Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
A systematic simplified approach in computing the overall cooling load of both the
chilled storage and cold storage is presented as follows:
The discussion of the cooling load calculation starts by first defining the listed
parameters and adopting values from various sources and assumptions. Equations are
shown with the variables obtained accordingly.
Finally, both the cooling load calculation of the chilled storage and cold storage is
presented and computed separately. Summarized values are tabulated in respective
tables for assessment and conclusion of the cooling load calculation at the end of the
chapter.
1
Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation
Design outdoor air conditions are simply the peak temperature and humidity
taken from the month of April (dry season). Taken from ASHRAE (2009), a dry bulb
kgmoisture
temperature (DB) of 34.5 C and humidity ratio of 0.023 kg dry air are adopted.
Plotting from any valid psychrometric chart, the corresponding relative humidity of
kJ
66.0% and enthalpy of 93.63 kg are obtained.
On the other hand, the design indoor air condition depends on the product and
the storage application considered. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the
United Nations recommends for the chilling of carcasses a design indoor air
temperature (DB) of 4 C and relative humidity of 80 %. Plotting from a reliable
kgmoisture
psychrometric chart, the corresponding humidity ratio of 0.004 kg dry air and
kJ
enthalpy of 14.13 kg are obtained. As for freezing of pork carcasses in cold storage,
a design indoor air temperature (DB) of -25 C and relative humidity of 98 %. Plotting
from a reliable psychrometric chart, the corresponding humidity ratio of 0.0004
kgmoisture kJ
kg dry air and enthalpy of -24.13 kg are obtained. The obtained design air
2
Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation
Enthalpy kJ kJ kJ
93.63 kg 14.13 kg -24.13 kg
Humidity Ratio 0.023 kgmoisture 0.0004
0.004 kg dry air
kgmoisture kgmoisture
kg dry air kg dry air
Floor Temperature 20 C (www.climatemp.com.ph)
Under steady conditions, the rate of heat transfer through any section of a
building wall or roof can be determined from the equation (engel & Ghajar, 2015),
Q = UA(T) Eq.
3.1
where: Q rate of heat transfer, W;
A surface area of the material, m2;
T indoor and outdoor air temperature difference,
C
W
U overall thermal conductance, m2 K .
3
Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation
3.3
R-values for air films are readily available while for a specific type of
building material, thickness and thermal conductance is given so that the
R-value is computed as
t
R= k
Eq. 3.4
where: t thickness of the layer of building material or air space, m
W
k thermal conductivity of the building material, mK .
Applying Eq. 3.3 and 3.4 simultaneously, the overall thermal conductance
is obtained as
4
Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation
1
U=
2 ( Rair film ) +2 ( Rcplaster ) + R polyurethane + R chb + Rvb + R gb
1
U=
0.12+0.0222+0.0706+ 0.18+4.38+ 0.03077+0.0222+0.12
W
U=0.2022
m2 K .
W
0.20219
Therefore, an overall thermal conductance of m2 K shall be
adopted for all exterior walls of both chilled storage and cold storage. Same
thickness of 348 mm (13.7 inch) is also set for both applications. However, wall
height differs between the two application: chilled storage is set with only 3
meters of exterior wall height while the cold storage is set with 6 meters to allow
stacking of the finished product.
1
U=
0.12+2.78+ 4.38+0.03077+0.0222+0.12
5
Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation
W
U=0.1342
m K .
2
W
0.1342
Thus, an overall thermal conductance of m2 K shall be used for
the computation of transmission load through the ceiling. The same thickness of
220 mm is used for the ceiling of both applications of cold and chilled storage.
loor Element
Applying Eq. 3.3 and 3.4 simultaneously, the overall thermal conductance
is obtained as
1
U=
( air film ) ( cplaster ) R polyurethane + R sga + R vb
R + R +
1
U=
0.11+ 4.38+0.03077+ 0.0222+ 0.12
W
U=0.2145
m2 K .
W
0.2145
Thus, an overall thermal conductance of m2 K shall be used for
the computation of transmission load through the ceiling. The same thickness of
348 mm is used for the floor of both applications of cold and chilled storage.
6
Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation
For the insulated door of both the chilled and cold storage rooms, a
2
m K
total resistance of 7.1650346 W is adopted from a manufacturers
1 1
U= =
2(Rair film )+ Rdoor 2( 0.12)+7.1650346
W
U=0.135
m2 K .
W
0.135
Therefore, the same insulated door of m2 K thermal conductance
is used in both chilled and cold storage. Dimensions are assumed to be 2 meters
of height and 1.5 meters of width.
A. Occupant Load
Occupant load is the heat released by the occupants in the form of (A.1) latent
and (A.2) sensible heat. It is normal for the occupants to radiate heat and evaporate
moisture from their bodies into the surrounding air which increase the overall cooling
load of the space to be air-conditioned.
occupant
CLF Cooling Load Factor of Occupants.
