiment.
Members require
Ability to do Members require
occasional Members do not need to be
independent supervision by the
supervision by the supervised by the teacher.
work teacher.
teacher.
Other Comments/Observations: Total Score
11. Reference(s):
Zorbas, D. (2015) Electric Machines, Principles, Applications and Control Schematics (2nd ed.) New
York: Delmar, Cengage Learning
Salam, M.A.(2012). Fundamentals of electrical machines. United Kingdom: Alpha Science International
Experiment No. 2
OPEN-CIRCUIT TEST AND SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST OF TRANSFORMER
1.Objective(s):
The course activity aims to conceptualize the two major testing methods in transformer and state the
purpose of these testing methods in labeling transformer nameplate.

1. Perform open and short-circuit test of transformer.
2. Determine full-load copper loss and core loss of transformer.
3. Determine the equivalent resistance, reactance, and impedance of transformer.
Open Circuit Test on transformers is use to find the constant loss of the transformer or what we
called the Core Loss of a transformer. It is done by applying a rated voltage and frequency at the low
tension side (low voltage side) and letting the high tension side (high voltage side) open. The no load input
power that will read by the wattmeter is regarded as the core loss of the transformer.
Core Loss
W
OPEN
Variable
High Tension
AC V Side
Rated Voltage
Open Circuit Test

On the other hand, Short Circuit Test on transformers is use to find the Full Load Copper Loss of a
transformer. It is done by applying a rated current and frequency at the high tension side and letting the
terminals of low tension side to be shorted. The input power that will read by the wattmeter is regarded as
the full load copper loss of the transformer.
Copper Loss
W
A
Variable
Sh
Rated Current
ort Low Tension
AC Side
ed
Short Circuit Test

The Core Loss of transformer is the constant loss in transformer because whether the
transformer is under load, at load or over load condition, this loss is still the same. It is the magnetic loss in
the core material in any transformer. Theoretically, it is divided into two, the hysteresis loss and eddy current
loss.
The Copper Loss of transformer is said to be variable loss because it is the winding loss or
electrical loss of any transformer. The copper loss depends upon the magnitude of the load. Theoretically
the greater the load of the transformer the greater its copper loss. The smaller the load of the transformer
then the lesser its copper loss. The copper loss of transformer at any size of load is expressed in this
formula:
2
Px (x )P
CUFL
Px - Copper loss at any size of load

x - Size of the load (in decimal or fraction) with respect to the total capacity
PCUFL - Full load copper loss (Short Circuit Test Loss)
In terms of testing, short circuit test and open circuit test principle and operation is the same for all
transformers whether the transformer is small or big in terms of its power capacity. Therefore if the students
fully understand the concept of these testing in small transformers in this laboratory, he also now
understands how to perform these tests on large capacity transformers.
The following important transformer characteristics are also get in performing short circuit test:
Where:
%IZ - Percent impedance drop Psc Vsc
%IR - Percent resistance drop %IR %IZ
%IX - Percent reactance drop VARATING VRATING
Psc - Short circuit test power measured
Vsc - Short circuit test voltage measured
%IX (%IZ )2 (%IR)2
4. Resources:

5. Procedures:
A. Open-Circuit Test
5.1. Set the transformer as shown in Figure 2.1.

5.2. Adjust the VARIABLE POWER SUPPLY according to the rated LOW TENSION voltage of the
transformer. Note that the low tension side voltage of the transformer is low compared to high
tension side voltage of the transformer.
5.3. Measure the voltages and currents on both primary and secondary circuits.
5.4. Measure the power consumption of the transformer. This is now the core loss of the transformer.
5.5. Do three (3) trials in different transformers.
5.6. Slowly reduced the voltage back to zero.
5.7. Disconnect the whole circuit on the power source by opening the main switch.
5.8. Complete the data required in Table 2.1
B. Short-Circuit Test
5.1. Connect as per Fig 2.2

5.2. Adjust the VARIABLE POWER SUPPLY according to the rated HIGH TENSION side current of the
transformer with basically three (3%) percent of the rated primary voltage of transformer. (Note: The
high tension side current is small compared to secondary current in a step down transformer).
5.3. Measure the voltage and current on each side of transformer.
5.4. Then measure and record the power dissipated by the transformer. This is now the full load copper
loss of the transformer.
5.5. Complete the required data for the next trials.
5.6. Complete the measured value at Table 2.2
5.7. Slowly reduced the voltage back to zero and disconnect the whole circuit on the power source by
opening the main switch.
5.8. Evaluate the percent resistance and percent reactance drop of the transformer.
KVACAPACITY
Ip
Vp
Note: Ask your instructor or the laboratory shop assistant for finding the Volt-Ampere capacity of the
transformer if the transformer has no nameplate rating.
Psc Vsc
%IR %IZ
VARATING VRATING
%IX (%IZ ) (%IR)

2 2
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

Ip
Ip
X1 H1
(MAIN Switch) WATTMETER
OPEN
Rated
AC Outpu
t Vp Voltage Vp Vs CAUTION:
Source Fuse
Do not
touch the
terminals
(High Voltage)
X2 H2 Fuse
Fuse
Transformer
Variable Supply FIGURE 2.1
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

Ip
Ip
H1 X1
Rated Current
(must flow)
SHORT
AC Vp
Source Fuse Output
Maximum of
7% of rated
voltage
Fuse
Fuse H2 X2
Transformer

Group No.: Section:
Date Submitted:
Instructor:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

TABLE 2.1
Trial Ep Es Ip Is Pp Ps
(Volts) (Volts) (Amps) (Amps) (Watts) (Watts)
1
2
3
Note: Ep must be the rated low tension voltage of the transformer. (Low Voltage Side)
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

TABLE 2.2
Trial Ep Es Ip Is Pp Ps
1
2
3
Note: Ip must be the rated high tension current of the transformer. (Low Current Side)
KVACAPACITY
Ip
Vp
TABLE 2.3 DATA SUMMARY OF TRANSFORMER PARAMETERS

