XIIMATHS - ONE MARK TIPS VECTOR ALGEBRA 1. a. b=|al| Bloos@ <0 4. b =0 10.1f @ and B are parallel @=tb “124m a). B =m(a. B= (mB) 13, a.(6 + O)= 4. B+ 4B. T (distributive law) %4574+2a.b 15.(a-by = 274+ B-24.6 16.(a+b)(a-b)= a?-b? 17] a+ BP =| 7- BP => 42.5 =0 18.| 3+ BP +| a— BG) =20 al’ +1 BI) 19.1f @ = ajitagtask, b= bittbyj+bsk then @. b = ayb; + agb2 + abs (<6<7n)21.| a+ Bl<| al] Bl 22.T= (ii +@j+F. Hk 23.Cosine formula a’=b?+c?-2becosA, b’=c+a’-2cacosB, ¢”=a’+b?-2abcose 24.Projection formula a= bcosc + ccosB, b=a cos ¢ + ¢ cosA, c=acosb +b cosA 25.Angle in the semi circle is right angle (90°) 26.Diagonals of a rhombus are at right angles 27.Work done by the force W = F.d where d= AB = OB -OA = (PV of end point)-(PV of Initial point) 28. axb @ and B(0<0= 4, 5B parallel 41. If x B=0 a. @ is zero vector 6 any vector b. 1b is zero vector @ any vector c. a, B are parallel (collinear) 42.1f =aitaj+ak, b= Bi+byj+bik TT E axb=la, a, a3 1b, ba bs 43.f 3, B are any two vectors | @ xb | +(@. By =lal2] 6 44.Moment of a force, M =T x F where t = AP = OP —OA (at the point)-(about the point) 45.(a. b).€ (a. B)xT not meaningful 46.(@ xb). (Ax xt meaningful 47. Volume of the parallellopiped with 4,5, are co-terminous edges _ V=(axb).t = a(Bxe)=[a BC] (in the scalar triple product we can interchange . and x. 48. [a BT]=[Be APC a 4B] 49. [8 BE]=-[ aC Bl=4T Baj=-[B 50. The scalar triple product is zero if any two of them are equal 51. The scalar triple product is zero if any two of them are parallel or c] collinear. 52.1f a, B,C are coplanar <->[ a, b,]=0 53.1f[ a, b,C]=0 a. atleast one of the vectors a, 5,C is zero b. Any two of the vectors are parallelc. The vectors a, 6, are coplaner 54, ax( b+) = (ax b) +(@ x C) (distributive law) 55. ax (BxT)=(4,C) B-(a. BS 56. ax (Bx) ¢(ax bx B+T T+ APY A BT], fijk]=1 s7[a+B N+ 58.[ ax b, BxO, Cx a}+[ a BCP, fixjixk, kxi] = 1 59.[a-b, b-,c-a]=0 60.1f a, b,€ ,d are coplanar ( ax b) x (E xd) =0 61.If @, B are lies on one plane and © ,d lies on another plane then if the planes are perpendicular ( @x b).(€ xd)=0 62.Shortest distance between the linef = @, + t0,F= a) +sv = M@-%) 0.5) Carrs] 63. Shortest distance between two parallel lines T= @ +s, T= ay +t a : fal 64.Condition for the intersection of two lines [(a2~ a ,)ii,7] = 0 65.If the equation of the sphere is x°+y"+2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d=0 then c= (-u-v,-w) and r = Vue+0?¥w? —d 66.Ifa lines makes an angle a with ox, B with oy, 7 with oz then ay d= cosa + cos” B + cos”y=1 67.Condition for skew live [(@2- 41), u, v] #0 68.(a x b)(E xd)= a0 2 Be &. 69.Angle between the two lines Atti, T= aytsv| 1. Equation of a line given one point, one parallel vector xo yoy mon 1 #2d+td 2 2. Equation of a line given two points, LF =(1-s)deeb 3. Shortest distance between two parallel lines q= x@-w) 4. Condition for skew line (Gz - @,), 2, #1 #0 5. Condition for point of intersection 4), 2, ]=0 q. wee | 6. Shortest distance between two skew line | | | To 7. Collinear points; [abal-0 | 8. Equation of the plane when distance from the origin and normal vector is given | #7 =p where fi=| 8. Equation of the plane;foot of the perpendicular from the origin is given | Pied. 9. Cartesian ion of ine from the vector equation by eliminating ( s, t | 10. Equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of the plane ] (ax + bry + ez +d) +2 (ax + byy + xz) =0 1. To find A there is one point, on substitution of the point we get A 2. If the required plane is perpendicular to the given plane then apply ij. iiz= 2. Angle between two planes cos @ = a 3. Angle between line and plane sin @ = a 4. Equi n of the sphere |F" — Z| =p Cis the centre, p is the radius 5. Find the centre and radius of the sphere X4yhez? + uxt 2w+2we+d=0 Centre (-u,-v, -w) r=Vub+ vt w?—d 6 marks; Equations of the sphere on j \u- ¥ the point A and B whose position vector are @AndB asa diameter (#— @).