Country Comparisons
India vs. China
Introduction
India
Backgroun The Indus Valley civilization, one
d of the world's oldest, flourished
during the 3rd and 2nd millennia
B.C. and extended into
northwestern India. Aryan tribes
from the northwest infiltrated the
Indian subcontinent about 1500
B.C.; their merger with the earlier
Dravidian inhabitants created the
classical Indian culture. The
Maurya Empire of the 4th and 3rd
centuries B.C. - which reached its
zenith under ASHOKA - united
much of South Asia. The Golden
Age ushered in by the Gupta
dynasty (4th to 6th centuries
A.D.) saw a flowering of Indian
science, art, and culture. Islam
spread across the subcontinent
over a period of 700 years. In the
10th and 11th centuries, Turks
and Afghans invaded India and
established the Delhi Sultanate.
In the early 16th century, the
Emperor BABUR established the
Mughal Dynasty which ruled
India for more than three
centuries. European explorers
began establishing footholds in
India during the 16th century. By
the 19th century, Great Britain
had become the dominant
China
For centuries China stood as a
leading civilization, outpacing
the rest of the world in the arts
and sciences, but in the 19th and
early 20th centuries, the country
was beset by civil unrest, major
famines, military defeats, and
foreign occupation. After World
War II, the communists under
MAO Zedong established an
autocratic socialist system that,
while ensuring China's
sovereignty, imposed strict
controls over everyday life and
cost the lives of tens of millions
of people. After 1978, MAO's
successor DENG Xiaoping and
other leaders focused on
market-oriented economic
development and by 2000
output had quadrupled. For
much of the population, living
standards have improved
dramatically and the room for
personal choice has expanded,
yet political controls remain
tight. Since the early 1990s,
China has increased its global
outreach and participation in
international organizations.
 India China

political power on the

subcontinent. The British Indian
Army played a vital role in both
World Wars. Years of nonviolent
resistance to British rule, led by
Mohandas GANDHI and
Jawaharlal NEHRU, eventually
resulted in Indian independence,
which was granted in 1947.
Large-scale communal violence
took place before and after the
subcontinent partition into two
separate states - India and
Pakistan. The neighboring nations
have fought three wars since
independence, the last of which
was in 1971 and resulted in East
Pakistan becoming the separate
nation of Bangladesh. India's
nuclear weapons tests in 1998
emboldened Pakistan to conduct
its own tests that same year. In
November 2008, terrorists
originating from Pakistan
conducted a series of coordinated
attacks in Mumbai, India's
financial capital. Despite pressing
problems such as significant
overpopulation, environmental
degradation, extensive poverty,
and widespread corruption,
economic growth following the
launch of economic reforms in
1991 and a massive youthful
population are driving India's
emergence as a regional and
global power.
Geography

India China

Location Southern Asia, Eastern Asia,

bordering the Arabian bordering the East
Sea and the Bay of China Sea, Korea Bay,
Bengal, between Yellow Sea, and South
Burma and Pakistan China Sea, between
North Korea and
Vietnam

Geographic coordinates 20 00 N, 77 00 E 35 00 N, 105 00 E

Map references Asia Asia

Area total: 3,287,263 sq total: 9,596,960 sq

km km
land: 2,973,193 sq land: 9,326,410 sq
km km
water: 314,070 sq km water: 270,550 sq km
 India China

Area - comparative slightly more than slightly smaller than

one-third the size of the US
the US

Land boundaries total: 13,888 km total: 22,457 km

border border
countries: Banglades countries: Afghanista
h 4,142 km, Bhutan n 91 km, Bhutan 477
659 km, Burma 1,468 km, Burma 2,129 km,
km, China 2,659 km, India 2,659 km,
Nepal 1,770 km, Kazakhstan 1,765 km,
Pakistan 3,190 km North Korea 1,352 km,
Kyrgyzstan 1,063 km,
Laos 475 km,
Mongolia 4,630 km,
Nepal 1,389 km,
Pakistan 438 km,
Russia (northeast)
4,139 km, Russia
(northwest) 40 km,
Tajikistan 477 km,
Vietnam 1,297 km
regional
borders: Hong Kong
33 km, Macau 3 km

Coastline 7,000 km 14,500 km

Maritime claims territorial sea: 12 territorial sea: 12 nm

nm contiguous zone: 24
contiguous zone: 24 nm
nm exclusive economic
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of
nm or to the edge of
 India China

the continental margin the continental margin

Climate varies from tropical extremely diverse;

monsoon in south to tropical in south to
temperate in north subarctic in north

Terrain upland plain (Deccan mostly mountains,

Plateau) in south, flat high plateaus, deserts
to rolling plain along in west; plains, deltas,
the Ganges, deserts in and hills in east
west, Himalayas in
north

Elevation extremes lowest point: Indian lowest point: Turpan

Ocean 0 m Pendi -154 m
highest highest point: Mount
point: Kanchenjunga Everest 8,850 m
8,598 m (highest point in Asia)

Natural resources coal (fourth-largest coal, iron ore,

reserves in the world), petroleum, natural gas,
iron ore, manganese, mercury, tin, tungsten,
mica, bauxite, rare antimony, manganese,
earth elements, molybdenum,
titanium ore, vanadium, magnetite,
chromite, natural gas, aluminum, lead, zinc,
diamonds, petroleum, rare earth elements,
limestone, arable land uranium, hydropower
potential (world's
largest)
 India China

Land use arable land: 47.87% arable land: 11.62%

permanent permanent
crops: 3.74% crops: 1.53%
other: 48.39% (2011) other: 86.84% (2011)

Irrigated land 663,340 sq km (2008) 629,380 sq km (2006)

Natural hazards droughts; flash floods, frequent typhoons

as well as widespread (about five per year
and destructive along southern and
flooding from eastern coasts);
monsoonal rains; damaging floods;
severe thunderstorms; tsunamis; earthquakes;
earthquakes droughts; land
volcanism: Barren subsidence
Island (elev. 354 m) in volcanism: China
the Andaman Sea has contains some
been active in recent historically active
years volcanoes including
Changbaishan (also
known as Baitoushan,
Baegdu, or P'aektu-
san), Hainan Dao, and
Kunlun although most
have been relatively
inactive in recent
centuries

Environment - current issues deforestation; soil air pollution

erosion; overgrazing; (greenhouse gases,
desertification; air sulfur dioxide
pollution from particulates) from
industrial effluents reliance on coal
and vehicle emissions; produces acid rain;
water pollution from China is the world's
raw sewage and runoff largest single emitter
 India China

of agricultural of carbon dioxide from

pesticides; tap water is the burning of fossil
not potable throughout fuels; water shortages,
the country; huge and particularly in the
growing population is north; water pollution
overstraining natural from untreated wastes;
resources deforestation;
estimated loss of one-
fifth of agricultural
land since 1949 to soil
erosion and economic
development;
desertification; trade in
endangered species

Environment - international party to: Antarctic- party to: Antarctic-

agreements Environmental Environmental
Protocol, Antarctic- Protocol, Antarctic
Marine Living Treaty, Biodiversity,
Resources, Antarctic Climate Change,
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change-Kyoto
Climate Change, Protocol,
Climate Change- Desertification,
Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species,
Desertification, Environmental
Endangered Species, Modification,
Environmental Hazardous Wastes,
Modification, Law of the Sea,
Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping,
Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands,
Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
Whaling signed, but not
signed, but not ratified: none of the
ratified: none of the selected agreements
selected agreements
 India China

Geography - note dominates South world's fourth largest

Asian subcontinent; country (after Russia,
near important Indian Canada, and US) and
Ocean trade routes; largest country situated
Kanchenjunga, third entirely in Asia; Mount
tallest mountain in the Everest on the border
world, lies on the with Nepal is the
border with Nepal world's tallest peak

Total renewable water resources 1,911 cu km (2011) 2,840 cu km (2011)

Freshwater withdrawal total: 761 cu km/yr total: 554.1 cu km/yr

(domestic/industrial/agricultural (7%/2%/90%) (12%/23%/65%)
) per capita: 613 cu per capita: 409.9 cu
m/yr (2010) m/yr (2005)

Demographics

India China

Population 1,236,344,631 (July 2014 est.) 1,355,692,576 (July 2014

est.)