Short Circuit Computed Value Computed Value Computed Value
Data Of Trial 1 Of Trial 2 Of Trial 3
%IR
%IX
%IZ
8. Conclusion:
9.1 Discuss the procedure in conducting open and short circuit test of transformer.
9.2 Explain the main purpose of Short Circuit Test and Open Circuit Test in transformer?
9.3 Enumerate the standard nameplate data of a Transformer?
9.4 Aside from the open and short circuit test, discuss other testing methods performed in transformer?
9.5 A single phase 250KVA, 7967/240V, 60-Hz transformer has 1.5% resistance. Calculate the full load
copper loss.
(Note: Support your answer on a separate sheet)
10. Assessment:
CRITERIA SCORE
1 2 3
skills. skills
Experimental
Set-up
II. Work Habits
Time
Management /
Conduct of
Experiment
Members have
Members do not know
teacher.
time.
Clean and orderly
Clean and orderly
experiment.
experiment.
Members require
work teacher.
teacher.
11. Reference(s):
Experiment No. 3
VOLTAGE REGULATION AND EFFICIENCY OF TRANSFORMERS
1.Objective(s):
The course activity aims to conceptualize the voltage regulation and efficiency of transformer by performing
and testing on the actual experiment and appreciate the result through validation of theory.

1. Learn the voltage, current and power characteristics of the transformer at different size of loads.
2. Determine the voltage regulation of the transformer at a certain load condition.
3. Learn how to find the efficiency of transformer at different size of loads and conditions.
The voltage of the transformer under load condition naturally varies with the load. Ideally a
transformer must supply a constant voltage at all times whether the load is varying from minimum load up to
full load or sometimes over load condition. It is a normal reaction of the transformer to decrease in voltage
partially when its load increases. On the other hand it will increase in voltage if the transformer has a
minimum load or at no load condition. This phenomenon is called voltage regulation.
Voltage regulation or percent regulation is the percentage increase in the voltage if the load is
removed. It is also pertaining to decrease in voltage if the transformer is loaded. Of course the more the
transformer is loaded, the lesser the voltage it will provide. Ideally there must be a constant voltage at all
times, thus the full load voltage is equal to the no load voltage. The voltage regulation of the transformer is
expressed in the following formula:
Where:
%VR - Percent voltage regulation %VR VNL V FL x100%
V - No load voltage VFL
NL
VFL - Full load voltage

From the basic formula of voltage regulation, the student will notice that the ideal voltage regulation
is equal to 0%. This will happen if the full load voltage is equal to the no load voltage. Thus there is no
change in voltage if the transformer is unloaded or loaded with electrical loads.
Another derived formula for voltage regulation is
%VR ( (%IR cos ) (%IX sin ) 1)x100%

2 2
Where: Note:
%VR - Percent voltage regulation Psc Vsc
%IR - Percent resistance drop %IR %IZ
VARATING VRATING
%IX - Percent reactance drop
cos - Power factor (pf) 2 2
%IX (%IZ ) (%IR)
sin - Reactive factor (rf)
R P X Q
pf cos rf sin
Z S Z S
Efficiency of transformer indicates how efficient are the transformer in terms of power transmission.
Efficiency is simply the ratio of power output with respect to the power input. Thus,
POUT POUT PIN PLOSS

% Px100% POUT PLOSS x100% PIN PIN
x100%
1 LOSS x100% PIN
There's a lot of formula for efficiency but the first formula is the simplest formula.
Since the power losses in transformers vary with the load, the efficiency also varies at specific loads. The
following formula is the efficiency formula for transformer:
POUT POUT
% P PLOSS x100% POUT PCU PCOx100%
OUT
Where:
% -Percent efficiency PCU - copper loss at specific load
PIN - Power input PCO - core loss
POUT - Power output
PLOSS - Power loss
It is desirable to find the maximum efficiency of a specific transformer. For maximum efficiency, it
will only occur if the copper loss will be equal to core loss of the transformer. Thus the derived formula is:
POUT POUT
%MAX x100% x100%
POUT PLOSS POUT 2PCO
4. Resources:

5. Procedures:
A. Voltage Regulation
5.A.1. Connect as per instruction of Fig 3.1

5.A.2. Adjust the Variable Power Supply (VARIAC) according to the rated low tension input thus having a
high tension voltage output. Note that the ratio of transformation for this specific transformer is
fixed. This is a step up transformer.
5.A.3. Measure the OUTPUT voltage at no load condition.
5.A.4. Load now the transformer according to the specified loads of the transformer or loads that to be
given by your instructor.
5.A.5. Measure the voltages, currents and power on both primary and secondary circuits at load
conditions of the transformers
5.A.6. Compute for the voltage regulation of transformer.
5.A.7. Slowly reduced the voltage back to zero after performing the experiment.
5.A.8. Disconnect the whole circuit on the power source by opening the main switch.
5.A.9. Complete the measured value at Table 3.1
VNL VFL
%VR V x100%
FL
B. Efficiency of Transformer
5.B.1. Connect as per instruction of Fig 3.1

5.B.2. Adjust the Variable Power Supply (VARIAC) according to the rated low tension input thus having a
high tension voltage output. Note that the ratio of transformation for this specific transformer is
fixed. This is a step up transformer.
5.B.3. Load now the transformer according to the specified loads of the transformer or loads that to be
given by your instructor.
5.B.4. Measure the voltages, currents and power on both primary and secondary circuits at load
conditions of the transformers
5.B.5. Compute for the efficiency of transformer.
5.B.6. Slowly reduced the voltage back to zero after performing the experiment.
5.B.7. Disconnect the whole circuit on the power source by opening the main switch.
5.B.8. Complete the measured value at Table 3.2
P P
% POUT x100% P OUTP x100%
IN OUT LOSS
POUT (Vs)(Is)( pf )
PIN (Vp)(Ip)( pf )
PLOSS PIN POUT
Ip
Ip
X1 H1 Switch
WATTMETER
L
O
230V AC Vp Vp Vs
Source Fuse Output

A
D
Switch
Is
Fuse
X2 H2
Fuse
Transformer

Group No.: Section:
Date Submitted:
Instructor:

VOLTAGE REGULATION
TABLE 3.1
Trial Ep Es Ip Is Pout
(Volts) (Volts) (Amps) (Amps) (Watts) VNL VFL %VR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
TRIAL LOADS - for both voltage regulation and efficiency table