7
Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation
On the other hand, the sensible heat gain per occupant depends on the
degree of activity and values are shown in Table 4.2. Conversion: 1 W = 3.41
BTU
hr .
Lastly, the cooling load factor of occupants, CLF, considers the effect of
the occupants nature of entry and duration of stay in the space. Table 4.3 lists
values of CLF for people.
8
Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation
occupant.
Heat gained from lightings is solved from the following formula (ASHRAE, 2001):
9
Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation
3.8
The total light wattage is obtained from the power ratings of all lamps installed,
both for general illumination and for display use.
The utilization factor is the ratio of the wattage in use, for the conditions under
which the load estimate is being made, to the total installed wattage. For commercial
applications such as stores, the use factor would generally be unity (ASHRAE, 2001).
Finally, the special allowance factor is the ratio of the lighting fixtures power
consumption, including lamps and ballast, to the nominal power consumption of the
lamps. For incandescent lights, this factor is 1. For fluorescent lights, it accounts for
power consumed by the ballast as well as the ballasts effect on lamp power
consumption. The special allowance factor can be less than 1 for electronic ballasts that
lower electricity consumption below the lamps rated power consumption. When
available, the manufacturers value is used (ASHRAE, 2001).
10
Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation
Source: www.philips.co
Figure 4.4: Selected LED Lamp
C. Equipment Load
Internal equipment also emit heat inside when operating. This heat gain
generated also contributes to the total cooling load of the space to be conditioned.
Thus, these heat loads are also considered when calculating the total cooling load.
Equipment such as the electric powered forklift dissipates heat whenever in use.
This heat is also considered when calculating cooling load. The cold storage has one
forklift used for lifting of the products. The forklift is assumed to be used four hours a
day. In calculation for the heat load coming from the electric forklift, the formula to be
used is shown below (Arora, 2009):
11
Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation
Power input of the forklift is taken as 5100 W with a motor efficiency of 83.47 %
as taken from the manufacturers datasheet (Doosan).
Product and ventilation load depends on the space considered. Heat transfer
between the product and the ambient air depends on the application involved. Thus,
product load from chilled storage is not the same as the product load of the cold
storage.
QS =mCp T Eq.
3.10
T Temperature Difference, C
Different values of specific heat are considered for the chilled carcass, pork meat
below freezing, and the pork meat above freezing. Specific heats are summarized in
Table 4.5 below.
kJ
kg C
12
Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation
James, C. (2002)
Pork Carcass (73.3% water) 3.81 Meat Refrigeration
Processed Pork above freezing 2.60 Mallett (1993)
Processed Pork below freezing 1.31
Frozen Food Tech.
The process of freezing on the other hand considers a change in state of water
composition of the pork carcass into ice. Since almost 80% of the pork meat solidifies in
the process of freezing, a latent heat of vaporization is required to be extracted from the
pork. This heat of vaporization therefore adds to the overall cooling load of the storage.
The latent heat due to freezing of the product (pork) is given by the equation
QS =m L Eq. 3.11
T Temperature Difference, C.
kJ
Latent heat of fusion of pork is 124 kg (Mallett, 1993).
Sufficient air ventilation is required in preventing stagnant air inside the storage
room that may damage the quality of the pork meat. Dossat (1961) developed an
approximation of the air change load inside the storage room expressed as
Qac = V ACH (ho hi) Eq.
3.12
13
Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation
kJ
ho enthalpy of outside air, kg
TAA = (25 x 3) - (2.75) TAB = (15 x 3) -(2.75) TAC = (15 x 3) TAD= (25 x 3)
TAA = 72.25m2
TAB = 42.25m2
TAC = 45m2
TAD= 75m2
15
Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation
QDoor= 11. 32 W
Heat Gain Through Wall B:
TOTAL HEAT GAIN IN WALL B:
Qwall B = UA(T)
QB= QWall A+ QDoor
2 2
Qwall B = (0.2022W/m . K) (42.25m ) (34.5-4)
QB= (260.56) +(11.32)
Qwall B = 260.56 W
QB=271.88 W(24hr) (3600s)/1000
Heat Gain Through Door at wall B:
QB=23490.432 KJ
QT= 370719.288 KJ
2. Product Load
Calculations: Q=m Cp T
16
Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation
KJ
(
Q=65000 kg 2.113
kg . k)( 204 )
Q=2197520 KJ
3. Air Change
The calculation of heat gain released by exhaust fans during air change is
discussed here. For the total room volume, subtract the volume of the product. The
average density of pork carcass is 180 kg/m 3 (FAO, 1991).
For the Volume of the room: Vroom = Length x Width x Height of the room in m3
Vroom = 25 m 15 m 3 m=1125 m3
Considerations: The chiller operates 24 hours for 3.78 respect to its room volume. The required period of
time for air change in cold storage of meat a day is 2-4 hours, thus the designer used an average time of
3 hours (Institute of Refrigeration Cold Store Code).
