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WHEELS - INSPECTION/CHECK

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TASK 32-41-00-210-002

Inspection/Check of the Wheels and Tires

WARNING : PUT THE SAFETY DEVICES AND THE WARNING NOTICES IN POSITION BEFORE YOU
_______
START A TASK ON OR NEAR:
- THE FLIGHT CONTROLS
- THE FLIGHT CONTROL SURFACES
- THE LANDING GEAR AND THE RELATED DOORS
- COMPONENTS THAT MOVE.

WARNING : MAKE SURE THAT THE GROUND SAFETY-LOCKS ARE IN POSITION ON THE LANDING
_______
GEAR.

WARNING : LET THE BRAKES AND THE WHEELS BECOME COOL BEFORE YOU GO NEAR THE
_______
LANDING GEAR. DO NOT APPLY A LIQUID OR GAS FIRE EXTINGUISHER DIRECTLY
ON A HOT WHEEL OR BRAKE UNIT. THIS COULD CAUSE AN EXPLOSION.

CAUTION : IF A TIRE OVERSPEED (TIRE SPEED ABOVE THE LIMIT SPECIFIED BY THE TIRE
_______
MANUFACTURER) OCCURS DURING A TAKEOFF OR A LANDING, YOU MUST
IMMEDIATELY:
- REMOVE THE TIRES FROM THE AIRCRAFT, AND
- SEND THEM BACK TO THE TIRE MANUFACTURER TO MAKE SURE THAT THEY ARE
SERVICEABLE.
ON A318, A319, A320 AND A321 AIRBUS AIRCRAFT, THE LIMIT SPEED IS 225
MPH (195 KTS).

1. __________________
Reason for the Job

Self Explanatory



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2. ______________________
Job Set-up Information

A. Referenced Information

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
REFERENCE DESIGNATION
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

32-41-00-210-003 Inspection/Check of the Pressure of Tires


32-41-00-910-001 Tire Mixability Precautions
32-41-11-000-006 Removal of the MLG Wheel
(2649GM,2650GM,2651GM,2652GM)
32-41-11-400-006 Installation of the MLG Wheel
(2649GM,2650GM,2651GM,2652GM)
32-41-12-000-001 Removal of the NLG Wheel (2659GM,2660GM)
32-41-12-400-001 Installation of the NLG Wheel (2659GM,2660GM)
32-41-00-991-001 Fig. 601
32-41-00-991-002 Fig. 602
32-41-00-991-005 Fig. 603
32-41-00-991-006 Fig. 604
R 32-41-00-991-007 Fig. 605
R 32-41-00-991-003 Fig. 606
32-41-00-991-004 Fig. 607
32-41-00-991-008 Fig. 608
R 32-41-00-991-036 Fig. 609
R 32-41-00-991-009 Fig. 610
32-41-00-991-030 Fig. 611
R 32-41-00-991-046 Fig. 612
R 32-41-00-991-047 Fig. 613
R 32-41-00-991-048 Fig. 614
R 32-41-00-991-031 Fig. 615

3. __________
Job Set-up

Subtask 32-41-00-860-051

A. Not Applicable

4. Procedure
_________

R NOTE : The data given is for bias and radial tires and for all Airline
____
R Operators.
R



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Subtask 32-41-00-210-070

A. Visual Inspection of the Wheels

(1) On each main gear wheel, examine the drive shroud of the tachometer.

(2) Make sure that there are no cracks on the wheel rims.

(3) Make sure that there are no leaks on the valves.

(4) Make sure that the valve thread is not damaged. Fully tighten the
valve cap which seals the valve from dirt and leaks.
R

Subtask 32-41-00-210-071

B. Visual Inspection of the Tires


R (Ref. Fig. 601/TASK 32-41-00-991-001, 602/TASK 32-41-00-991-002, 603/TASK
R 32-41-00-991-005, 604/TASK 32-41-00-991-006)

(1) Make sure that the aircraft tires are in the correct condition to
R continue to operate on the aircraft.
R Make sure that the tires:
R - have no air leaks,
R - have no friction damage,
R - are worn equally,
R - have no cuts and flat spots.
R Remove the wheel when the tire is worn to the base of any groove in
R one or more points, or if you can see any reinforcing material
R (metal or fabric).