(— B) = 0ay COMPLEX NUMBERS - ONE MARK TIPS. . Properties of cube roots of unity 1) Cube roots of unity are 1, «, «2? where w = +3 2) 1+ w + @?=0 (Sum of the roots is zero) 3) w* = 1 (Product of the roots is one) 4) Cube roots of unity are in GP with common ratio « 5) Cube roots of unity forms an equilateral triangle Fourth roots of unity 1) Fourth roots of unity are 1, -1,i, in the clockwise direction about the origin and no change in the modules value. 4) Ifa complex number is divided by / it rotates through Zin the clockwise direction about the origi 7. 1=c0s0 +i sino, -I= cos m +i sin m, i= coss + isin’, ~izcos (-4) + isin (-2) 8, when n is the multiple of 4 9. w" = 1 when nis the multiple of 3 10.e! = cos@ + isind,e~? = cos6 — perma ee sin8, cis® = cos + i sind 13.(cos6+ i sin 8) (cos6- i sin 8)"(cos@+ i sin 8)" = cos (cos6- i sin 8)" = cos nd+i sin nd (sin8+ i cos 6)" # sin nO+i cos né cosn(¥~ 6) 4isinn (F~ 6) 14.1f a + ib is one root a — ib is also another root .) complex roots occur in pairs and they are conjugate to each other 15.Form the equation whose roots are given x” ~ (SR)x + P.R. = 0. 16.1 2), 22, 23, 24 are the vertices of a parallelogram then 23 + 24 = 2 + 2s But (sin@+ i cos 8)" V7.arg 2+ arg 2 =0=> arg z= -arg 2 18.1f arg 2 =4 it lies om imaginary axes (ie.) itis purely imaginary. 14. Sp fe- Zs Ne-Zz) Mam Te Locus 4 Zin Perpendionir beset og dine govoing te perm tant Zo do. S$aattbnrere Sk -B, z-t al, Sp leiet me Foz. Peetve IMPORTANT POINTS TO ONE MARK QUESTIONS ANALYTICAL GEOMENTRY ‘STD-xII 1-To get the avis of the parabola, Reduce the equation of the parabola to standard form and Put LH S=0 find y (or) x, 2. In the general equation ax’ + by’ + 2gx + 2fy +c=0 a)lfa=banditrepresents circle) Fthe sign of x’, ’ positive then it is ellipse otherwise its hyperbola 3. Point of intersection of tangent att, t, to the parabola y? = dax is. fatsty, a (ts +t2)) 4. Length of the latus rectum of the parabola = 4a 5. First find the type of the parabola and then find the directrix 6, Distance between vertex and directrix of the parabola is a. 7. The tangents at the end of the focal chord intersect at the directrix — Brew |i— 5. So sent’ \ 3 FG erat 9. Distance between the foci of the ellipse is 2ae and b? = a%(1 ~e”) 10. To find the major axis equating Nr of in which the Dr has smaller number to 0. To find the minor axis equating Nr of in which the Dr is greater number to 0. ‘1. Sum of the focal distances from any point on the ellipse is equal to length of the major axis = 2 12, The locus of the foot of perpendicular from the focus to the tangent to a) Parabola y* = 4axis x =0 =) auxiliary circle 13. The locus of the points of intersection of perpendicular tangents a) To the Parabola y* = 4ax is x B )To the Hyperbola = Lisxtyeate director circle x z 7 a He Lise ty bi 14. IF, and ty are the extremities of ‘the focal chord of the parabola y? = 4ax then ty ty15. The difference of the focal ce to the hyperbola is equal to the length of the transverse axis = 2a b’ = a*(e*— 26. Ifthe asymptotes are perpendicular then the curve in rectangular hyperbola, e of rectangular hyperbola isv2 and? = 17. a) equation of asymptotes of the rectangular hyperbola is x = 0 and y= 0 +) equation of asymptotes to hyperbola is = +2 ® and = 18. Vertices of the RH (7, 7), (75, 32), focus (a, a) (-a, -a) 19. Length of latus rectum of rectangular hyperbola is 2a (or) 2b 20. Area of the triangle formed by the tangents at any point on the rectangular hyperbola to Lis asymptotes is 2c? 21. Ifthe normal to the Rectangular hyperbola xy = c’ at t; meets the curve at t, again then t,'t) 22. Any point t on the Rectangular hyperbola is (ct, c/t) 23. In the general second degree equations Ax’+Bxy+cy"+Dx+Ey+F = 0 B'-4AC = 0 then parabola B*-4AC <0 then ellipse BY-4AC > O then hyperbola, 24, Condition that the line y = mx +b be a tangent to Curve Condition Equation of tangent _| Point of contact 1 Y= dax Yemx= | 20. e+ YemxtVa'm +b" 3 a sont -O |Y=mxaV amb 25. To get the tangent at (xiy:) replace x? by xx, Y by $y +1] in the equation of the curve. 