Age structure 0-14 years: 28.5% (male 0-14 years: 17.1% (male
187,016,401/female 124,340,516/female
165,048,695) 107,287,324)
15-24 years: 18.1% (male 15-24 years: 14.7% (male
118,696,540/female 105,763,058/female
105,342,764) 93,903,845)
25-54 years: 40.6% (male 25-54 years: 47.2% (male
 India China

258,202,535/female
243,293,143)
55-64 years: 7% (male
43,625,668/female 43,175,111)
65 years and over: 5.8% (male
34,133,175/female 37,810,599)
(2014 est.)
327,130,324/female
313,029,536)
55-64 years: 11.3% (male
77,751,100/female
75,737,968)
65 years and over: 9.6%
(male 62,646,075/female
68,102,830) (2014 est.)

Median age total: 27 years total: 36.7 years

male: 26.4 years male: 35.8 years
female: 27.7 years (2014 est.) female: 37.5 years (2014
est.)

Population 1.25% (2014 est.) 0.44% (2014 est.)

growth rate

Birth rate 19.89 births/1,000 population 12.17 births/1,000 population

(2014 est.) (2014 est.)

Death rate 7.35 deaths/1,000 population 7.44 deaths/1,000 population

(2014 est.) (2014 est.)

Net migration -0.05 migrant(s)/1,000 -0.32 migrant(s)/1,000

rate population (2014 est.) population (2014 est.)

Sex ratio at birth: 1.12 male(s)/female at birth: 1.11

 India China

0-14 years: 1.13 male(s)/female male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1.13 0-14 years: 1.16
male(s)/female male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.06 15-24 years: 1.13
male(s)/female male(s)/female
55-64 years: 1.08 25-54 years: 1.05
male(s)/female male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.91 55-64 years: 1.06
male(s)/female male(s)/female
total population: 1.08 65 years and over: 0.92
male(s)/female (2014 est.) male(s)/female
total population: 1.06
male(s)/female (2014 est.)

Infant total: 43.19 deaths/1,000 live total: 14.79 deaths/1,000 live

mortality rate births births
male: 41.9 deaths/1,000 live male: 14.93 deaths/1,000 live
births births
female: 44.63 deaths/1,000 live female: 14.63 deaths/1,000
births (2014 est.) live births (2014 est.)

Life total population: 67.8 years total population: 75.15

expectancy at male: 66.68 years years
birth female: 69.06 years (2014 est.) male: 73.09 years
female: 77.43 years (2014
est.)

Total fertility 2.51 children born/woman (2014 1.55 children born/woman

rate est.) (2014 est.)
 India China

HIV/AIDS - 0.3% (2012 est.) 0.1% (2012 est.)

adult
prevalence rate

Nationality noun: Indian(s) noun: Chinese (singular and

adjective: Indian plural)
adjective: Chinese

Ethnic groups Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian Han Chinese 91.6%, Zhuang

25%, Mongoloid and other 3% 1.3%, other (includes Hui,
(2000) Manchu, Uighur, Miao, Yi,
Tujia, Tibetan, Mongol,
Dong, Buyei, Yao, Bai,
Korean, Hani, Li, Kazakh,
Dai and other nationalities)
7.1%
note: the Chinese
government officially
recognizes 56 ethnic groups
(2010 est.)

HIV/AIDS - 2.085 million (2012 est.) 780,000 (2012 est.)

people living
with
HIV/AIDS

Religions Hindu 80.5%, Muslim 13.4%, Buddhist 18.2%, Christian

Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.9%, other
1.8%, unspecified 0.1% (2001
census)
5.1%, Muslim 1.8%, folk
religion 21.9%, Hindu < .1%,
Jewish < .1%, other 0.7%
(includes Daoist (Taoist)),
unaffiliated 52.2%
note: officially atheist (2010
 India
HIV/AIDS - 135,500 (2012 est.)
deaths
Languages Hindi 41%, Bengali 8.1%,
Telugu 7.2%, Marathi 7%, Tamil
5.9%, Urdu 5%, Gujarati 4.5%,
Kannada 3.7%, Malayalam
3.2%, Oriya 3.2%, Punjabi 2.8%,
Assamese 1.3%, Maithili 1.2%,
other 5.9%
note: English enjoys the status
of subsidiary official language
but is the most important
language for national, political,
and commercial communication;
Hindi is the most widely spoken
language and primary tongue of
41% of the people; there are 14
other official languages: Bengali,
Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu,
Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada,
Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese,
Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit;
Hindustani is a popular variant
of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely
throughout northern India but is
not an official language (2001
census)
China
est.)
26,000 (2009 est.)
Standard Chinese or
Mandarin (official;
Putonghua, based on the
Beijing dialect), Yue
(Cantonese), Wu
(Shanghainese), Minbei
(Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-
Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan,
Hakka dialects, minority
languages (see Ethnic groups
entry)
note: Zhuang is official in
Guangxi Zhuang, Yue is
official in Guangdong,
Mongolian is official in Nei
Mongol, Uighur is official in
Xinjiang Uygur, Kyrgyz is
official in Xinjiang Uyghur,
and Tibetan is official in
Xizang (Tibet)
 India
Literacy definition: age 15 and over can
read and write
total population: 62.8%
male: 75.2%
female: 50.8% (2006 est.)
Major degree of risk: very high
infectious food or waterborne
diseases diseases: bacterial diarrhea,
hepatitis A and E, and typhoid
fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue
fever, Japanese encephalitis, and
malaria
water contact
disease: leptospirosis
animal contact disease: rabies
note: highly pathogenic H5N1
avian influenza has been
identified in this country; it
poses a negligible risk with
extremely rare cases possible
among US citizens who have
close contact with birds (2013)
School life total: 12 years
expectancy male: 12 years
(primary to female: 11 years (2011)
tertiary
education)
Education 3.2% of GDP (2011)
expenditures
China
definition: age 15 and over
can read and write
total population: 95.1%
male: 97.5%
female: 92.7% (2010 est.)
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne
diseases: bacterial diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid
fever
vectorborne
disease: Japanese
encephalitis
soil contact
disease: hantaviral
hemorrhagic fever with renal
syndrome (HFRS)
note: highly pathogenic
H5N1 avian influenza has
been identified in this
country; it poses a negligible
risk with extremely rare cases
possible among US citizens
who have close contact with
birds (2013)
total: 13 years
male: 13 years
female: 13 years (2012)
NA
 India
Urbanization urban population: 31.3% of
total population (2011)
rate of urbanization: 2.47%
annual rate of change (2010-15
est.)
Drinking water improved:
source urban: 96.7% of population
rural: 90.7% of population
total: 92.6% of population
unimproved:
urban: 3.3% of population
rural: 9.3% of population
total: 7.4% of population (2012
est.)
Sanitation improved:
facility access urban: 60.2% of population
rural: 24.7% of population
total: 36% of population
unimproved:
urban: 39.8% of population
rural: 75.3% of population
total: 64% of population (2012
est.)
Major cities - NEW DELHI (capital) 22.654
population million; Mumbai 19.744 million;
Kolkata 14.402 million; Chennai
8.784 million; Bangalore 8.614
million; Hyderabad 7.837
million (2011)
China
urban population: 50.6% of
total population (2011)
rate of urbanization: 2.85%
annual rate of change (2010-
15 est.)
improved:
urban: 98.4% of population
rural: 84.9% of population
total: 91.9% of population
unimproved:
urban: 1.6% of population
rural: 15.1% of population
total: 8.1% of population
(2012 est.)
improved:
urban: 74.1% of population
rural: 55.8% of population
total: 65.3% of population
unimproved:
urban: 25.9% of population
rural: 44.2% of population
total: 34.7% of population
(2012 est.)
Shanghai 20.208 million;
BEIJING (capital) 15.594
million; Guangzhou 10.849
million; Shenzhen 10.63
million; Chongqing 9.977
million; Wuhan 9.158 million
(2011)
 India China

Maternal 200 deaths/100,000 live births 37 deaths/100,000 live births

mortality rate (2010) (2010)