R NOTE : Refer to the limits for the use of the tires.


____
R

(2) Make sure that the tire pressure is in the specified limits
(Ref. TASK 32-41-00-210-003).

(3) Obey the tire mixability precautions (Ref. TASK 32-41-00-910-001).

(4) Remove the wheel when the tire shows signs of a tread bulge (make a
mark on the bulge before you deflate the tire) (Ref. TASK 32-41-11-
000-006) (Ref. TASK 32-41-11-400-006) or (Ref. TASK 32-41-12-000-001)
(Ref. TASK 32-41-12-400-001).



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Radial Tire - General Description
Figure 601/TASK 32-41-00-991-001



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Radial Tire - Sectional View
Figure 602/TASK 32-41-00-991-002



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Bias Tire - General Description
Figure 603/TASK 32-41-00-991-005



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Bias Tire - Sectional View
Figure 604/TASK 32-41-00-991-006



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(5) If the tread is not worn equally and if it is necessary, remove the
wheel and put it on the opposite axle (Ref. TASK 32-41-11-000-006)
(Ref. TASK 32-41-11-400-006) or (Ref. TASK 32-41-12-000-001)
(Ref. TASK 32-41-12-400-001)).

(6) If you find tread wear on the shoulder of the tire, inflate the tire
to the nominal inflation pressure plus 10 per cent.

CAUTION : MAKE SURE THAT THE INCREASED PRESSURE IS NOT MORE THAN THE
_______
RATED PRESSURE OF THE TIRE (SEE THE VENDOR MANUAL).

NOTE : This 10 per cent increase gives the new maximum of the Normal
____
Operating Range (N.O.R.) and not a new Nominal Pressure
(P.N.).
Example: For a Nominal Pressure of 200 PSI, the maximum of the
N.O.R. becomes 220 PSI.

Subtask 32-41-00-210-060

C. Description of Tire Wear Deterioration Characteristics

R NOTE : This data is given for information only.


____
R

(Ref. Fig. 605/TASK 32-41-00-991-007, 606/TASK 32-41-00-991-003, 607/TASK


32-41-00-991-004, 608/TASK 32-41-00-991-008, 609/TASK 32-41-00-991-036,
610/TASK 32-41-00-991-009, 611/TASK 32-41-00-991-030, 612/TASK 32-41-00-
991-046, 613/TASK 32-41-00-991-047, 614/TASK 32-41-00-991-048)

(1) Normal wear


An equal wear of the tread shows that the tire maintenance was
correct during the tire life.

(2) Uneven wear

(a) Usually, under-inflation (inflation pressure less than 90% of the


nominal pressure (Refer to table of pressure) (Ref. TASK 32-41-
00-210-003) can cause:
- too much tread shoulder wear,
- high deflection of the tire, with subsequent heat build-up
which can cause importante internal tire damage.

(b) Over inflation (when the tire pressure is more than 105% of the
nominal pressure (Refer to table of pressure) (Ref. TASK 32-41-
00-210-003) can:
- cause too much wear on the center of the tire tread,
- increase the risk of Foreign Object Damage (FOD) to the tire.



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Tire Wear and Deterioration Characteristics
R Figure 605/TASK 32-41-00-991-007



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R Tire Wear and Deterioration Characteristics- Skid (Flat Spots)
R Figure 606/TASK 32-41-00-991-003



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R Tire Deterioration Characteristics- Thrown Tread - Peeled Rib
Figure 607/TASK 32-41-00-991-004



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R Tire Deterioration Characteristics- Tread Rubber Reversion
Figure 608/TASK 32-41-00-991-008



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R Tire Deterioration Characteristics- Chevron Cutting
R Figure 609/TASK 32-41-00-991-036