(All loads are connected in parallel)
1. 1 Resistor 5. 2 Resistors and 1 Inductor
2. 2 Resistors 6. 2 Resistors and 1 Capacitor
3. 3 Resistors 7. 4 Resistors and 1 Inductor
4. 4 Resistors 8. 4 Resistors and 1 Capacitor
EFFICIENCY OF TRANSFORMER
TABLE 3.2
Trial Ep Es Ip Is Pp Ps Ploss Efficiency
POUT
(Watts)
%
PIN
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
8. Conclusion:
9.1 Calculate the percent voltage regulation for a transformer with a percent resistance of 2% and a
reactance of 4% of a rating 550 KVA, when delivering 450 kVA at 0.8 power factor lagging.
9.2 A 37.5 kVA, 20,000/240 V, single phase transformer has rated core loss of 350 watts and full load
copper loss of 500 watts. Calculate its load to achieve maximum efficiency.
9.3 What affects most the efficiency of transformer; the copper loss or the core loss? Why?
9.4 What affects the voltage regulation of transformer? Is it dependent from the load capacity?
9.5 Explain what is all-day efficiency and what is its main concern in choosing transformer overall
performance.
10. Assessment:
CRITERIA SCORE
1 2 3
skills. skills
Experimental
Set-up
II. Work Habits
Time
Management /
Conduct of
Experiment
Members have
Members do not know
teacher.
time.
Clean and orderly
Clean and orderly
experiment.
experiment.
Members require
work teacher.
teacher.
11. Reference(s):
Experiment No. 4
PARALLEL OPERATION OF SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
1.Objective(s):
The course activity aims to demonstrate the electrical characteristics of transformer under paralleling
conditions. It also aims to know the important requirements in paralleling transformers and know its
significance in electrical power system.

1. Learn the voltage, current and power characteristics of the transformer at paralleling conditions.
2. Determine the important requirements in paralleling transformers.
3. Determine the power contribution of each transformer to the total loads.
4. Apply the importance of paralleling transformers in real life applications.
When the load increases and the power capacity of the supply need to be upgrade or
simply increase its power capacity, it is desirable to connect the electrical machines in parallel. For
example in the actual power plant, generator sets are connected in parallel in order to supply power in
efficient way. Instead of having one bulk of generator, it is more practical and economical to have a number
of small capacity generators to supply in a specific power level of the load. In battery system the paralleling
method is also used in order to increase the power capacity of the source.
The following are the major reasons of having a paralleling system in electrical machines:
Increasing the capacity
continuity of service
system reliability
efficient electrical system
economical purposes
The following reasons also apply in terms of transformer. In order to satisfy the power requirement
of the load, sometimes it is desirable to connect the new transformer in parallel rather than replacing the
old unit into a new bigger capacity for economical purposes. The requirements in paralleling of generators
and batteries are also considered in paralleling of transformers.
The following are the strictly requirements in paralleling of transformers:

same voltage in both primary and secondary side
same transformation ratio
same polarity ( H1 must be connected to H1 and H2 to H2 terminals)
same phase and frequency
the percent impedance of transformer must be inversely proportional to its KVA capacity
- This must be considered if the KVA capacities of the transformers are not the same.
Switch
H1 X1
L
O
AC
A
H2 X2 D
Transformer 1
H1 X1
H2 X2
Transformer 2
For the power delivered by each transformer, the following formula is applied:
Z2 Z1
KVA xKVA KVA xKVA
1 LOAD 2 LOAD
Z1 Z2 Z1 Z2
4. Resources:
2 sets Single Phase Transformer (61-106)

2 pcs Digital Multi-tester (VOM)
5. Procedures:
A. PARALLELING OF TRANSFORMERS
5.1. Connect as per instruction of Fig 4.1

5.2. In this experiment, the student will use two identical transformers. Make the switches
initially open.
5.3. Adjust the VARIABLE POWER SUPPLY according to the rated low tension input thus having a
rated high tension voltage output. This is a step up transformer.
5.4. Load now the transformer according to the specified loads of the transformer.
5.5. Energize now the load through the first transformer by closing the switch for transformer 1.
5.6. Observe the voltages, currents and power characteristic on both primary and
secondary circuits at load conditions of the transformer 1
5.7. Energize now the transformer 2 by closing its switch to contribute power delivery to the load
5.8. Measure the voltages, currents and power characteristic on both primary and
secondary circuits at load conditions of both transformers.
5.9. Slowly reduced the voltage back to zero after performing the experiment.
5.11. Complete the measured value and computed efficiency at Table 4.1
Note:
A voltmeter must always be connected in parallel to load that being measured. The meter must be
simply "tapped" to the circuit that to be measure.
An ammeter must be connected in series in order to measure the current that is flowing in the
circuit. An ammeter must NOT be connected in parallel because an ammeter has a very low
resistance. If it is happen, the ammeter will be surely damage because it will result to short
circuit.
The Clamp meter is the best device that can be used in measuring currents. It is very
convenient to use because you only need to clamp it to the wire and it will now measure current.
Therefore you must clamp it to the wire at the same time pointing the probes to the voltage
source.
Ip
Ip
X1 H1 Switch Switch
(WATTMETER)
L
AC Vp Vs
O
Vp
Source Fuse
Outpu
t
A
D
Fuse
X2 H2
Fuse Is
Transformer 1
Variable Power
Supply
Ip
Ip
X1 H1 Switch
(WATTMETER)
Vp Vp Vs
Fuse
X2 H2
Fuse
Transformer 2
FIGURE 4.1
Group No.: Section:
Date Submitted:
Instructor:

PARALLELING OF TRANSFORMERS
TABLE 4.1
TRANSFORMER 1
Trial Ep Es Ip Is Pp Ps Efficiency
PLOAD
(Volts) (Volts) (Amps) (Amps) (Watts) (Watts) %
PIN POUT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
TRANSFORMER 2
Trial Ep Es Ip Is Pp Ps Efficiency Overall
(Volts) (Volts) (Amps) (Amps) (Watts) (Watts) % Efficiency
PIN POUT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
TRIAL LOADS (All loads are connected in parallel)
1. 1 Resistor 5. 5 Resistors
8. Conclusion:
9.1 What is the purpose of polarity testing in order to properly perform paralleling of transformers?
9.2 A 1500 kVA, 3% impedance transformer is to be operated in parallel with a 1250 kVA, 3.6%
impedance transformer for a total load of 2500 kVA. What are the kVA loading carried by each
transformer?
9.3 What will happen if proper polarity is taken for granted in paralleling transformer? If voltages are
different? Which is much more dangerous?
9.4 Is it ok if we parallel different KVA capacities of transformer as long we satisfy major
requirements? Why or why not?
9.5 Two distribution transformers are in parallel operation. Unit 1 100 KVA, 4600V / 230 V, Ze-s =
0.16 ohm while Unit 2 75 KVA, 4485V / 230 V, Ze-s = 0.22 ohm. Find the circulating current at
secondary.
10. Assessment:
CRITERIA SCORE
1 2 3
skills. skills
Experimental
Set-up
II. Work Habits
Time
Management /
Conduct of
Experiment
Members have
Members do not know
teacher.
time.
Clean and orderly
Clean and orderly
experiment.
experiment.
Members require
work teacher.
teacher.
11. Reference(s):
Experiment No. 5
WYE DELTA TRANSFORMER BANK
1.Objective(s):
The course activity aims to demonstrate the electrical characteristics of single phase transformers that are
connected in bank in order to supply three phase source. It also aims to know the different types of
transformer banks and its applications.

1. Learn the voltage, current and power characteristics of the WYE - DELTA transformer bank.
2. Determine the application of wye- delta transformer bank in actual practice.
3. Familiarize with the proper connection of delta and wye connected single phase transformers.
4. Learn how to have a protective circuit by using fuse, circuit breakers, disconnecting switches and
insulations on the circuit.
A Transformer Bank is defined as the connection of two or three single phase transformers for the
purpose of delivering or supplying a three phase source. It may be connected as delta connection or wye
connection on either primary or secondary side of the transformer. When you say WYE - DELTA
transformer bank, it is understood to be wye primary connection and delta secondary connection. On the
other hand, when you say DELTA WYE transformer bank, it is understood to be delta primary connection
and wye secondary connection. Overall you will see that there are four (4) combinations that we can have
in a transformer bank. These are wye-delta, wye-wye, delta-wye and delta-delta connections.
Every connection has a corresponding characteristic and applications. A student should be familiar
with these connections in order to have a great confidence and foundations to transformer bank
connections. A wye connection has the characteristic of same phase and line current while its line voltage
is actually equal to 1.732 times of the phase voltage. On the other hand, a delta connection has the
characteristic of same line and phase voltages while its line current is equal to 1.732 times the phase
current. For the Wye Delta transformer bank connection, the student will noticed that it is good for step
down connections. Take note that the connections of smaller capacity transformers for transformer bank
are actually the same with large transformers that you will see in the actual practice.
For wye: For Delta:
VL 3V I L I I L 3I VL V
4. Resources:
1 set Three Phase Transformer (61-107)

5. Procedures:
WYE - DELTA TRANSFORMER BANK

5.2. In this experiment, the student will use three (3) identical transformers. Make the switches
initially open.
5.3. Adjust the power supply to have a voltage output of 230V.
5.5. Energize the load after your instructor checked your connections.
5.6. Observe the voltages, currents and power characteristic on both primary and secondary circuits
at load conditions.
5.7. Make 10 trials according to the load details of the experiment.
5.8. Measure the voltages, currents and power characteristic on both primary and secondary circuits
at load conditions of transformers.
5.11. Complete the measured and computed value at Table 5.1
Notes:
An ammeter must be connected in series in order to measure the current that is flowing in the
circuit. An ammeter must NOT be connected in parallel because an ammeter has a very low
resistance. If it is happen, the ammeter will be surely damage because it will result to short circuit.
The Clamp meter is the best device that can be used in measuring currents. It is very convenient
to use because you only need to clamp it to the wire and it will now measure current.
TRANSFORMER SECONDARY LOADS
TRIALS LOAD 1 LOAD 2 LOAD 3
1 1 Resistor 1 Resistor 1 Resistor
2 3 Resistors 3 Resistors 3 Resistors
3 1 Resistor 2 Resistors 3 Resistors
7 3 Resistors 1 Capacitor 1 Inductor
8 3 Resistors 2 Capacitors 2 Inductors

SCHEMATIC WIRING DIAGRAM SAFETY First
WYE - DELTA TRANSFORMER BANK FUSE
A a
SW
H1 H2
FUSE I T1 X1 X2 I
A a LOAD
1
T1 T3
FUSE
SW
b LOAD
3
T2 X2 T2 X1
B O
X1 X2 LOAD
H1 H2 2
FUSE IB Ib
FUSE
IC T3 I c
SW
C c
FUSE
H1 H2
Initially Open
C C 3 Phase Cord GENERAL RULE:
To 230V,
B SWITCH B
MAIN
3 Phase Do not energize the circuit
unless you are told to do so
A A
Source by your instructor
Legend: Measurement: Note:

T1 - Transformer 1 Voltage - Voltmeter - Parallel - Tap @ Delta: V line = V phase
H2 - High Tension Side 2 Current - Clampmeter - Clamp I line = 1.732 I phase
X1 - Low Tension Side 1 Power = Voltage x Current @ Wye: V line = 1.732 V phase
A,B,C - Primary junctions / terminals I line = I phase
a,b,c - Secondary junctions / terminals
FIGURE 5.1
Group No.: Section:
Date Submitted:
Instructor:
TABLE 5.1 - WYE - DELTA TRANSFORMER BANK