Children under 43.5% (2006) 3.4% (2010)

the age of 5
years
underweight

Health 3.9% of GDP (2011) 5.2% of GDP (2011)

expenditures

Physicians 0.65 physicians/1,000 population 1.46 physicians/1,000

density (2009) population (2010)

Hospital bed 0.9 beds/1,000 population (2005) 3.8 beds/1,000 population

density (2011)

Obesity - adult 1.9% (2008) 5.7% (2008)

prevalence rate

Contraceptive 54.8% (2007/08) 84.6% (2006)

prevalence rate

Dependency total dependency ratio: 51.8 % total dependency ratio: 37.4

 India
ratios youth dependency ratio: 43.6
% youth dependency
elderly dependency ratio: 8.1
% elderly dependency
potential support ratio: 12.3
(2014 est.)
Government
India
Country name conventional long
form: Republic of India
conventional short form: India
local long form: Republic of
India/Bharatiya Ganarajya
local short form: India/Bharat
Government federal republic
type
Capital name: New Delhi
geographic coordinates: 28 36
N, 77 12 E
time difference: UTC+5.5 (10.5
hours ahead of Washington, DC,
during Standard Time)
China
%
ratio: 24.9 %
ratio: 12.5 %
potential support ratio: 8
(2014 est.)
China
conventional long
form: People's Republic of
China
conventional short
form: China
local long form: Zhonghua
Renmin Gongheguo
local short form: Zhongguo
abbreviation: PRC
Communist state
name: Beijing
geographic coordinates: 39
55 N, 116 23 E
time difference: UTC+8 (13
hours ahead of Washington,
DC, during Standard Time)
note: despite its size, all of
China falls within one time
 India
Administrative 29 states and 7 union
divisions territories*; Andaman and
Nicobar Islands*, Andhra
Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh,
Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh*,
Chhattisgarh, Dadra and Nagar
Haveli*, Daman and Diu*,
Delhi*, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana,
Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and
Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka,
Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur,
Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland,
Odisha, Puducherry*, Punjab,
Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu,
Telangana, Tripura, Uttar
Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West
Bengal
note: although its status is that
of a union territory, the official
name of Delhi is National
Capital Territory of Delhi
Independence 15 August 1947 (from the UK)
China
zone; many people in
Xinjiang Province observe an
unofficial "Xinjiang time
zone" of UTC+6, two hours
behind Beijing
23 provinces (sheng, singular
and plural), 5 autonomous
regions (zizhiqu, singular and
plural), and 4 municipalities
(shi, singular and plural)
provinces: Anhui, Fujian,
Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou,
Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang,
Henan, Hubei, Hunan,
Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin,
Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi,
Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan,
Yunnan, Zhejiang; (see note
on Taiwan)
autonomous
regions: Guangxi, Nei
Mongol (Inner Mongolia),
Ningxia, Xinjiang Uygur,
Xizang (Tibet)
municipalities: Beijing,
Chongqing, Shanghai,
Tianjin
note: China considers Taiwan
its 23rd province; see
separate entries for the
special administrative regions
of Hong Kong and Macau
1 October 1949 (People's
Republic of China
established); notable earlier
dates: 221 B.C. (unification
 India
National Republic Day, 26 January (1950)
holiday
Constitution previous 1935
(preindependence); latest draft
completed 4 November 1949,
adopted 26 November 1949,
effective 26 January 1950;
amended many times, last in
2013 (2013)
Legal system common law system based on
the English model; separate
personal law codes apply to
Muslims, Christians, and
Hindus; judicial review of
legislative acts
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal
Executive chief of state: President Pranab
branch MUKHERJEE (since 22 July
2012); Vice President
China
under the Qin Dynasty); 1
January 1912 (Qing Dynasty
replaced by the Republic of
China)
anniversary of the founding
of the People's Republic of
China, 1 October (1949)
several previous; latest
promulgated 4 December
1982; amended several times,
last in 2005 (2005)
civil law influenced by Soviet
and continental European
civil law systems; legislature
retains power to interpret
statutes; note - criminal
procedure law revised in
early 2012
18 years of age; universal
chief of state: President XI
Jinping (since 14 March
2013); Vice President LI
 India
Mohammad Hamid ANSARI
(since 11 August 2007)
head of government: Prime
Minister Narendra MODI (since
26 May 2014)
cabinet: Union Council of
Ministers appointed by the
president on the
recommendation of the prime
minister
elections: president elected by
an electoral college consisting of
elected members of both houses
of Parliament and the
legislatures of the states for a
five-year term (no term limits);
election last held in July 2012
(next to be held in July 2017);
vice president elected by both
houses of Parliament for a five-
year term; election last held in
August 2012 (next to be held in
August 2017); prime minister
chosen by parliamentary
members of the majority party
following legislative elections
election results: Pranab
MUKHERJEE elected president;
percent of vote - Pranab
MUKHERJEE 69.31%, Purno
SANGMA - 30.69%
Legislative bicameral Parliament or Sansad
branch consists of the Council of States
or Rajya Sabha (a body
consisting of 245 seats up to 12
of which are appointed by the
president, the remainder chosen
in staggered elections by the
China
Yuanchao (since 14 March
2013)
head of
government: Premier LI
Keqiang (since 16 March
2013); Executive Vice
Premier ZHANG Gaoli (since
16 March 2013); Vice
Premier LIU Yandong (since
16 March 2013); Vice
Premier MA Kai (since 16
March 2013); Vice Premier
WANG Yang (since 16 March
2013)
cabinet: State Council
appointed by National
People's Congress
elections: president and vice
president elected by National
People's Congress for a five-
year term (eligible for a
second term); election last
held on 5-17 March 2013
(next to be held in March
2018); premier nominated by
president, confirmed by
National People's Congress
election results: XI Jinping
elected president by National
People's Congress with 2,952
votes; LI Yuanchao elected
vice president with 2,940
votes
unicameral National People's
Congress or Quanguo
Renmin Daibiao Dahui
(2,987 seats; members elected
by municipal, regional, and
provincial people's
congresses, and People's
 India
elected members of the state and
territorial assemblies; members
serve six-year terms) and the
People's Assembly or Lok Sabha
(545 seats; 543 members elected
by popular vote, 2 appointed by
the president; members serve
five-year terms)
elections: People's Assembly -
last held April-May 2014 in 9
phases; (next election must be
held by May 2019)
election results: People's
Assembly - percent of vote by
party - NA, ; seats by party - BJP
282, INC 44, AIADMK 37,
AITC 34, BJD 20, SS 18, TDP
16, TRS 11, CPI(M) 9, YSRC 9,
LJP 6, NCP 6, SP 5, AAP 4, RJD
4, SAD 4, independents 3, other
31
Judicial branch highest court(s): Supreme Court
(the chief justice and 25
associate justices); note -
parliament approved an
additional 5 judges in 2008
judge selection and term of
office: justices appointed by the
president to serve until age 65
subordinate courts: High
Courts; District Courts; Labour
Court
note: in mid-2011, Indias
Cabinet approved the "National
Mission for Justice Delivery and
Legal Reform" to eliminate
judicial corruption and reduce
the backlog of cases
China
Liberation Army to serve
five-year terms)
elections: last held in
December 2012-February
2013 (next to be held in late
2017 to early 2018)
election results: percent of
vote - NA; seats - 2,987
note: in practice, only
members of the CCP, its eight
allied parties, and CCP-
approved independent
candidates are elected
highest court(s): Supreme
People's Court (consists of
over 340 judges including the
chief justice, 13 grand
justices organized into a civil
committee and tribunals for
civil, economic,
administrative, complaint and
appeal, and communication
and transportation cases)
judge selection and term of
office: chief justice appointed
by the People's National
Congress; term limited to two
consecutive 5-year terms;
other justices and judges
nominated by the chief justice
and appointed by the
Standing Committee of the
 India China

People's National Congress;

term of other justices and
judges NA
subordinate courts: Higher
People's Courts; Intermediate
People's Courts; District and
County People's Courts;
Autonomous Region People's
Courts; Special People's
Courts for military, maritime,
transportation, and forestry
issues
note - in October 2012, China
issued a white paper on
planned judicial reform