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R Tire Deterioration Characteristics- Groove Cracking - Rib Undercutting
R Figure 610/TASK 32-41-00-991-009



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R Tire Wear and Deterioration Characteristics- Tread Separation - Blister or
R Bulge
Figure 611/TASK 32-41-00-991-030



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R Tire Wear and Deterioration Characteristics- Open Tread Splice
R Figure 612/TASK 32-41-00-991-046



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R Tire Wear and Deterioration Characteristics- Tread Flaking and Chipping
R Figure 613/TASK 32-41-00-991-047



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R Tire Wear and Deterioration Characteristics- Tread Chunking
R Figure 614/TASK 32-41-00-991-048



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R

R (3) Maximum speed of utilization


R On A318, A319, A320 and A321 aircraft, the maximum operation speed is
R 225 MPH (195 KTS).

R (4) Tread damage

R (a) Flat spots


R Flat spot are caused by locking of the wheel during braking, hard
R touch down or sudden steering maneuvers (for the NLG tires).

R (b) Peeled rib


R A peeled rib usually starts with a cut in the tread and causes a
R circumferential delamination of the tread rib away from the tire
R carcass.
R

R (c) Tread rubber reversion


R Tread rubber reversion is usually caused by wheel locking on wet
R or icy runways.
R It is an oval-shaped area in the tread (same as a flat spot)
R where rubber shows signs of burns (usually caused by hydroplaning
R on wet or icy runways).
R

R (d) Thrown tread

R WARNING : REMOVE THE VALVE CORE WHEN THE TIRE IS FULLY DEFLATED.
_______
R REMOVAL OF THE WHEEL VALVE CORE WHEN THE TIRE IS
R INFLATED CAN EJECT THE CORE WITH HIGH SPEED AND FORCE.
R THIS CAN CAUSE INJURY TO PERSONS.

R WARNING : ALWAYS GO NEAR THE WHEELS FROM AN OBLIQUE ANGLE, IN THE


_______
R DIRECTION OF THE TIRE SHOULDERS. IF YOU DO NOT OBEY
R THIS INSTRUCTION AND DAMAGE OCCURS TO THE TIRE, PIECES
R OF THE TIRE CAN CAUSE YOU INJURY.

R Thrown tread is a total or partial loss of tread that lets you


R see the carcass plies.
R Early signs of tread separation can occur in the form of tread
R bulges, local uneven wear (depression) or local tread/sidewall
R rubber split.
R



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R (e) Tread cuts

R WARNING : DO NOT REMOVE OBJECTS FROM A PRESSURIZED TIRE. THE


_______
R PRESSURE CAN EJECT OBJECTS WITH MUCH FORCE AND THUS
R CAUSE INJURY.

R The definition of cut limits is based on the service experience


R of each vendor. Because of the different technologies and tire
R constructions, damage tolerance can be different for each
R manufacturer.
R Refer to the relevant vendors manual for details.
R Foreign objects that are on the runway, taxiway and parking areas
R can cause cuts to the tires.
R If the tire has an unwanted object in the tread or sidewall:

R 1
_ Make a mark of the area where you can see the object with a
R crayon.

R 2
_ Remove the wheel and make sure that the object does not move.

R 3
_ Move the wheel to a safe area.

R 4
_ Deflate the tire before you remove the object.

R 5
_ Do an inspection of the tire at the tire shop.
R

R (f) Chevron cutting


R Chevron cutting is a tread damage (large number of small Z-,S- or
R V-shaped cracks) usually in a tire-footprint area. Chevron
R cutting is usually caused by running and/or braking on
R cross-grooved runways.
R

R (g) Groove cracking


R Groove cracking can occur after environmental aggression of the
R rubber (ozone attack for example) or too much mechanical loading
R of the tire. These cracks occur at the bottom of the tread
R groove.

R (h) Rib undercutting


R Rib undercutting is an extension of groove cracking caused by
R mechanical loading that continues below a tread rib. It can
R caused tread chunking, peeled rib or thrown tread.