PRIMARY SIDE SECONDARY SIDE
TRIALS Line to Line Voltages Phase Voltages, V Line Current, Amp Line to Line Voltages Line Current, Amp Phase Current, Amp
AB BC CA AO BO CO A B C ab bc ca a b c ab bc ca
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Note:
@ Delta: V line = V phase I line = 1.732 I phase
@ Wye: V line = 1.732 V phase I line = I phase
8. Conclusion:
9.1 A transformer Bank of 7.967 KV / 230 V each are connected in Wye Delta connection in order to
supply a three phase load of 100 KVA. Find the primary line current and phase current of transformer.
9.2 A transformer bank of 3 pcs of 50:1 single-phase transformers connected in wye - delta is used to step
down the high voltage transmission line rated 138 KV. What is the step down voltage?
9.3 What should be the turns ratio of a three phase transformer to transform 10,000 KVA from 230 KV to
4160 V if the transformer is to be connected wye - delta?
9.4 A transformer Bank of 39.837 KV / 230 V each are connected in Wye Delta connection in order to
supply a three phase load of 100 KW at 80% power factor. Find the primary line current and phase
current of transformer. Find also the secondary phase current of transformer.
9.5 When is the best application of Wye Delta transformer bank?
10. Assessment:
CRITERIA SCORE
1 2 3
Manipulative
demonstrate needed demonstrate needed demonstrate needed
Skills
skills. skills skills.
Members are able to set- Members are able to set-
Experimental Members are unable to
up the materials with up the material with
Set-up set-up the materials.
supervision. minimum supervision.
Members follow safety
Safety Members do not follow Members follow safety
precautions most of the
Precautions safety precautions. precautions at all times.
time.
II. Work Habits
Time
Members do not finish Members finish ahead of
Management / Members finish on time
on time with incomplete time with complete data
Conduct of with incomplete data.
data. and time to revise data.
Experiment
Members do not know Members have defined Members are on tasks and
their tasks and have no responsibilities most of have defined
Cooperative defined responsibilities. the time. Group conflicts responsibilities at all times.
and Teamwork Group conflicts have to are cooperatively Group conflicts are
be settled by the managed most of the cooperatively managed at
teacher. time. all times.
Clean and orderly Clean and orderly

Messy workplace
Neatness and workplace with workplace at all times
during and after the
Orderliness occasional mess during during and after the
experiment.
and after the experiment. experiment.
Ability to do Members require Members require Members do not need to

independent supervision by the occasional supervision by be supervised by the
work teacher. the teacher. teacher.
11. Reference(s):
Zorbas, D. (2015) Electric Machines, Principles, Applications and Control Schematics (2nd ed.) New York:
Delmar, Cengage Learning
Experiment No. 6
DELTA - WYE TRANSFORMER BANK
1.Objective(s):
connected in bank in order to supply three phase source. It also aims to know the different types of transformer
banks and its applications.

1. Learn the voltage, current and power characteristics of the DELTA - WYE transformer bank
2. Determine the application of delta - wye transformer bank in actual practice
A Transformer Bank is defined as the connection of two or three single phase transformers for
the purpose of delivering or supplying a three phase source. It may be connected as delta connection or wye
connection on either primary or secondary side of the transformer. When you say WYE - DELTA transformer
bank, it is understood to be wye primary connection and delta secondary connection. On the other hand, when
you say DELTA WYE transformer bank, it is understood to be delta primary connection and wye secondary
connection. Overall you will see that there are four (4) combinations that we can have in transformer bank
connections. These are wye-delta, wye-wye, delta-wye and delta-delta connections.
Every connection has a corresponding characteristic and applications. A student should familiarize with
these connections in order to have a great confidence and foundations to transformer bank connections. In a
balance circuit, a wye connection has the characteristic of same phase and line current while its line voltage is
actually equal to 1.732 times of the phase voltage. On the other hand, a delta connection has the characteristic
of same line and phase voltages while its line current is equal to 1.732 times the phase current. For the Delta -
Wye transformer bank connection, the student will noticed that it is good for step up applications. Take note that
the connections of smaller capacity transformers for transformer bank are actually the same with large
transformers that you will see in the actual practice. The student must have a great knowledge of this type of
electrical machine configuration because of its various applications.
For wye: For Delta:
4. Resources:

5. Procedures:
DELTA - WYE TRANSFORMER BANK

5.2. In this experiment, the student will use three (3) identical transformers. Make the switches initially
open.
5.3. Adjust the power supply to have a safe voltage output of 150V.
5.6. Observe the voltages, currents and power characteristic on both primary and secondary circuits at
load conditions.
5.8. Measure the voltages, currents and power characteristic on both primary and secondary circuits
at load conditions of transformers.
Notes:
An ammeter must NOT be connected in parallel because an ammeter has a very low resistance. If it is
happen, the ammeter will be surely damage because it will result to short circuit.
You may use additional bulb that will serve as an indicator especially at the input circuit to serve as an
indicator if there is a power at the circuit.

DELTA - WYE TRANSFORMER BANK FUSE
A T1 SW
a
H1
H2 X2 X1
FUSE
IA Ia LOAD
1
T1 T3 T2 Ib b
FUSE
SW
LOAD
o 3
T2 X2 X1
B H1
H2 LOAD
H1 H2 2
FUSE IB
IC T3 I FUSE
X2 X1 c c SW
C
FUSE
Initially Open
To 230V,
MAIN
B SWITCH B 3 Phase Do not energize the circuit
unless you are told to do so
A A

a,b,c - Secondary Junctions/ terminals
FIGURE 6.1
Group No.: Section:
Date Submitted:
Instructor:
TABLE 6.1 - DELTA - WYE TRANSFORMER BANK

Line to Line
TRIALS Line to Line Voltages Line Current, Amp Phase Current, Amp Phase Voltages, V Line Current, Amp
Voltages
AB BC CA A B C AB BC CA ab bc ca ao bo co a b c
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Note: I line = 1.732 I

@ Delta: V line = V phase
phase I line = I
@ Wye: V line = 1.732 V phase
phase
8. Conclusion:
9.1 A transformer Bank of 13.8 KV / 400 V each are connected in Delta - Wye connection in order to supply a
three phase load of 100 KVA. Find the primary line current and phase current of transformer.
9.2 A transformer bank of 3 pcs of 50:1 single-phase transformers connected in Delta - Wye is used to step
4160 V if the transformer is to be connected Delta - Wye?
9.4 A transformer Bank of 69 KV / 400 V each are connected in Delta - Wye connection in order to supply a
three phase load of 100 KW at 80% power factor. Find the primary line current and phase current of
transformer. Find also the secondary phase current of transformer.
9.5 When is the best application of Delta - Wye transformer bank?
10. Assessment:
CRITERIA SCORE
1 2 3
Manipulative
Skills
Members are unable Members are able to Members are able to set-
Experimental
to set-up the set-up the materials with up the material with
Set-up
materials. supervision. minimum supervision.
follow safety precautions most of the
precautions. time.
II. Work Habits
Time
on time with time with complete data
incomplete data. and time to revise data.
Experiment
Members do not know
Members have defined Members are on tasks
responsibilities most of and have defined
the time. Group responsibilities at all
conflicts are times. Group conflicts
cooperatively managed are cooperatively
most of the time. managed at all times.
teacher.
Clean and orderly
Clean and orderly
during and after the occasional mess during
experiment. and after the
experiment.
experiment.
independent supervision by the occasional supervision be supervised by the
work teacher. by the teacher. teacher.
11. Reference(s):
Experiment No. 7
DELTA - DELTA TRANSFORMER BANK
1.Objective(s):