Political Aam Aadmi Party or AAP Chinese Communist Party or

parties and [Arvind KEJRIWAL] CCP [XI Jinping]
leaders All India Anna Dravida eight nominally independent
Munnetra Kazhagam or small parties ultimately
AIADMK [J. controlled by the CCP
JAYALALITHAA]
All India Trinamool Congress or
AITC [Mamata BANERJEE]
Bahujan Samaj Party or BSP
[MAYAWATI]
Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP
[Rajnath SINGH]
Biju Janata Dal or BJD [Naveen
PATNAIK]
Communist Party of India or CPI
[Suravaram Sudhakar REDDY,
Secretary-General]
Communist Party of India-
Marxist or CPI(M) [Prakash
KARAT]
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or
DMK [M.KARUNANIDHI]
Indian National Congress or INC
[Sonia GANDHI]
Janata Dal (United) or JD(U)
 India China

[Sharad YADAV]
Lok Janshakti Party (LJP) [Ram
Vilas PASWAN]
Nationalist Congress Party or
NCP [Sharad PAWAR]
Rashtriya Janata Dal or RJD
[Lalu Prasad YADAV]
Rashtriya Lok Dal or RLD [Ajit
SINGH]
Samajwadi Party or SP
[Mulayam Singh YADAV]
Shiromani Akali Dal or SAD
[Parkash Singh BADAL]
Shiv Sena or SS [Uddhav
THACKERAY]
Telugu Desam Party or TDP
[Chandrababu NAIDU]
Telegana Rashtra Samithi (TRS)
[K. Chandrashekar RAO]
YSR Congress(YSRC)
[Jaganmohan REDDY]

note: India has dozens of

national and regional political
parties

Political All Parties Hurriyat Conference no substantial political

pressure in the Kashmir Valley (separatist opposition groups exist
groups and group)
leaders Bajrang Dal (religious
organization)
India Against Corruption [Anna
HAZARE]
Jamiat Ulema-e Hind (religious
organization)
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
[Mohan BHAGWAT]
(nationalist organization)
Vishwa Hindu Parishad [Ashok
SINGHAL] (religious
organization)
 India
other:
numerous religious or
militant/chauvinistic
organizations
hundreds of social reform, anti-
corruption, and environmental
groups at state and local level
various separatist groups seeking
greater communal and/or
regional autonomy
International ABEDA, ADB, AfDB
organization (nonregional member), ARF,
participation ASEAN (dialogue partner),
BIMSTEC, BIS, BRICS, C, CD,
CERN (observer), CICA, CP,
EAS, FAO, FATF, G-15, G-20,
G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC (national
committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC,
IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU,
ITUC (NGOs), LAS (observer),
MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM,
OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW,
Pacific Alliance (observer),
PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC,
SACEP, SCO (observer), UN,
UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL,
UNISFA, UNITAR, UNMISS,
UNOCI, UNSC (temporary),
UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU
(NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
China
ADB, AfDB (nonregional
member), APEC, ARF,
ASEAN (dialogue partner),
BIS, CDB, CICA, EAS, FAO,
FATF, G-20, G-24 (observer),
G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC (national
committees), ICRM, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM
(observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO,
ITU, LAIA (observer),
MIGA, MINURSO,
MINUSMA, MONUSCO,
NAM (observer), NSG, OAS
(observer), OPCW, Pacific
Alliance (observer), PCA,
PIF (partner), SAARC
(observer), SCO, SICA
(observer), UN, UNAMID,
UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNFICYP, UNHCR,
UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA,
UNMIL, UNMISS, UNMIT,
UNOCI, UNSC (permanent),
UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU,
WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
 India
Diplomatic chief of mission: Ambassador
representation Subrahmanyam JAISHANKAR
in the US (since 10 March 2014)
chancery: 2107 Massachusetts
Avenue NW, Washington, DC
20008; note - Consular Wing
located at 2536 Massachusetts
Avenue NW, Washington, DC
20008
telephone: [1] (202) 939-7000
FAX: [1] (202) 265-4351
consulate(s) general: Atlanta,
Chicago, Houston, New York,
San Francisco
Diplomatic chief of mission: Ambassador
representation Nancy J. POWELL (since 19
from the US April 2012)
embassy: Shantipath,
Chanakyapuri, New Delhi
110021
mailing address: use embassy
street address
telephone: [91] (11) 2419-8000
FAX: [91] (11) 2419-0017
consulate(s) general: Chennai
(Madras), Hyderabad; Kolkata
(Calcutta), Mumbai (Bombay)
Flag three equal horizontal bands of
description saffron (subdued orange) (top),
white, and green, with a blue
China
WTO, ZC
chief of
mission: Ambassador CUI
Tiankai (since 3 April 2013)
chancery: 3505 International
Place NW, Washington, DC
20008
telephone: [1] (202) 495-
2266
FAX: [1] (202) 495-2138
consulate(s)
general: Chicago, Houston,
Los Angeles, New York, San
Francisco
chief of
mission: Ambassador Max
Sieben BAUCUS (since 21
February 2014)
embassy: 55 An Jia Lou Lu,
100600 Beijing
mailing address: PSC 461,
Box 50, FPO AP 96521-0002
telephone: [86] (10) 8531-
3000
FAX: [86] (10) 8531-3300
consulate(s)
general: Chengdu,
Guangzhou, Shanghai,
Shenyang, Wuhan
red with a large yellow five-
pointed star and four smaller
yellow five-pointed stars
 India
chakra (24-spoked wheel)
centered in the white band;
saffron represents courage,
sacrifice, and the spirit of
renunciation; white signifies
purity and truth; green stands for
faith and fertility; the blue
chakra symbolizes the wheel of
life in movement and death in
stagnation
note: similar to the flag of Niger,
which has a small orange disk
centered in the white band
National name: "Jana-Gana-Mana" (Thou
anthem Art the Ruler of the Minds of All
People)
lyrics/music: Rabindranath
TAGORE
note: adopted 1950;
Rabindranath TAGORE, a Nobel
laureate, also wrote Bangladesh's
national anthem
International accepts compulsory ICJ
law jurisdiction with reservations;
organization non-party state to the ICCt
participation
Economy
China
(arranged in a vertical arc
toward the middle of the flag)
in the upper hoist-side corner;
the color red represents
revolution, while the stars
symbolize the four social
classes - the working class,
the peasantry, the urban petty
bourgeoisie, and the national
bourgeoisie (capitalists) -
united under the Communist
Party of China
name: "Yiyongjun
Jinxingqu" (The March of the
Volunteers)
lyrics/music: TIAN Han/NIE
Er
note: adopted 1949; the
anthem, though banned
during the Cultural
Revolution, is more
commonly known as
"Zhongguo Guoge" (Chinese
National Song); it was
originally the theme song to
the 1935 Chinese movie,
"Sons and Daughters in a
Time of Storm"
has not submitted an ICJ
jurisdiction declaration; non-
party state to the ICCt
 India
Economy - India is developing into an
overview open-market economy, yet
traces of its past autarkic
policies remain. Economic
liberalization measures,
including industrial
deregulation, privatization of
state-owned enterprises, and
reduced controls on foreign
trade and investment, began in
the early 1990s and served to
accelerate the country's
growth, which averaged under
7% per year from 1997 to
2011. India's diverse economy
encompasses traditional
village farming, modern
agriculture, handicrafts, a wide
range of modern industries,
and a multitude of services.
Slightly less than half of the
work force is in agriculture,
but, services are the major
source of economic growth,
accounting for nearly two-
thirds of India's output with
less than one-third of its labor
force. India has capitalized on
its large educated English-
speaking population to
become a major exporter of
information technology
services, business outsourcing
services, and software
workers. India's economic
growth began slowing in 2011
because of a decline in
investment, caused by high
interest rates, rising inflation,
and investor pessimism about
the government's commitment
to further economic reforms
and about the global situation.
In late 2012, the Indian
China
Since the late 1970s China has
moved from a closed, centrally
planned system to a more
market-oriented one that plays
a major global role - in 2010
China became the world's
largest exporter. Reforms
began with the phasing out of
collectivized agriculture, and
expanded to include the
gradual liberalization of
prices, fiscal decentralization,
increased autonomy for state
enterprises, growth of the
private sector, development of
stock markets and a modern
banking system, and opening
to foreign trade and
investment. China has
implemented reforms in a
gradualist fashion. In recent
years, China has renewed its
support for state-owned
enterprises in sectors
considered important to
"economic security," explicitly
looking to foster globally
competitive industries. After
keeping its currency tightly
linked to the US dollar for
years, in July 2005 China
moved to an exchange rate
system that references a basket
of currencies. From mid 2005
to late 2008 cumulative
appreciation of the renminbi
against the US dollar was
more than 20%, but the
exchange rate remained
virtually pegged to the dollar
from the onset of the global
financial crisis until June
2010, when Beijing allowed
resumption of a gradual
 India
Government announced
additional reforms and deficit
reduction measures, including
allowing higher levels of
foreign participation in direct
investment in the economy.
The outlook for India's long-
term growth is moderately
positive due to a young
population and corresponding
low dependency ratio, healthy
savings and investment rates,
and increasing integration into
the global economy. However,
India has many challenges that
it has yet to fully address,
including poverty, corruption,
violence and discrimination
against women and girls, an
inefficient power generation
and distribution system,
ineffective enforcement of
intellectual property rights,
decades-long civil litigation
dockets, inadequate transport
and agricultural infrastructure,
limited non-agricultural
employment opportunities,
high spending and poorly-
targeted subsidies, inadequate
availability of quality basic
and higher education, and
accommodating rural-to-urban
migration. Growth in 2013 fell
to a decade low, as India's
economic leaders struggled to
improve the country's wide
fiscal and current account
deficits. Rising
macroeconomic imbalances in
India and improving economic
conditions in Western
countries, led investors to shift
capital away from India,
China
appreciation and expanded the
daily trading band within
which the RMB is permitted to
fluctuate. The restructuring of
the economy and resulting
efficiency gains have
contributed to a more than
tenfold increase in GDP since
1978. Measured on a
purchasing power parity (PPP)
basis that adjusts for price
differences, China in 2013
stood as the second-largest
economy in the world after the
US, having surpassed Japan in
2001. The dollar values of
China's agricultural and
industrial output each exceed
those of the US; China is
second to the US in the value
of services it produces. Still,
per capita income is below the
world average. The Chinese
government faces numerous
economic challenges,
including: (a) reducing its high
domestic savings rate and
correspondingly low domestic
consumption; (b) facilitating
higher-wage job opportunities
for the aspiring middle class,
including rural migrants and
increasing numbers of college
graduates; (c) reducing
corruption and other economic
crimes; and (d) containing
environmental damage and
social strife related to the
economy's rapid
transformation. Economic
development has progressed
further in coastal provinces
than in the interior, and by
2011 more than 250 million
 India
prompting a sharp
depreciation of the rupee.
However, investors'
perceptions of India improved
in early 2014, due to a
reduction of the current
account deficit and
expectations of post-election
economic reform, resulting in
a surge of inbound capital
flows and stabilization of the
rupee.
China
migrant workers and their
dependents had relocated to
urban areas to find work. One
consequence of population
control policy is that China is
now one of the most rapidly
aging countries in the world.
Deterioration in the
environment - notably air
pollution, soil erosion, and the
steady fall of the water table,
especially in the North - is
another long-term problem.
China continues to lose arable
land because of erosion and
economic development. The
Chinese government is seeking
to add energy production
capacity from sources other
than coal and oil, focusing on
nuclear and alternative energy
development. Several factors
are converging to slow China's
growth, including debt
overhang from its credit-fueled
stimulus program, industrial
overcapacity, inefficient
allocation of capital by state-
owned banks, and the slow
recovery of China's trading
partners. The government's
12th Five-Year Plan, adopted
in March 2011 and reiterated
at the Communist Party's
"Third Plenum" meeting in
November 2013, emphasizes
continued economic reforms
and the need to increase
domestic consumption in order
to make the economy less
dependent in the future on
fixed investments, exports, and
heavy industry. However,
China has made only marginal
 India China