26,Product of the length of the perpendicular from (xy) to the asymptote to the hyperbola 2 —~ » is 20 Saar t ¥ By Ys xy by Heys + yx), xby Hx #%3), 27. Angle between the asymptotes to the hyperbola 2a =2 tan'(*) or 2a =2 sec'Ye) 28. ifthe asymptotes are in the form ax’ + 2hxy + by? + 2ex + 2fy + ¢= Othen tan 0 = eS iF11. General forms of standard ellipses: i The equation of the ellipse with centre C (h,k) and major axis aloz minor axis along y-axis is GA 4 G9" = The equation of the ellipse with centre C (h,k) and major axis alon, oe Note:1) distance between the focus = Fy F, = 2ae 2) distance between the vertices = AA’ = 2a zz = HYPERBOLA 1g y-axis and minor axis along x- axis is 3) distance between the directrix 12. Definition: ‘The locus of a point whose distance from a fixed point bears a constant ratio, greater than one to its distance from a fixed line is called a hyperbola, Standard equation of the hyperbola: = — ay 13, Results [ i 2 2 Equation x a 1 a goo : a 6 [Centre (0,0) Vertices A(a, 0), 4’ (=a, 0) A(0,a),A'(0,—a) | Foei F,(ae,0).Fx(—ae,0) | F,(0, ae), F,(0, ~ae) Length of transverse xis 2a | 2a Equation of transverse y=0 x=0. a +. Length of conjugate axis 2b 2b [Equation of conjugate axis 0 | ts Of transverse | A(a, 0), A(-a, 0) A(O, a), A‘(0,-a) End points of conjugate B(0,b), BY(0.-b) B(b,0), BY(-b,0) sais End points of Latusrectum (ae,+%) ae sae) ie (-ae,t>) (i—,—28) | [ Length of Latusrectum 2b? ee “a Equation of Latusrectum xetne | | Equationof directrices a + a € 4 Eccentricity rr | es ies [ Relation between @, a,b a(er—1) | Notes!) distance between the focus =F, F) = 2ae 2) distance between the vertices = AA’ 3) distance berween the directrix = 22' = 2214, Parametric form of conics: if Parametric Parameter ‘Range of Any point | equations parameter on the conie Parabola | ie -a©) Hyper i) The condition that y = mx + c may be a tangent to the hyperbola StGe lis c= atm? — p* 2) OF CR Tae iii) The equation of any tangent is y = mx + Vatm?— B® 17. Equation of chord of contact of tangents from a point (x1 , ¥1) : a) Parabola The equation of chord of contact of tangents from a point (x; . ¥:) to the parabola y? = 4ax isyy, =2a(xtx) a ii) The point of contact is b) Ellipse : ‘The equation of chord of contact of tangents from a point (x; ,y;) to the ellivse See 2 a Btmalis 4a ¢) Hyperbola : ‘The equation of chord of contact of tangents from a point (x, , y;) to the hy: .oola om a pet 18. The point of intersection of tangents to the parabola y? = 4ax ‘The point of intersection of the tangents at *t,” and *t2’ to the parabola y? = 4ax is [atite, a(t + t2)] RESULTS 19. Parabola : A) The chord of contact of tangents from any point on the directrix of the parabola y 4ax passes through its focus. Coy The norma at the point “on the parabola y? = 4ax meets the parabola again atthe point “ty” then ty =- (ty + db ‘ A) The locus of the point ot intersection of perpendicular tangents to the parabola y? 4ax is the directrix x =-a @) The condition that lx + my +n = 0 may be a tangent to the parabola y? am? = In e) The condition that Lx + my +n = 0 may be « normal to the parabola y? ae al? + 2alm? + mn =0 7 f) From any point two tangents can be drawn to a parabola. (7) From any point three normals can be drawn to a parabola. h) The locus of the foot of the perpendicular from a focus to a tangent to a parabola ax is y? = 4ax, is the tangent at the vertex i.e x = 0 7/) Uety and te are the extremities of any focal chord of the parabola y? = 4ax, then tt = -1 /) The tangents at the ends of any focal chord intersect at right angles on the directrix of the parabola, Ellipse : 2) Two tangents