1. Learn the voltage, current and power characteristics of the DELTA - DELTA transformer bank
2. Determine the application of DELTA - DELTA transformer bank in actual practice
A Transformer Bank is defined as the connection of two or three single phase transformers for the
purpose of delivering or supplying a three phase source. It maybe connected as delta connection or wye
actually equal to 1.732 times of the phase voltage. On the other hand, a delta connection has the characteristic of
same line and phase voltages while its line current is equal to 1.732 times the phase current. For the Delta - Delta
transformer bank connection, the student will noticed that it is good for continuity of service applications. Take
note that the connections of smaller capacity transformers for transformer bank are actually the same with large
transformers that you will see in the actual practice.
For wye: For Delta:
4. Resources:

5. Procedures:
DELTA - DELTA TRANSFORMER BANK

open.
5.6. Observe the voltages, currents and power characteristic on both primary and secondary circuits at load
conditions.
5.8. Measure the voltages, currents and power characteristic on both primary and secondary circuits at load
conditions of transformers.
Notes:
A voltmeter must always be connected in parallel to load that being measured. The meter must be simply
"tapped" to the circuit that to be measure.
An ammeter must be connected in series in order to measure the current that is flowing in the circuit. An
ammeter must NOT be connected in parallel because an ammeter has a very low resistance. If it is
The Clamp meter is the best device that can be used in measuring currents. It is very convenient to use
because you only need to clamp it to the wire and it will now measure current.
DELTA - DELTA TRANSFORMER BANK FUSE
A SW
a
H1 H2
FUSE
IA X1 X2 Ia LOAD
1
T1 T3 T1 T3 FUSE
SW
b LOAD
3
T2 H1 X2 T2 X1
B H2
LOAD
H1 H2 X1 X2 2
FUSE IB Ib
FUSE
C IC Ic SW
c
FUSE
Initially Open
To 230V,
MAIN 3 Phase Do not energize the circuit
B SWITCH B unless you are told to do so
A A

X1 - Low Tension Side 1 Power = Voltage x Current @ Wye: V line = 1.732 V
phase A,B,C - Primary junctions / terminals I line = I phase
a,b,c - Secondary junctions/ terminals
FIGURE 7.1
Group No.: Section:
Date Submitted:
Instructor:
TABLE 7.1 - DELTA - DELTA TRANSFORMER BANK

TRIALS Line to Line Voltages Line Current, Amp Phase Current, Amp Line to Line Voltages Line Current, Amp Phase Current, Amp
AB BC CA A B C AB BC CA ab bc ca a b c ab bc ca
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Note:
@ Delta: V line =Vphase I line = 1.732 I phase
@ Wye: V line =
1.732 V phase I line = I phase
8. Conclusion:
9.1 A transformer Bank of 34.5 KV / 230 V each are connected in Delta - Delta connection in order to
9.2 A transformer bank of 3 pcs of 50:1 single-phase transformers connected in Delta - Delta is used to
step down the high voltage transmission line rated 138 KV. What is the step down voltage?
4160 V if the transformer is to be connected Delta - Delta?
9.4 A transformer Bank of 69 KV / 230 V each are connected in Delta - Delta connection in order to supply
a three phase load of 100 KW at 80% power factor. Find the primary line current and phase current of
9.5 When is the best application of Delta - Delta transformer bank?
10. Assessment:
CRITERIA SCORE
1 2 3
Manipulative
Skills
Members are unable Members are able to Members are able to set-
Experimental
to set-up the set-up the materials up the material with
Set-up
materials. with supervision. minimum supervision.
precautions. time.
II. Work Habits
Time
Experiment
Members do not know
Members have defined Members are on tasks
responsibilities most of and have defined
the time. Group responsibilities at all
conflicts are times. Group conflicts are
cooperatively managed cooperatively managed at
most of the time. all times.
teacher.
Clean and orderly
Clean and orderly
during and after the occasional mess during
experiment. and after the
experiment.
experiment.
independent supervision by the occasional supervision be supervised by the
work teacher. by the teacher. teacher.
11. Reference(s):
Experiment No. 8
WYE - WYE TRANSFORMER BANK
1.Objective(s):

1. Learn the voltage, current and power characteristics of the WYE - WYE transformer bank.
2. Determine the application of wye- wye transformer bank in actual practice.
actually equal to 1.732 times of the phase voltage. On the other hand, a delta connection has the characteristic
of same line and phase voltages while its line current is equal to 1.732 times the phase current. For the Wye -
Wye transformer bank connection, the student will noticed that it is good for grounding purposes and multi
voltages applications. Take note that the connections of smaller capacity transformers for transformer bank are
actually the same with large transformers that you will see in the actual practice.
For wye: For Delta:
4. Resources:

5. Procedures:
WYE - WYE TRANSFORMER BANK

open.
conditions.
5.8. Measure the voltages, currents and power characteristic on both primary and secondary circuits at
load conditions of transformers.
Notes:

WYE - WYE TRANSFORMER BANK FUSE
A T1 SW
a
H1 H2 X2 X1
FUSE
IA T1 Ia LOAD
1
I FUSE
B T2 T2 b SW
H1 H2 o b LOAD
3
o X2 X1
FUSE
IB LOAD
2
C IC T3 X2 T3 X1 Ic c
FUSE
SW
H1 H2
FUSE
Initially Open
To 230V,
MAIN Do not energize the circuit
B SWITCH B 3 Phase unless you are told to do so
A A

X1 - Low Tension Side 1 Power = Voltage x Current @ Wye: V line = 1.732 V
phase A,B,C - Primary junctions / terminals I line = I phase
a,b,c - Secondary Junctions/ terminals
FIGURE 8.1
Group No.: Section:
Date Submitted:
Instructor:
TABLE 8.1 - WYE - WYE TRANSFORMER BANK

