Principles of VLSI Design Basics CMPE 414

MOS: Metal-Oxide-Silicon

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Principles of VLSI Design Basics CMPE 414

An nMOS transistor

Rs Rd VDS
VGS
IDS
IDS
GND W
Source Gate Drain
L
Thin Oxide

Source n-channel Drain

n+ p-substrate n+ GND

diffusion
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Principles of VLSI Design Basics CMPE 414

Inverter Cross-section
p-substrate contact m1-m2 contact p-diffusion contact
(source)
m2 (Out) m1
n-substrate contact
n-diffusion contact
(source)
glass
GND VDD
layer #3
layer #2
layer #1
p+ n+ n+ p+ p+ n+
(drains) n-well

p substrate

n-transistor polysilicon gate p-transistor

(In)
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3 (Sept. 6, 2000)
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Principles of VLSI Design Basics CMPE 414

MOS Transistors as Switches

1 0
*** Strong *** Weak
0 0
1 nMOS 0 pMOS

Weak *** Strong ***

1 1
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4 (Sept. 6, 2000)
1966
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Principles of VLSI Design Basics CMPE 414

MOS Transistor Switches


A Vdd

P1 N1 BAD IDEA

Out

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5 (Sept. 6, 2000)
1966
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Principles of VLSI Design Basics CMPE 414

MOS Transistor Switches

source 0 drain source 1 drain

Z Z

nMOS pMOS

A One pMOS and one nMOS in parallel.

P1 Note that neither transistor is connected

In Out to VDD or GND.

N1 A and A control the transmission of a

signal on In to Out.
A

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6 (Sept. 6, 2000)
1966
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Principles of VLSI Design Basics CMPE 414

The CMOS Inverter

Vdd A O
P1
A Out
A O
N1 0 1
1 0
CMOS Inverter

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7 (Sept. 6, 2000)
1966
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Principles of VLSI Design Basics CMPE 414

NAND and NOR CMOS Gates

Vdd
A B C
A
A P1 B C
P2 B 0 0 1
Out 0 1 1
N2
1 0 1

N1 1 1 0

Vdd
A A B C
P1 A
C
B 0 0 1
P2 B
Out 0 1 0
1 0 0
N1 N2
1 1 0

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8 (Sept. 6, 2000)
1966
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Principles of VLSI Design Basics CMPE 414

Pass Gates Applications: Select Mux

VDD

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9 (Sept. 6, 2000)
1966
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Principles of VLSI Design Basics CMPE 414

Pass Gates Applications: Latches and Registers

S Although S is not
given in the black
A Out A P1 Out box abstraction,
Let C represent
N1 it must be routed to
S the pass gate.
S
A positive level-sensitive latch: The S black box
terminal connects
D Q to the n-channel
C
device.

When Clk = 1, Q set to D

Clk = 0
C and Q set to D

When Clk = 0, D is ignored,

Feedback path is established.
Clk Q
Note: Other notations for D:
State of the output is dependent on the -D or DN or D.L.
level of the clock.
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10 (Sept. 6, 2000)
1966
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Principles of VLSI Design Basics CMPE 414

Pass Gates Applications: Latches and Registers

Combine one negative (master) and one positive (slave) level-sensitive latch.

D QM Q
C C

C C

Clk
Clk

Clk QM follows D, Q is stored QM transferred to Q

Forms the basis of most CMOS storage elements (EXCEPTIONS: RAM and ROM).

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11 (Sept. 6, 2000)
1966
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Principles of VLSI Design Basics CMPE 414

More CMOS Gates

Vdd

B
P1

Vdd

A P2 Out
N2

N1

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12 (Sept. 6, 2000)
1966
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Principles of VLSI Design Basics CMPE 414

And More CMOS Gates

Out

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13 (Sept. 6, 2000)
1966
UMBC
Principles of VLSI Design Basics CMPE 414

And More CMOS Gates

Vdd

P2 P1 P3

P4
OAI
A N1
B N2
C
D N3 N4

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14 (Sept. 6, 2000)
1966
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Principles of VLSI Design Basics CMPE 414

AOI and OAI

AOI = ( . ) + ( . ) Sum of Products

Disjunctive Normal Form

OAI = ( + ) . ( + ) Product of Sums

Conjunctive Normal Form

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15 (Sept. 6, 2000)
1966
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Principles of VLSI Design Basics CMPE 414

Building CMOS logic gates from expressions:

or requires parallel
connection

A C
and requires series
B D connection

n side

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16 (Sept. 6, 2000)
1966
UMBC
Principles of VLSI Design Basics CMPE 414

Building CMOS logic gates from expressions:

or requires parallel
connection

A B
and requires series
connection
C D

p side

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17 (Sept. 6, 2000)
1966
UMBC
Principles of VLSI Design Basics CMPE 414

Building CMOS logic gates from expressions:

A B

C D

A C

B D

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18 (Sept. 6, 2000)
1966
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Principles of VLSI Design Basics CMPE 414

Other Transformations

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19 (Sept. 6, 2000)
1966
UMBC
Principles of VLSI Design Basics CMPE 414

Other Transformations

F = ( expression )

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20 (Sept. 6, 2000)
1966
UMBC
Principles of VLSI Design Basics CMPE 414

Other Transformations

F = ( AB ) + ( C + D )E

F = ( AB ) + ( C + D )E
F = AB ( C + D )E
F = ( A + B ) ( C + D )E
F = ( A + B ) ( C + D )E

F = A ( C + D )E + B ( C + D )E
F = A ( C + D )E + B + ( C + D )E
F = A ( C + D )E + B + ( C + D )E

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21 (Sept. 6, 2000)
1966
UMBC
Principles of VLSI Design Basics CMPE 414

Other Transformations

F = ( AB ) + ( C + D )E
F = ( AB ) + ( C + D )E
F = AB ( C + D )E
F = ( A + B ) ( C + D )E
F = ( A + B ) ( C + D )E

F = ( A + B)(C + D + E )

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22 (Sept. 6, 2000)
1966
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Principles of VLSI Design Basics CMPE 414

Other Transformations

F = ABC + ACD
F = ABC + ACD
F = ( A + BC ) ( A + CD )

F = A A + ACD + ABC + BCCD

F = ACD + BC ( A + CD ) = ACD + BC ( A + ACD )

F = ACD + ABC
F = ( A + CD ) + ABC

F = ( A + CD ) + ABC

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23 (Sept. 6, 2000)
1966
UMBC
Principles of VLSI Design Basics CMPE 414

Other Transformations

F = ( AB ) + ( A + C )D
F = ( AB ) ( A + C )D
F = ( AB ) + ( A + C )D
F = ( A + B ) ( A + C )D
F = ( A + B ) ( AD + CD ) F = ( A + B ) ( A + C )D
F = ( A + B)( A + D)(C + D)
F = ( A A + AD + AB + BD ) ( C + D )
F = ABC + ABD + ADC + ADD + BDC + BDD
F = ABC + ABD + AD + BD
F = ABC + D ( A + B )

F = ( A + B + C ) + D( A + B)

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24 (Sept. 6, 2000)
1966
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Principles of VLSI Design Basics CMPE 414

Other Transformations

Carry = AB + C in ( A + B )

Carry = AB + C in ( A + B )

F = AB + AB
F = AB + AB
F = ( A + B)( A + B)
F = AB + AB
F = AB + ( A + B )

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25 (Sept. 6, 2000)
1966
UMBC
Principles of VLSI Design Basics CMPE 414

Other Transformations

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26 (Sept. 6, 2000)
1966
UMBC