progress toward these

rebalancing goals. The new
government of President XI
Jinping has signaled a greater
willingness to undertake
reforms that focus on China's
long-term economic health,
including giving the market a
more decisive role in
allocating resources.

GDP $4.99 trillion (2013 est.) $13.39 trillion (2013 est.)

(purchasing $4.833 trillion (2012 est.) $12.43 trillion (2012 est.)
power parity) $4.63 trillion (2011 est.) $11.54 trillion (2011 est.)
note: data are in 2013 US note: data are in 2013 US
dollars dollars

GDP - real 3.2% (2013 est.) 7.7% (2013 est.)

growth rate 5.1% (2012 est.) 7.7% (2012 est.)
7.5% (2011 est.) 9.3% (2011 est.)

GDP - per $4,000 (2013 est.) $9,800 (2013 est.)

capita (PPP) $3,900 (2012 est.) $9,100 (2012 est.)
$3,800 (2011 est.) $8,300 (2011 est.)
note: data are in 2013 US note: data are in 2013 US
dollars dollars

GDP - agriculture: 17.4% agriculture: 10%

composition by industry: 25.8% industry: 43.9%
sector services: 56.9% (2013 est.) services: 46.1%
(2013 est.)
 India China

Population 29.8% (2010 est.) 6.1%

below poverty note: in 2011, China set a new
line poverty line at RMB 2300
(approximately US $3,630)
(2013)

Household lowest 10%: 3.6% lowest 10%: 1.7%

income or highest 10%: 31.1% (2005) highest 10%: 30%
consumption by note: data are for urban
percentage households only (2009)
share

Inflation rate 9.6% (2013 est.) 2.6% (2013 est.)

(consumer 9.7% (2012 est.) 2.6% (2012 est.)
prices)

Labor force 487.3 million (2013 est.) 797.6 million

note: by the end of 2012,
China's population at working
age (15-64 years) was 1.0040
billion (2013 est.)

Labor force - by agriculture: 49% agriculture: 33.6%

occupation industry: 20% industry: 30.3%
services: 31% (2012 est.) services: 36.1%
(2012 est.)

Unemployment 8.8% (2013 est.) 4.1% (2013 est.)

rate 8.5% (2012 est.) 4.1% (2012 est.)
note: data are for registered
 India China

urban unemployment, which

excludes private enterprises
and migrants

Distribution of 36.8 (2004) 47.3 (2013)

family income - 37.8 (1997) 47.4 (2012)
Gini index

Budget revenues: $181.3 billion revenues: $2.118 trillion

expenditures: $281.6 billion expenditures: $2.292 trillion
(2013 est.) (2013 est.)

Industries textiles, chemicals, food world leader in gross value of

processing, steel,
transportation equipment,
cement, mining, petroleum,
machinery, software,
pharmaceuticals
industrial output; mining and
ore processing, iron, steel,
aluminum, and other metals,
coal; machine building;
armaments; textiles and
apparel; petroleum; cement;
chemicals; fertilizers;
consumer products (including
footwear, toys, and
electronics); food processing;
transportation equipment,
including automobiles, rail
cars and locomotives, ships,
aircraft; telecommunications
equipment, commercial space
launch vehicles, satellites
 India China

Industrial 0.9% (2013 est.) 7.6% (2013 est.)

production
growth rate

Agriculture - rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, world leader in gross value of

products jute, tea, sugarcane, lentils, agricultural output; rice,
onions, potatoes; dairy wheat, potatoes, corn, peanuts,
products, sheep, goats, tea, millet, barley, apples,
poultry; fish cotton, oilseed; pork; fish

Exports $313.2 billion (2013 est.) $2.21 trillion (2013 est.)

$296.8 billion (2012 est.) $2.049 trillion (2012 est.)

Exports - petroleum products, precious electrical and other machinery,

commodities stones, machinery, iron and including data processing
steel, chemicals, vehicles, equipment, apparel, radio
apparel telephone handsets, textiles,
integrated circuits

Exports - UAE 12.3%, US 12.2%, China Hong Kong 17.4%, US 16.7%,

partners 5%, Singapore 4.9%, Hong Japan 6.8%, South Korea 4.1%
Kong 4.1% (2012) (2013 est.)