can be drawn to an ellipse from a point. b) Four-normals can be drawn to an ellipse from any point ¢) The locus of the foot of the perpendicular from the focus on any tangent to the ellipse S+4=1 isthe circle x? + y? = a?, (Auxillary circle)@) The condition that Lx + my +n = 0 may bea tangent to the ellipse += aE + bem? = nt 0 may be a normal to the ellipse 5 +5 lis ©) The condition that x + my +n el oro ee 1) The locus of the point of intersection of perpendicular tangents to the ellipse = isx? + 20. Hyperbola : a) Two tangents can be drawn to a hyperbola from any point. a? + b? (director circle) ) The condition forthe line Le + my +n = 0 to be tangent to the parabola “= — 2 = 11s I? = bm? =n? «) ‘The condition for the line lx ++ my +1 = 0 to be normal ta the hyperbola —% = 1 (ats?) 4) Four normals can be drawn to a hyperbola from any point. ©) The chord of contact of tangents from any point on the directrix of the hyperbola 4-2 = 1 passes through the corresponding focus f) The locus of the foot of the perpendicular from a focus to a tangent to a hyperbola 1 is the circle x? + y2= a” (Auxillary circle) (Director circle) ASYMPTOTES 21. Definition : An asymptote to a curve is the tangent to the curve such that the point of contact is at ~ infinity, The asymptote touches the curve at infinity. 22. The combined eauation of the asymptotes to the hyperbola 5 — Separate Equation of Asymptotes are y= 2 x and 23. Results regarding asymptotes : a. The asymptotes pass through the centre C(0,0) of the hyperbola b. The slopes of asymptotes are 2 and - 2 c. The transverse axis and conjugate axis bisect angles between the asymptotes. 4. If 2a is the angle between the asymptotes, then tan = & 22a = 2 tan-(2) =2sec-te 24, Relation between the standard equation of the hyperbola and the combined equation. of the asymptotes The standard equation of hyperbola and combined equation of asymptotes differs only by a constant, If [; = and ly = O are the separate equations of asymptotes, then a) the combined equation of the asymptotes is fy ly = 0 b) the equation of the corresponding hyperbol is I, ly = k. where k is a constant.RECTANGULAR HYPERBOLA 25, Definition : A hyperbola is said to be a rectangular hyperbola its asymptotes are at right angles. 26. Equation of the rectangular hyperbola The equation of the rectangular hyperbola is x? — y? = @ b. The combined equation of asymptote of a rectangular hyperbola x? — y is x?-y?=0 ¢. The separate equations of the asymptotes ua rectangular hyperbola x? — y? a? are x+y=0andx-y=0 27. Standard equation of a rectangular hyperbola: ‘The standard equation of the rectangular hyperbola whose asymptotes are the 2 28. Equations of the asymptotes of the rectangular hyperbola xy = ct a-The combined equation ofthe asymptote ofthe rectangular hyperbola xy = ¢? is'xy 5 The separate equation of the asymntotes of the-ectangular hyperbola xy = If m; = m3 (slopes are equal) the curves touch each other. If'm1 mz=-1 then the curves are said to be at right angles (or) cuts orthogonally. But if they cut at ri tangle then m; my need not be -1 13, Rolle’s Theorem: Let fbe a real valued function that satisfies the following three conditions 1) fis defined and continuous on the closed interval [a b) 2) fis differentiable on the open interval (a, b) 3) fla)= fb) ‘Then there exist atleast one point c ¢ (a,b) st F(c)= 0 a) Rolle’s theorem applied to the position function s=f{¢) of a moving object, b)_ Rolle’s theorem applied to the theory of equation ©) Rolle’s theorem implies that a smooth curve cannot interest a horizontal line twice without having horizontal tangent 4d). Rolle’s theorem holds trivially for the function14, Mean value theorem (LMT) Let f(x) be a real valued function that satisfies the following conditions i) f(x) is continuous on the closed interval [a b] ii) f(x) is differentiable on the open interval (a b) ‘Then there exists atleast one point c¢ (a, b) &t 1c) — £M=-f@ ro= tot + if f{a)= f(b) then LMT reduces to Rolle’s theorem = LEEIG) 5 9 average velocity from t= atot=b, +The slope £(c) of the curve at e(c,(e)) is same as the slope LL ofthe chord Joining the points A (a, fa)), b(bi, fb) (ie.) the chord joining the points and the tangent at c are parallel Note: a) Wac-ab=a+h then @-f path= sD Pies LOO prs, PO pn5. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS APPLIC {TION ~1 1 Velocity: Velocity is the rate of change of displacement. ie. = 2 2 Acceleration: Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity a= & = 4. a) At time ¢ = 0, the velocity is initial velocit b) When the particle comes to rest velocity v = 0 ©) When the acceleration is zero, velocity is uniform 4 a) Rate of change of radius = by Rate of change of area 6) Rate of change of volume Tangent and Normal 5. Slope of the tangent ro a curves Slope= m = # ar (x, (or) Slope = m = tang 6 Equation of tangent: Equation of tangent at (23,74) is y— 3, = m(x— x) 2 Equation of normal: 1 Equation of normal at (13,4) is y— (x=) & Angle berween two curves: Angle between the two curves is given by tan@ = where m, & mp are the slope of the curves at their point of intersection 9% Condition for perpendicularity (orthogonal): m,m: 10, Condition for two curves to touch each others m, -1 m; (condition for parallel) Mean value theorems and their applications. 11, Rolle’s theorem: Let f be real valued function that satisfies the following three conditions. + (i) f isdefined and continuous on the closed interval [a.b] (ii)_f is differentiable on the open interval (a,b) (ii) F(a) = f(b), Then there exist atleast one point c € (a,b) such that f'(c) = 0 12, Mean value theorem: (Law of the rrean due to Lagrange) Let f(x be a real valued function that satisfies the following conditions. (£2) is continuous on the closed interval [a,b) (ii) f() is differentiable on the open interval (a,b) ‘Then there exist atleast one point c € (a,b) such that f"(c) = L2=/e) 13. Different forms of Lagranges mean value theorem: a) f(b) = f(a) + (b— a)f'(c)_ where cis between a and b b) f(O) = Fla) + (b= a)f'[a + O(b—a)] whered <@<1 ©) Fath) = f(a) +hf"(a+ Oh) where F(x) is an increasing fiction if and only if f(x) > 0 23, Condition for decreasing: £2) is decreasing function if and oniy if f'(x) <0 24. Condition for strictly increasing: F (2) is strictly increasing function if and on'y if f*(x) > 0 25. Swritly decreaxing function F(x) is strictly decreasing function if and only if f"(x) < 0 26, Increasing in an interval: A function f is called increasing on an interval | if f(xy) < f (x2) whenever x, < xp in] . Decreasing in an interval:a 28 Monotonic on an interval: A function that is completely increasing or completely decreasing on / is called 1 snotonic on J 29. Results: a) Every constant function is an increasing function. b) Every identify function is an increasing function, ©) The function f(x) = sinx is not an increasing function on 8 but f(x, increasing on (0, =] sin xis 4) The function f(x) = sin x is decreasing in the interval & ©) If f is increasing, then ~ f is decreasing. 1) e* is strictly increasing on R 8) logy is strictly increasing function on (0,00) h) e-* is decreasing on [0,1] i)_xsinx is not monotonic in (0,5 J) tanx + cotx is not monotonic in the interval [0, 3] 30. Working rule for finding local maximum or local minimum of a function “<) (Second derivative test) a) Find the points at which f’(x) = 0 b) At each of these points find the sign of F"(x) ©) If fF") < 0, is a point of local maximum, It f"@) > 0 xis a point of local minimum, 4) The values of f(x) at these points are the actual maximum and minimum values of F(x). 31. Critical number: critical number of a function f is a number in the domain o: O or f’(c} does not exist. 