Q=12707.285 Btu=13406.186 KJ
4. Lighting Load
17
Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation
This will show the computation of heat gain from lighting. Before computing the
heat load from lighting, the number of lights per room must be computed first.
BTU
Q=81 x 14 W x 3.42 x 2 hours Q=7756.56 Btu8183.171 KJ
W hr
5. Occupant Load
The heat gain from the workers can be obtained from Figure 4.2 which is shown
below: Assumptions: Two workers work for 2 hours inside the chiller (body-body system).
Table 4.9: Summary of the Cooling Load for the Chilled Storage
Product Load 2197520 KJ
Transmission Load 370719.288 KJ
Air Change Load 13406.186 KJ
18
Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation
Considering a 10% factor of safety because it is used for errors and some
uncertainties during the course of calculations (Dossat, 1961).
19
Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation
TAA = (12.09 x 6.580)-(6) TAB = (13.78 x 6.580) TAC = (12.09 x6) -(6) TAD= 90.67m2
Qwall A = 884.87 W
Heat Gain Through Wall A and C Heat Gain Through Door at wall A and C
20
Chapter IV Cooling Load Calculation
W QB=QD=92248.72 KJ
QDoor= (0.135 . K ) (6m2)(34.5-(-25))
m2
TOTAL HEAT GAIN IN CEILING
QDoor= 48.195W
Qceiling = UA(T)
TOTAL HEAT GAIN IN WALL A and C
Qceiling = (0.1342W/m2. K) (166.6m2) (34.5- (-25))
QA= QWall A+ QDoor
Qceiling = 1330.28 W(24hr) (3600s)/1000
QA= (884.87) +(48.195)
Qceiling=114936.567KJ
QA= 933.0645W(24hr) (3600s)/1000
QA= QC =80616.77KJ
TOTAL HEAT GAIN IN FLOOR
Qfloor = UA(T)
21
TOTAL TRANSMISSON LOAD FOR THE CHILLED STORAGE;
QT=QA + QB + QC + QD + Qceiling+ Qfloor
QT=80616.77 (2) + 92248.72 (2) + 114936.567 +138940.4
QT= 599607.947 KJ
2. Product Load
a) Weight of meat products per crate is 25 kilograms;
b) There are 4 crates per layer, 5 layers per pallet, and 3 pallets per rack;
c) Total mass per rack is 1734 kilograms;
d) The initial temperature of meat products after blast freezing is -16 oC, the
assumption is the temperature of meat products rises by 2 oC. Therefore, the
initial temperature of meat products inside the cold storage is now at -14 oC ;
and
e) The specific heat must be use is below freezing and the specific heat of meat
products below freezing are tabulated in Table 4.4.
The product load calculation for cold storage is shown below in Table 4.6.
Table 4.12: Product Load Calculation in Cold Storage
25 K
Pork Hind Leg 14()
KJ
(
1.42
kg .k )
) (26)
Q=1734 kg
Q = 704212.08 KJ
25 K
Pork Loin 14()
KJ
(1.47 )
kg . k
) (26)
Q=1734 kg
Q = 729008.28 KJ
25 K
Pork Shoulders 14()
KJ
(1.38 )
kg . k
) (26)
Q=1734 kg
Q = 684375.12 KJ
25 K
Pork Spareribs 14()
KJ
(1.42
kg .k) ) (26)
Q=1734 kg
Q = 704212.08 KJ
TOTAL PRODUCT
LOAD IN COLD QT = 2821807.56 KJ
STORAGE
3. Air Change
The calculation of heat gain released by exhaust fans during air change is
discussed here. For the total room volume, subtract the volume of the crates and
pallets. The volume of crate is 0.027 and the pallet is 1.344. The total number of crates
and pallets used inside the cold storage are 1560 and 78 pieces respectively.
To get the total volume of the crates and pallets: V = 1560(0.027) + 78(1.344) =
146.952 m3
For the Volume of the cold storage: Vroom = Length x Width x Height of the room in m3
3
Vroom = 12.09 m x 13.78 m x 6.58 m=1096.23 m
Considerations: AC for cold storage is 3.05 per 24 hours of operation with respect to its room volume. And
the required period of time for air change in cold storage of meat a day is 2-4 hours (use 3hours) (Institute
of Refrigeration Cold Store Code)
Q=307812.1895 Btu=324741.8599 KJ
4. Lighting Load
This will show the computation of heat gain from lighting. Before computing the
heat load from lighting, the number of lights per room must be computed first.
BTU
Q=35 x 14 W x 3.42 x 2hours Q=980 Btu1033.9 KJ
W hr
5. People Load
The heat gain from the workers can be get from the table:
Assumptions: One worker doing work for two hours inside the cold storage.
Source- ASHRAE Data Book
Figure 4.8: Tabulation of People Heat Load
The heat equivalent per person inside the cold storage @-16 oC is 0.378 KW
0.378 KW x 2 hours x 3600 seconds/hr = 2721.6 KJ