Imports $467.5 billion (2013 est.) $1.95 trillion (2013 est.)

$488.9 billion (2012 est.) $1.818 trillion (2012 est.)

Imports - crude oil, precious stones, electrical and other machinery,

 India China

commodities machinery, fertilizer, iron and oil and mineral fuels; nuclear
steel, chemicals reactor, boiler, and machinery
components; optical and
medical equipment, metal
ores, motor vehicles; soybeans

Imports - China 10.7%, UAE 7.8%, South Korea 9.4%, Japan

partners Saudi Arabia 6.8%, 8.3%, Taiwan 8%, United
Switzerland 6.2%, US 5.1% States 7.8%, Australia 5%,
(2012) Germany 4.8% (2013 est.)

Debt - external $412.2 billion (31 December $863.2 billion (31 December
2013 est.) 2013 est.)
$378.9 billion (31 December $737 billion (31 December
2012 est.) 2012 est.)

Exchange rates Indian rupees (INR) per US Renminbi yuan (RMB) per US
dollar - dollar -
58.68 (2013 est.) 6.2 (2013 est.)
53.437 (2012 est.) 6.3123 (2012 est.)
45.726 (2010 est.) 6.7703 (2010 est.)
48.405 (2009) 6.8314 (2009)
43.319 (2008) 6.9385 (2008)

Fiscal year 1 April - 31 March calendar year

Public debt 51.8% of GDP (2013 est.) 22.4% of GDP (2013 est.)
51.7% of GDP (2012 est.) 26.1% of GDP (2012)
note: data cover central note: official data; data cover
government debt, and exclude both central government debt
 India
debt instruments issued (or
owned) by government entities
other than the treasury; the
data include treasury debt held
by foreign entities; the data
exclude debt issued by
subnational entities, as well as
intra-governmental debt; intra-
governmental debt consists of
treasury borrowings from
surpluses in the social funds,
such as for retirement, medical
care, and unemployment; debt
instruments for the social
funds are not sold at public
auctions
Reserves of $295 billion (31 December
foreign 2013 est.)
exchange and $296 billion (28 December
gold 2012 est.)
Current Account -$74.79 billion (2013 est.)
Balance -$91.47 billion (2012 est.)
GDP (official $1.67 trillion (2013 est.)
exchange rate)
China
and local government debt,
which China's National Audit
Office estimated at RMB
10.72 trillion (approximately
US$1.66 trillion) in 2011; data
exclude policy bank bonds,
Ministry of Railway debt,
China Asset Management
Company debt, and non-
performing loans
$3.821 trillion (31 December
2013 est.)
$3.388 trillion (31 December
2012 est.)
$182.8 billion (2013 est.)
$215.4 billion (2012 est.)
$9.33 trillion
note: because China's
exchange rate is determine by
fiat, rather than by market
forces, the official exchange
rate measure of GDP is not an
accurate measure of China's
output; GDP at the official
exchange rate substantially
understates the actual level of
China's output vis-a-vis the
 India China

rest of the world; in China's

situation, GDP at purchasing
power parity provides the best
measure for comparing output
across countries (2013 est.)

Stock of direct $310 billion (30 November $1.344 trillion (31 December
foreign 2013 est.) 2012 est.)
investment - at $225.1 billion (31 December $1.232 trillion (31 December
home 2012 est.) 2011 est.)

Stock of direct $120.1 billion (31 December $541 billion (31 December
foreign 2013 est.) 2013 est.)
investment - $118.1 billion (31 December $531.9 billion (31 December
abroad 2012 est.) 2012 est.)

Market value of $1.263 trillion (31 December $6.499 trillion (31 December
publicly traded 2012 est.) 2013 est.)
shares $1.015 trillion (31 December $5.753 trillion (31 December
2011) 2012)
$1.616 trillion (31 December $3.389 trillion (31 December
2010 est.) 2011 est.)

Central bank 7.75% (31 December 2013 2.25% (31 December 2013
discount rate est.) est.)
8% (31 December 2010 est.) 2.25% (31 December 2012
note: this is the Indian central est.)
bank's policy rate - the
repurchase rate
 India China

Commercial 10.6% (31 December 2013 5.73% (31 December 2013

bank prime est.) est.)
lending rate 10.63% (31 December 2012 6% (31 December 2012 est.)
est.)

Stock of $1.379 trillion (31 December $11.79 trillion (31 December

domestic credit 2013 est.) 2013 est.)
$1.401 trillion (31 December $10.02 trillion (31 December
2012 est.) 2012 est.)

Stock of narrow $303.1 billion (31 December $5.532 trillion (31 December
money 2013 est.) 2013 est.)
$317.4 billion (31 December $4.911 trillion (31 December
2012 est.) 2012 est.)

Stock of broad $1.376 trillion (31 December $18.15 trillion (31 December
money 2013 est.) 2013 est.)
$1.396 trillion (31 December $15.5 trillion (31 December
2012 est.) 2012 est.)

Taxes and other 10.3% of GDP (2013 est.) 19.4% of GDP (2013 est.)
revenues

Budget surplus -5.7% of GDP (2013 est.) -2.1% of GDP (2013 est.)
(+) or deficit (-)

GDP - household household

 India China

composition, by consumption: 56.4% consumption: 36.3%

end use government government
consumption: 12.4% consumption: 13.7%
investment in fixed investment in fixed
capital: 29.6% capital: 46%
investment in investment in
inventories: 8.2% inventories: 1.2%
exports of goods and exports of goods and
services: 25.2% services: 25.1%
imports of goods and imports of goods and
services: -31.8% services: -22.2%
(2013 est.) (2013 est.)

Gross national 33.7% of GDP (2013 est.) 50% of GDP (2013 est.)
saving 28.8% of GDP (2012 est.) 51.2% of GDP (2012 est.)
30.3% of GDP (2011 est.) 50.1% of GDP (2011 est.)

Energy

India China

Electricity - production 871 billion kWh 5.398 trillion kWh

(FY11/12 est.) (2013)

Electricity - consumption 698.8 billion kWh 5.322 trillion kWh

(2010 est.) (2013)

Electricity - exports 62 million kWh (2011 18.67 billion kWh

est.) (2013)
 India China

Electricity - imports 5.7 billion kWh (2011 7.438 billion kWh

est.) (2013)

Oil - production 990,200 bbl/day (2012 4.197 million bbl/day

est.) (2013 est.)

Oil - imports 3.272 million bbl/day 5.664 million bbl/day

(2010 est.) (2013 est.)

Oil - exports 0 bbl/day (2010 est.) 33,000 bbl/day (2013

est.)

Oil - proved reserves 5.476 billion bbl (1 17.3 billion bbl (1

January 2013 est.) January 2013 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves 1.241 trillion cu m (1 3.1 trillion cu m (1

January 2013 est.) January 2013 est.)

Natural gas - production 40.38 billion cu m 117.1 billion cu m

(2012 est.) (2013 est.)

Natural gas - consumption 64.49 billion cu m 150 billion cu m

(2010 est.) (2013 est.)
 India China

Natural gas - exports 0 cu m (2011 est.) 2.4 billion cu m

(2013 est.)

Natural gas - imports 16.39 billion cu m 53 billion cu m (2013

(2011 est.) est.)

Electricity - installed generating 199.9 million kW (31 1.247 billion kW

capacity March 2012 est) (2013 est.)

Refined petroleum products - 4.216 million bbl/day 9.371 million bbl/day

production (2010 est.) (2012 est.)

Refined petroleum products - 3.292 million bbl/day 9.79 million bbl/day

consumption (2011 est.) (2011 est.)

Refined petroleum products - 1.247 million bbl/day 664,000 bbl/day

exports (2010 est.) (2013 est.)