TRIALS Line to Line Voltages Phase Voltages, V Line Current, Amp Line to Line Voltages Phase Voltages, V Line Current, Amp
AB BC CA AO BO CO A B C ab bc ca ao bo co a b c
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Note:
@ Delta: V line =Vphase I line = 1.732 I phase
@ Wye: V line = 1.732 V phase I line = Iphase
8. Conclusion:
9.1 A transformer Bank of 34.5 KV / 230 V each are connected in Wye - Wye connection in order to supply
a three phase load of 100 KVA. Find the primary line current and phase current of transformer.
9.2 A transformer bank of 3 pcs of 50:1 single-phase transformers connected in Wye - Wye is used to step
4160 V if the transformer is to be connected Wye - Wye?
9.4 A transformer Bank of 69 KV / 230 V each are connected in Wye - Wye connection in order to supply a
three phase load of 100 KW at 80% power factor. Find the primary line current and phase current of
9.5 When is the best application of Wye - Wye transformer bank?
10. Assessment:
CRITERIA SCORE
1 2 3
skills. skills
Members are able to Members are able to set-up
set-up the materials the material with minimum
with supervision. supervision.
time.
II. Work Habits
Time
on time with incomplete time with complete data and
data. time to revise data.
Experiment
Members do not know Members have defined

Members are on tasks and
their tasks and have no responsibilities most of
have defined responsibilities
Cooperative defined responsibilities. the time. Group
at all times. Group conflicts
and Teamwork Group conflicts have to conflicts are
are cooperatively managed
be settled by the cooperatively managed
at all times.
teacher. most of the time.
Clean and orderly

Messy workplace workplace with Clean and orderly workplace
Neatness and
during and after the occasional mess during at all times during and after
Orderliness
experiment. and after the the experiment.
experiment.
Ability to do Members require Members require
Members do not need to be
independent supervision by the occasional supervision
supervised by the teacher.
work teacher. by the teacher.
11. Reference(s):
Experiment No. 9
OPEN DELTA TRANSFORMER BANK
1.Objective(s):

1. Learn the voltage, current and power characteristics of the OPEN DELTA transformer bank.
2. Determine the application of OPEN DELTA transformer bank in actual practice.
There is an additional configuration of transformer bank that is called Open Delta. It is a delta-delta
connection where one of the transformers is missing but it can still supply a three phase source.
these connections in order to have a great confidence and foundations to transformer bank connections. Take
note that the connections of smaller capacity transformers for transformer bank are actually the same with large
transformers that you will see in the actual practice.
For Delta - Delta: For Open Delta:
ST 3SEACH ST 3SEACH
4. Resources:

5. Procedures:
OPEN DELTA TRANSFORMER BANK

5.2. In this experiment, the student will use two (2) identical transformers. Make the switches initially open.
conditions.
5.8. Measure the voltages, currents and power characteristic on both primary and secondary circuits at load
conditions of transformers.
Notes:
A voltmeter must always be connected in parallel to load that being measured. The meter must be simply
"tapped" to the circuit that to be measure.
An ammeter must be connected in series in order to measure the current that is flowing in the circuit. An
ammeter must NOT be connected in parallel because an ammeter has a very low resistance. If it is
The Clamp meter is the best device that can be used in measuring currents. It is very convenient to use
because you only need to clamp it to the wire and it will now measure current.

OPEN DELTA TRANSFORMER BANK FUSE
A SW
a
FUSE
H1
IA X1 I a LOAD
1
T1 T1 FUSE
SW
b LOAD
3
B H2 T2 X2 T2
LOAD
H1 H2 X1 X2 2
FUSE IB Ib
FUSE
C IC I c
SW
c
FUSE
Initially Open
To 230V,
MAIN Do not energize the circuit
B SWITCH B 3 Phase unless you are told to do so
A A

a,b,c - Secondary junctions/ terminals
FIGURE 9.1
Group No.: Section:
Date Submitted:
Instructor:
TABLE 9.1 - OPEN DELTA TRANSFORMER BANK

TRIALS Line to Line Voltages Line Current, Amp Phase Current, Amp Line to Line Voltages Line Current, Amp Phase Current, Amp
AB BC CA A B C AB BC CA ab bc ca a b c ab bc ca
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Note:
@ Delta: V line = V phase I line = 1.732 I phase
@ Wye: V line = 1.732 V phase I line = I phase
8. Conclusion:
9.1 A transformer Bank of 34.5 KV / 230 V each are connected in OPEN - DELTA connection in order to
9.2 Three - 25 KVA single-phase transformers are connected in delta delta. One of the transformers has
been defected. What is the maximum real power that the transformer bank can deliver at a power factor
of 0.8?
9.3 When an open delta system is converted into delta system, increase in the capacity of the system is?
9.4 Two single phase transformers each rated 75 KVA are connected in open delta to serve a three phase
load of 120 KW at 0.8 power factor lagging. To prevent the overloading of transformers, determine the
size of the capacitor in KVAR.
9.5 Two single phase transformers in an open delta bank served a 3 phase balanced load of 100 KVA. If a
third transformer is added for delta operation, what percent increase in the load does it have?
9.6 When is the best application of OPEN - DELTA transformer bank?
10. Assessment:
CRITERIA SCORE
1 2 3
skills. skills
Members are able to Members are able to set-up
set-up the materials the material with minimum
with supervision. supervision.
time.
II. Work Habits
Time
on time with time with complete data and
incomplete data. time to revise data.
Experiment
Members do not know Members have defined
Members are on tasks and
their tasks and have no responsibilities most of
have defined responsibilities
Cooperative defined the time. Group
at all times. Group conflicts
and Teamwork responsibilities. Group conflicts are
are cooperatively managed
conflicts have to be cooperatively managed
at all times.
settled by the teacher. most of the time.
Clean and orderly
Messy workplace workplace with Clean and orderly workplace
Neatness and
during and after the occasional mess at all times during and after
Orderliness
experiment. during and after the the experiment.
experiment.
Ability to do Members require Members require
Members do not need to be
independent supervision by the occasional supervision
supervised by the teacher.
work teacher. by the teacher.
11. Reference(s):
Experiment No. 10
AUTO TRANSFORMER
1.Objective(s):
The course activity aims to demonstrate the electrical characteristics of Auto-transformers and find its
applications in actual industry life.