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(i) Open tread splice
An open tread splice is a crack in the rubber where there is
separation of joint or splice.

(j) Tread chipping and chunking


This is a condition that you can see at the edge of the tread rib
where small quantities of rubber start to separate from the tread
surface. Tread chunking can be caused by high lateral loading of
the tire sometimes caused by tight turning.

(5) Sidewalls damage

(a) Cuts or cracks on the sidewall


Foreign objects on the operating surfaces frequently cause
sidewall cuts.

(b) Weathering and radial cracking


Weathering and cracking occur when tires are in aggressive
environmental conditions.

(c) Blisters and bulges


They usually are a sign of separation of components.

Subtask 32-41-00-210-052

D. Tire Utilization Limits


(Ref. Fig. 615/TASK 32-41-00-991-031)

(1) Tread Surface

R -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| CONDITION | OBSERVATION/ DAMAGE | ACTION |
|--------------|-------------------------------------|------------------------|
| Normal wear | At main base (or maintenance base) | Remove the tire. |
| | if: | |
| |- the tread wear is at the bottom of | NOTE: If the aircraft |
| | groove at one or more points or, | is away from the main |
| |- you can see the reinforced ply | base (or maintenance |
| | (bias tire) or the protector ply | base), replace the |
| | (radial tire) at one or more | tire at the earliest |
| | points of the tread surface. | maintenance opportunity|
| | | |
| | | |
|--------------|-------------------------------------|------------------------|
| Uneven wear | At main base (or maintenance base) | Remove the tire |
| | if the wear limits are reached. | |
| | | NOTE: If the aircraft |



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R Tire Utilization Limits - Tread cuts depth and length limits
R Figure 615/TASK 32-41-00-991-031



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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| CONDITION | OBSERVATION/ DAMAGE | ACTION |
|--------------|-------------------------------------|------------------------|
| | | is away from the main |
| | | base (or maintenance |
| | | base), replace the |
| | | tire at the earliest |
| | | maintenance opportunity|
|--------------|-------------------------------------|------------------------|
| Overspeed | If a tire overspeed (tire speed | Remove all the tires |
| | more than the limit specified by | immediately. |
| | the manufacturer) occurs during | Send them back to the |
| | take-off or landing. | tire manufacturer |
| | | (with the reason of |
| | | removal) to make sure |
| | | that they are |
| | | serviceable. |
| | | |
| | | NOTE: There is no |
| | | tolerance. |
R -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(2) Tread damage

R -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| DAMAGE | OBSERVATION | ACTION |
|--------------|-------------------------------------|------------------------|
| Flat spots |- If the flat spot goes to the | Remove the tire. |
| | reinforcing ply (bias tire) or the | |
| | protector ply (radial tire). | |
| | | |
| |- If the flat spot does not go to | Keep the tire on the |
| | the above limit and if there is | aircraft. |
| | sufficient groove depth in the | |
| | flat spot area. | |
|--------------|-------------------------------------|------------------------|
| Peeled rib | | Remove the tire. |
|--------------|-------------------------------------|------------------------|
| Tread rubber | During the check: | |
| reversion | - If the tread rubber reversion | |
| | goes to the reinforcing ply | |
| | (bias tire) or the protector ply | |
| | (radial tire) or, | Remove the tire. |
| | | |
| | - If there is shimmy or unbalance. | |
| | | |
|--------------|-------------------------------------|------------------------|