Refined petroleum products - 379,600 bbl/day (2010 922,000 bbl/day

imports est.) (2013 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from 1.726 billion Mt (2011 10 billion Mt (2013

consumption of energy est.) est.)
Telecommunications
India
Telephones 31.08 million (2012)
- main lines
in use
Telephones 893.862 million (2013)
- mobile
cellular
Telephone general assessment: supported
system by recent deregulation and
liberalization of
telecommunications laws and
policies, India has emerged as
one of the fastest growing
telecom markets in the world;
total telephone subscribership
base exceeded 900 million in
2011, an overall teledensity of
roughly 75%, and
subscribership is currently
growing more than 20 million
per month; urban teledensity
now exceeds 100% and rural
teledensity is steadily growing
domestic: mobile cellular
service introduced in 1994 and
organized nationwide into four
metropolitan areas and 19
telecom circles each with
multiple private service
providers and one or more
state-owned service providers;
in recent years significant trunk
capacity added in the form of
fiber-optic cable and one of the
world's largest domestic
China
278.86 million (2012)
1.1 billion (2012)
general assessment: domestic
and international services are
increasingly available for private
use; unevenly distributed
domestic system serves principal
cities, industrial centers, and many
towns; China continues to develop
its telecommunications
infrastructure; China in the
summer of 2008 began a major
restructuring of its
telecommunications industry,
resulting in the consolidation of
its six telecom service operators to
three, China Telecom, China
Mobile and China Unicom, each
providing both fixed-line and
mobile services
domestic: interprovincial fiber-
optic trunk lines and cellular
telephone systems have been
installed; mobile-cellular
subscribership is increasing
rapidly; the number of Internet
users exceeded 564 million by the
end of 2012; a domestic satellite
system with several earth stations
is in place
 India China

satellite systems, the Indian international: country code - 86;

National Satellite system a number of submarine cables
(INSAT), with 6 satellites provide connectivity to Asia, the
supporting 33,000 very small Middle East, Europe, and the US;
aperture terminals (VSAT) satellite earth stations - 7 (5
international: country code - Intelsat - 4 Pacific Ocean and 1
91; a number of major Indian Ocean; 1 Intersputnik -
international submarine cable Indian Ocean region; and 1
systems, including Sea-Me-We- Inmarsat - Pacific and Indian
3 with landing sites at Cochin Ocean regions) (2012)
and Mumbai (Bombay), Sea-
Me-We-4 with a landing site at
Chennai, Fiber-Optic Link
Around the Globe (FLAG) with
a landing site at Mumbai
(Bombay), South Africa - Far
East (SAFE) with a landing site
at Cochin, the i2i cable network
linking to Singapore with
landing sites at Mumbai
(Bombay) and Chennai
(Madras), and Tata Indicom
linking Singapore and Chennai
(Madras), provide a significant
increase in the bandwidth
available for both voice and
data traffic; satellite earth
stations - 8 Intelsat (Indian
Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Indian
Ocean region); 9 gateway
exchanges operating from
Mumbai (Bombay), New Delhi,
Kolkata (Calcutta), Chennai
(Madras), Jalandhar, Kanpur,
Gandhinagar, Hyderabad, and
Ernakulam (2011)

Internet .in .cn

country
code
 India
Internet 61.338 million (2009)
users
Internet 6.746 million (2012)
hosts
Broadcast Doordarshan, India's public TV
media network, operates about 20
national, regional, and local
services; a large and increasing
number of privately owned TV
stations are distributed by cable
and satellite service providers;
by 2011, more than 100 million
homes had access to cable and
satellite TV offering more than
700 TV channels; government
controls AM radio with All
India Radio operating domestic
and external networks; news
broadcasts via radio are limited
to the All India Radio Network;
since 2000, privately-owned
FM stations have been
permitted and their numbers
have increased rapidly (2007)
Transportation
India
Railways total: 63,974 km
broad gauge: 54,257 km
China
389 million (2009)
20.602 million (2012)
all broadcast media are owned by,
or affiliated with, the Communist
Party of China or a government
agency; no privately owned TV or
radio stations; state-run Chinese
Central TV, provincial, and
municipal stations offer more than
2,000 channels; the Central
Propaganda Department lists
subjects that are off limits to
domestic broadcast media with the
government maintaining authority
to approve all programming;
foreign-made TV programs must
be approved prior to broadcast
China
total: 86,000 km
standard gauge: 86,000 km 1.435-
 India
1.676-m gauge (18,927 km
electrified)
narrow gauge: 7,180 km
1.000-m gauge; 2,537 km
0.762-m gauge and 0.610-m
gauge (2009)
Roadways total: 4,689,842 km
note: includes 79,116 km of
national highways and
expressways, 155,716 km of
state highways, and
4,455,010 km of other roads
(2013)
Waterways 14,500 km (5,200 km on
major rivers and 485 km on
canals suitable for
mechanized vessels) (2012)
Pipelines condensate/gas 9 km; gas
13,581 km; liquid petroleum
gas 2,054 km; oil 8,943 km;
oil/gas/water 20 km; refined
products 11,069 km (2013)
Ports and major seaport(s): Chennai,
terminals Jawaharal Nehru Port,
Kandla, Kolkata (Calcutta),
Mumbai (Bombay), Sikka,
Vishakhapatnam
container port(s)
(TEUs): Chennai
China
m gauge (36,000 km electrified)
(2008)
total: 4,106,387 km
paved: 3,453,890 km (includes
84,946 km of expressways)
unpaved: 652,497 km (2011)
110,000 km (navigable waterways)
(2011)
condensate 9 km; gas 48,502 km; oil
23,072 km; oil/gas/water 31 km;
refined products 15,298 km; water 9
km (2013)
major seaport(s): Dalian, Ningbo,
Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai,
Shenzhen, Tianjin
river port(s): Guangzhou (Pearl)
container port(s) (TEUs): Dalian
(6,400,300), Guangzhou
(14,260,400), Ningbo (14,719,200),
 India
(1,558,343), Jawaharal
Nehru Port (4,307,622)
LNG terminal(s)
(import): Dahej, Hazira
Merchant total: 340
marine by type: bulk carrier 104,
cargo 78, chemical tanker 22,
container 14, liquefied gas
11, passenger 4,
passenger/cargo 15,
petroleum tanker 92
foreign-owned: 10 (China 1,
Hong Kong 2, Jersey 2,
Malaysia 1, UAE 4)
registered in other
countries: 76 (Cyprus 4,
Dominica 2, Liberia 8, Malta
3, Marshall Islands 10,
Nigeria 1, Panama 24, Saint
Kitts and Nevis 2, Singapore
21, unknown 1) (2010)
Airports 346 (2013)
Airports - total: 253
China
Qingdao (13,020,100), Shanghai
(31,739,000), Shenzhen
(22,570,800), Tianjin (11,587,600)
(2011)
LNG terminal(s) (import): Putian,
Shanghai, Shenzhen
total: 2,030
by type: barge carrier 7, bulk carrier
621, cargo 566, carrier 10, chemical
tanker 140, container 206, liquefied
gas 60, passenger 9, passenger/cargo
81, petroleum tanker 264,
refrigerated cargo 33, roll on/roll off
8, specialized tanker 2, vehicle
carrier 23
foreign-owned: 22 (Hong Kong 18,
Indonesia 2, Japan 2)
registered in other
countries: 1,559 (Bangladesh 1,
Belize 61, Cambodia 177, Comoros
1, Cyprus 6, Georgia 10, Honduras
2, Hong Kong 500, India 1,
Indonesia 1, Kiribati 26, Liberia 4,
Malta 6, Marshall Islands 14, North
Korea 3, Panama 534, Philippines 4,
Saint Kitts and Nevis 1, Saint
Vincent and the Grenadines 65, Sao
Tome and Principe 1, Sierra Leone
19, Singapore 29, South Korea 6,
Thailand 1, Togo 1, Tuvalu 4, UK 7,
Vanuatu 1, unknown 73) (2010)
507 (2013)
total: 463
 India China

with paved over 3,047 m: 22 over 3,047 m: 71

runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 59 2,438 to 3,047 m: 158
1,524 to 2,437 m: 76 1,524 to 2,437 m: 123
914 to 1,523 m: 82 914 to 1,523 m: 25
under 914 m: 14 (2013) under 914 m: 86 (2013)