1. Learn the voltage, current and power characteristics of the Autotransformer.
2. Determine the application of Autotransformer in actual practice.
An Auto-transformer is basically used as a variable transformer. It has only one common winding for
both primary and secondary circuit of transformer. Generally auto transformers in industry are used in starting
of motors, variable AC supply, and any application that requires varying of AC output voltage. Commonly auto
transformers has a small capacity compared to conventional two winding transformer. It ranges from few Volt-
Ampere (VA) capacities up to 10 KVA capacities.
In Electric Circuits laboratory we have what we called VARIABLE POWER SUPPLY; it is actually a
variable AC source where we can adjust the AC voltage from zero volts up to 250 volts. A VARIABLE AC
POWER SUPPLY is one of the best examples of Auto-transformer.
PRIMARY SECONDARY
CURRENT CURRENT
(MAIN Switch)
COMMON WINDING
CURRENT
230V AC AC SOURCE
Source Fuse Output Output
Knife Switch
VARIAC
AUTO TRANSFORMER
Is Ip Ic
4. Resources:

5. Procedures:
AUTO TRANSFORMER

5.2. In this experiment, the student will use VARIABLE POWER SUPPLY as the Auto transformer. Make the
switches initially open.
5.3. The input voltage will supply a constant single phase supply of 230V.
5.4. Load now the transformer at least three parallel resistors in parallel inductors in order to have a
readable amount of current.
conditions.
5.7. Make 9 trials according to the voltage details of the experiment.
5.8. Measure the voltages, currents and power characteristic on both primary and secondary circuits at
load conditions of transformers.
Notes:
Ip Is
WATTMETER Switch
MAIN Switch
230V AC Vp Vs L
Outpu
Source Fuse t O
A
D
Fuse
FIGURE 11.1
VARIAC
(AUTO TRANSFORMER)
Group No.: Section:
Date Submitted:
Instructor:
MEASURED DATA
TABLE 11.1
1 50 V
2 60 V
3 70 V
4 80 V
5 90 V
6 100 V
7 110 V
8 120 V
9 130 V
CALCULATED DATA
TABLE 11.1
1 50 V
2 60 V
3 70 V
4 80 V
5 90 V
6 100 V
7 110 V
8 120 V
9 130 V
Pp = Vp * Ip Ps = Vs * Is KVACAPACITY Vp * Ip Vs * Is
8. Conclusion:
9.1 Explain briefly the concept of AUTO Transformer.

9.2 What is the major purpose of AUTO Transformer?
9.3 What are the common applications of AUTO Transformer?
9.4 A 1,500VA, 230 V/115V Household auto-transformer is under full load condition. What is the common
winding current?
9.5 An autotransformer is rated 50 KVA, 13800 / 7200 volts supplying a load of 50KVA at 70.7% lagging
PF. What is the transformed power when this transformer operates at full-load condition?
10. Assessment:
CRITERIA SCORE
1 2 3
Members do not Members always
Manipulative Members occasionally
Skills demonstrate needed skills
skills. skills.
Members are unable Members are able to set- Members are able to set-
Experimental
to set-up the up the materials with up the material with
Set-up
materials. supervision. minimum supervision.
precautions. time.
II. Work Habits
Time
Experiment
Members do not know
Members are on tasks
their tasks and have Members have defined
and have defined
Cooperative no defined responsibilities most of the
responsibilities at all
and responsibilities. time. Group conflicts are
times. Group conflicts
Teamwork Group conflicts have cooperatively managed
are cooperatively
to be settled by the most of the time.
managed at all times.
teacher.
Clean and orderly Clean and orderly
Messy workplace
Neatness and workplace with occasional workplace at all times
during and after the
Orderliness mess during and after the during and after the
experiment.
experiment. experiment.
independent supervision by the occasional supervision by be supervised by the
work teacher. the teacher. teacher.
11. Reference(s):

Transformer Lab Manual

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Electrical Engineering Department

EE 405 - Laboratory Manual in Transformer and AC Apparatuses

2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

3. Principles and Discussion:

Primary Side Laminated Core Secondary Side

STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

H1 - High Tension Terminal 1

X2 - Low Tension Terminal 2

1 set Single Phase Transformer (61-106)

5.1 Connect as per instruction of Fig 1.1

B. Polarity Testing of a Transformer

5.1 Set the transformer as shown in Figure 1.2.1.

E = Ep + Es, it is ADDITIVE polarity

VARIAC FIGURE 1.1

Knife Switch Fuse

Knife Switch Fuse

6. Data and Results:

9. Question(s) and Answer(s):

9.1 What is the purpose of transformer in electrical power system?

2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

3. Principles and Discussion:

Open Circuit Test

Short Circuit Test

Px - Copper loss at any size of load

1 set Single Phase Transformer (61-106)

5.1. Set the transformer as shown in Figure 2.1.

5.1. Connect as per Fig 2.2

%IX (%IZ ) (%IR)

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

(MAIN Switch) WATTMETER

Variable Supply FIGURE 2.1

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

Variable Supply FIGURE 2.2

6. Data and Results:

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

TABLE 2.3 DATA SUMMARY OF TRANSFORMER PARAMETERS

9. Question(s) and Answer(s):

2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

3. Principles and Discussion:

VFL - Full load voltage

Another derived formula for voltage regulation is

%VR ( (%IR cos ) (%IX sin ) 1)x100%

POUT POUT PIN PLOSS

1 set Single Phase Transformer (61-106)

5.A.1. Connect as per instruction of Fig 3.1

5.B.1. Connect as per instruction of Fig 3.1

Source Fuse Output

Variable Supply FIGURE 3.1

6. Data and Results:

TRIAL LOADS - for both voltage regulation and efficiency table

9. Question(s) and Answer(s):

2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

3. Principles and Discussion:

The following are the strictly requirements in paralleling of transformers:

2 sets Single Phase Transformer (61-106)

5.1. Connect as per instruction of Fig 4.1

6. Data and Results:

9. Question(s) and Answer(s):

2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

3. Principles and Discussion:

1 set Three Phase Transformer (61-107)

WYE - DELTA TRANSFORMER BANK

5.1. Connect as per instruction of Fig 5.1