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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| DAMAGE | OBSERVATION | ACTION |
|--------------|-------------------------------------|------------------------|
|Thrown tread | | Remove the tire. |
| | | immediately. |
| | | |
| | | NOTE: It is necessary |
| | | to get pieces of tread |
| | | from the airport |
| | | authorities and |
| | | send them back to home |
| | | base so that the vendor|
| | | can make an analysis, |
| | | if necessary. |
| | | |
| | | NOTE: If the tire is |
| | | still inflated after |
| | | the aircraft is parked,|
| | | it is necessary to wait|
| | | three hours (for tire |
| | | cooling) before you |
| | | record the pressure. |
| | | Then, deflate the tire |
| | | before removal of the |
| | | wheel assembly. |
|--------------|-------------------------------------|------------------------|
| Tread cuts | If there are no cut limits | |
| | specified in the documentation | |
| | and if: | |
| | | |
| | (1) the cut or embedded object lets | |
| | you see or goes into the | |
| | reinforcing ply (bias tire) | |
| | or the protector ply | |
| | (radial tire): | Remove the tire. |
| | - the cut goes into the outer casing| |
| | ply (bias tire) or the outer | |
| | layer (radial tire). | |
R | | - the cut length is more than | |
R | | 50.8mm (2 in.) or, | |
R | | - the cut width is more than | |
R | | 3 mm (0.118 in.) or, | |
| | - the cut is not in the limits of | |
| | one rib. | |
| | - the cut is in the limits of one | |
| | rib and the distance between its | |
| | two ends is more than | |



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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| DAMAGE | OBSERVATION | ACTION |
|--------------|-------------------------------------|------------------------|
R | | 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) when measured | |
R | | in the radial direction. | |
| | | |
| |(2) The cut or embedded object does | |
| | not go into the reinforcing ply | |
| | (bias tire) or the protector ply | |
| | (radial tire) : | |
| | | |
R | | - The cut length is more than | |
R | | 304.8 mm (12 in.) or, | |
| | - The cut width is more than 3 mm | Remove the tire. |
| | (0.118 in.) or, | |
| | - The cut is not in the limits of | |
| | one rib. | |
| | - The cut is in the limits of one | |
| | rib and the distance between its | |
| | two ends is more than | |
R | | 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) when measured | |
| | in the radial direction. | |
|--------------|-------------------------------------|------------------------|
| Chevron | Because of different technologies | |
| cutting | and tire constructions, damage | |
| | tolerance can be different for each | |
| | manufacturer an even for each tire | |
| | reference of a given manufacturer. | |
| | Refer to the applicable vendor | |
| | manual for details. | Remove the tire. |
| | If there are no cut limits | |
| | specified in the documentation and | |
| | if: | |
| | | |
| | - The tire is at the limits given | |
| | for tread cuts | |
| | - You can see the tread reinforcing | |
| | ply (bias tire) or the protector | |
| | ply (radial tire). | |
|--------------|-------------------------------------|------------------------|
| Groove | During the check: | |
| Cracking | - if groove cracking lets you see | |
| | the reinforcing ply (bias tire) or| |
| | the protector ply (radial tire) | Remove the tire. |
| | or, | |
| | - groove cracking undercuts the | |
| | adjacent rib. | |



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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| DAMAGE | OBSERVATION | ACTION |
|--------------|-------------------------------------|------------------------|
|--------------|-------------------------------------|------------------------|
| Rib | | Remove the tire when |
| undercutting | | the crack goes below |
| | | the rib. |
|--------------|-------------------------------------|------------------------|
| Open tread | | Remove the tire. |
| splice | | |
|--------------|-------------------------------------|------------------------|
| Tread | If you can see the fabric | Remove the tire. |
| chipping | | |
| and chunking | | |
R -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(3) Sidewall damage

R -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| DAMAGE | OBSERVATION | ACTION |
|--------------|-------------------------------------|------------------------|
| Cuts or | If you can see the sidewall cords | Remove the tire. |
| cracks on | or if there are damaged. | |
| the sidewall | | |
|--------------|-------------------------------------|------------------------|
| Weathering | If you can see the sidewall cords | Remove the tire. |
| and radial | | |
| cracking | | |
|--------------|-------------------------------------|------------------------|
| Blisters and | | Remove the tire |
| Bulges | | immediately . |
| | | |
| | | Put marks on the |
| | | damage area before you |
| | | deflate the tire for |
| | | easy identification |
| | | and analysis by the |
| | | vendor. |
R -------------------------------------------------------------------------------



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