Airports - total: 93 total: 44

with over 3,047 m: 1 over 3,047 m: 4
unpaved 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
914 to 1,523 m: 38 914 to 1,523 m: 9
under 914 m: under 914 m:
45 (2013) 18 (2013)

Heliports 45 (2013) 47 (2013)

Military

India China

Military Army; Navy (includes People's Liberation Army (PLA):

branches naval air arm); Air Force;
Coast Guard (2011)
Ground Forces, Navy (PLAN;
includes marines and naval
aviation), Air Force (Zhongguo
Renmin Jiefangjun Kongjun,
PLAAF; includes Airborne
Forces), and Second Artillery
Corps (strategic missile force);
People's Armed Police (Renmin
Wuzhuang Jingcha Budui, PAP);
PLA Reserve Force (2012)
 India China

Military 16-18 years of age for
service age voluntary military service
and obligation (Army 17 1/2, Air Force 17,
Navy 16 1/2); no
conscription; women may
join as officers, but for
noncombat roles only
(2012)
18-24 years of age for selective
compulsory military service, with a
2-year service obligation; no
minimum age for voluntary service
(all officers are volunteers); 18-19
years of age for women high
school graduates who meet
requirements for specific military
jobs; a recent military decision
allows women in combat roles; the
first class of women warship
commanders was in 2011 (2012)

Manpower males age 16- males age 16-49: 385,821,101

available for 49: 319,129,420 females age 16-49: 363,789,674
military females age 16- (2010 est.)
service 49: 296,071,637 (2010 est.)

Manpower fit males age 16- males age 16-49: 318,265,016

for military 49: 249,531,562 females age 16-49: 300,323,611
service females age 16- (2010 est.)
49: 240,039,958 (2010 est.)

Manpower male: 12,151,065 male: 10,406,544

reaching female: 10,745,891 (2010 female: 9,131,990 (2010 est.)
militarily est.)
significant age
annually
 India
Military 2.43% of GDP (2012)
expenditures - 2.58% of GDP (2011)
percent of 2.43% of GDP (2010)
GDP
Transnational Issues
India
Disputes - since China and India launched
international a security and foreign policy
dialogue in 2005, consolidated
discussions related to the
dispute over most of their
rugged, militarized boundary,
regional nuclear proliferation,
Indian claims that China
transferred missiles to
Pakistan, and other matters
continue; Kashmir remains the
site of the world's largest and
most militarized territorial
dispute with portions under the
de facto administration of
China (Aksai Chin), India
(Jammu and Kashmir), and
Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and
Northern Areas); India and
Pakistan resumed bilateral
dialogue in February 2011 after
a two-year hiatus, have
maintained the 2003 cease-fire
in Kashmir, and continue to
have disputes over water
sharing of the Indus River and
its tributaries; UN Military
Observer Group in India and
Pakistan has maintained a
small group of peacekeepers
China
1.99% of GDP (2012)
2% of GDP (2011)
1.99% of GDP (2010)
China
continuing talks and confidence-
building measures work toward
reducing tensions over Kashmir
that nonetheless remains
militarized with portions under
the de facto administration of
China (Aksai Chin), India
(Jammu and Kashmir), and
Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and
Northern Areas); India does not
recognize Pakistan's ceding
historic Kashmir lands to China
in 1964; China and India
continue their security and
foreign policy dialogue started in
2005 related to the dispute over
most of their rugged, militarized
boundary, regional nuclear
proliferation, and other matters;
China claims most of India's
Arunachal Pradesh to the base of
the Himalayas; lacking any
treaty describing the boundary,
Bhutan and China continue
negotiations to establish a
common boundary alignment to
resolve territorial disputes
arising from substantial
cartographic discrepancies, the
largest of which lie in Bhutan's
 India
since 1949; India does not
recognize Pakistan's ceding
historic Kashmir lands to
China in 1964; to defuse
tensions and prepare for
discussions on a maritime
boundary, India and Pakistan
seek technical resolution of the
disputed boundary in Sir Creek
estuary at the mouth of the
Rann of Kutch in the Arabian
Sea; Pakistani maps continue
to show its Junagadh claim in
Indian Gujarat State; Prime
Minister Singh's September
2011 visit to Bangladesh
resulted in the signing of a
Protocol to the 1974 Land
Boundary Agreement between
India and Bangladesh, which
had called for the settlement of
longstanding boundary
disputes over undemarcated
areas and the exchange of
territorial enclaves, but which
had never been implemented;
Bangladesh referred its
maritime boundary claims with
Burma and India to the
International Tribunal on the
Law of the Sea; Joint Border
Committee with Nepal
continues to examine contested
boundary sections, including
the 400 sq km dispute over the
source of the Kalapani River;
India maintains a strict border
regime to keep out Maoist
insurgents and control illegal
cross-border activities from
Nepal
China
northwest and along the Chumbi
salient; Burmese forces
attempting to dig in to the
largely autonomous Shan State
to rout local militias tied to the
drug trade, prompts local
residents to periodically flee into
neighboring Yunnan Province in
China; Chinese maps show an
international boundary symbol
off the coasts of the littoral states
of the South China Seas, where
China has interrupted
Vietnamese hydrocarbon
exploration; China asserts
sovereignty over Scarborough
Reef along with the Philippines
and Taiwan, and over the Spratly
Islands together with Malaysia,
the Philippines, Taiwan,
Vietnam, and Brunei; the 2002
Declaration on the Conduct of
Parties in the South China Sea
eased tensions in the Spratlys but
is not the legally binding code of
conduct sought by some parties;
Vietnam and China continue to
expand construction of facilities
in the Spratlys and in March
2005, the national oil companies
of China, the Philippines, and
Vietnam signed a joint accord on
marine seismic activities in the
Spratly Islands; China occupies
some of the Paracel Islands also
claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan;
China and Taiwan continue to
reject both Japan's claims to the
uninhabited islands of Senkaku-
shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's
unilaterally declared
equidistance line in the East
China Sea, the site of intensive
hydrocarbon exploration and
 India China

exploitation; certain islands in

the Yalu and Tumen rivers are in
dispute with North Korea; North
Korea and China seek to stem
illegal migration to China by
North Koreans, fleeing
privations and oppression, by
building a fence along portions
of the border and imprisoning
North Koreans deported by
China; China and Russia have
demarcated the once disputed
islands at the Amur and Ussuri
confluence and in the Argun
River in accordance with their
2004 Agreement; China and
Tajikistan have begun
demarcating the revised
boundary agreed to in the
delimitation of 2002; the decade-
long demarcation of the China-
Vietnam land boundary was
completed in 2009; citing
environmental, cultural, and
social concerns, China has
reconsidered construction of 13
dams on the Salween River, but
energy-starved Burma, with
backing from Thailand, remains
intent on building five hydro-
electric dams downstream
despite regional and
international protests; Chinese
and Hong Kong authorities met
in March 2008 to resolve
ownership and use of lands
recovered in Shenzhen River
channelization, including 96-
hectare Lok Ma Chau Loop;

Illicit drugs world's largest producer of licit major transshipment point for
 India
opium for the pharmaceutical
trade, but an undetermined
quantity of opium is diverted to
illicit international drug
markets; transit point for illicit
narcotics produced in
neighboring countries and
throughout Southwest Asia;
illicit producer of
methaqualone; vulnerable to
narcotics money laundering
through the hawala system;
licit ketamine and precursor
production
Refugees and refugees (country of
internally origin): 100,003 (Tibet/China);
displaced 65,674 (Sri Lanka); 11,122
persons (Burma); 10,328 (Afghanistan)
(2013)
IDPs: at least 531,000 (about
250,000 are Kashmiri Pandits
from Jammu and Kashmir)
(2014)
Source: CIA Factbook
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China
heroin produced in the Golden
Triangle region of Southeast
Asia; growing domestic
consumption of synthetic drugs,
and heroin from Southeast and
Southwest Asia; source country
for methamphetamine and heroin
chemical precursors, despite new
regulations on its large chemical
industry (2008)
refugees (country of
origin): estimated 30,000-
50,000 (North Korea) (2012);
300,896 (Vietnam) (2013)
IDPs: 90,000 (2010)