32. Stationary points Stationary points are critical numbers ¢ in the domain of f, tor which f'(c) = 0 33. Working rule 10 find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum values of a continuous + function fon a closed interval [a,b] 8) Find the values of f atthe critical number of fin (a,b) ) Find the values of f(a) and f(b) ©) The largest of the values from steps | and 2 is the absolute maximum value, the smallest of these values is the absolute minimum value. 34 Working rule to find the minimum and maximum: (Local maximum or Local minimum) 8) Given y = f(x), find 2 f such that b) Let = 0 and solve for the critical numbers x. ©) Substitute the values of x into the original function y = f(x) to find the corresponding Y coordinate values. This establish the coordinates of the stationary points. To determine the nature of the stationary points a) Find SS “e) Substitute the values of x in 2 found in (b) (2 derivative test) If the result is i) Positive = The point is a minimum one ii) Negative ~The point is a maximum one iii) Zero + The point cannot be an extremumN Differential calculus-1 (6 marks-working rule) 1. Nerify Roll’s theorem; fis Continuous in [ a, b], and differentiable in ( a, b) , f(a) = f(b), find f(x) and put f'te) = 0 and then find the value of c .This value c must be in (a , b). Then the Roll’s theorem verified for the value of c. 2. Nerify Lagranges MVT; fis Continuous in (a, b), and differentiable in ( a, b),, find (x) and F(c). find the value ofc #% that 10) Fic)= c€(a,b) 3. Maclaurin's Expansion; flx) = f(0) +x (0) (0) += (0) 2 & a St 4 4 2 x Note a= dex txt xh eelexets 4,_’Hopital Rule; limy-4q £2 £ (or) = or any other indeterminate form then find limy-4q AS = 2 then find Timy1q “12. we proceed in this way until we get determinate form Important indeterminate forms; 0 X 00, 00 — 00, 0°, 09, 1° 5. When a function is said to be monotonic in { a, bj, If f(a) and f(b) are in the same sign it is monotonic in the interval. Otherwise it is not monotonic. 6.Decreasing and Increasing function (1,1) First find f(x) and put f'(x) = 0 then find the value x.then separate the intervals.Find the interval in which f(x) > O then it isin the intervals in which F(x) 0 then f has local minimum. The local minimum value in f (c) If f(c) = 0 and f"(c) <0 then f has local maximum. The local maximum value in f (c) Max point is (c, f(c)), Min point is (c, f(c ) ee 9, for the inequality problem + consid #01) fren Me given prt fod #000 Netty $00 io shriehy 2 or Serickty for, 4 dlux) do btrichly 1 5 fon <2 aercy SY 1. Ifthe function is strictly increasing f(x) > f(0)2.if the function is strictly decreasing f(x) < f(0) 10. Stationary points 1) find f(x) 2) put f(x) = 0 and solve for the critical number. 3) Substitute x= a in f(x) then ( a, f(a)) is the stationary point. 11. Concavity and Convexity; Find f(x) and f”(x).Put f”(x)=0 and solve for x. separate the intervals. Find the intervals in which £"(x) > O then concave up in that interval (or) convex down #"(x) < 0 then concave down in that interval (or) convex up 12. Point of inflection; From f(x) = O find x = a and x= b .Then (a, f(a)) (b, f(b) are the point of inflection Note; 1. Points of inflection need not be stationary point. 2.when x passes through a,f”(x) changes in sign then (a, (a) is point of inflection 3.when x passes through a,f'(x) changes in sign from positive to negative then this point is maximum one and f(x) changes in sign from negative to positive then this point is minimum one 4. A critical number of a function f is a number c in the domain of f such that either f'(c) =0 or F(c) does not exist. 5, Stationary points are critical numbers c in the domain of f for which f'(c)PROBABILITY ONE MARK TIPS 1. If f(x) is pdf then J%, f(x)dx = 1,F(2) Fx)dx, f(x) = Fx) Samat BP 4. E(Xae) = E(x) +c, E(e)=¢, E (ax te) =a E(x) e tant24 6 E(x) =D xiPi 6. VarX = BORE 7. VarX=E(X") - [E00]? 8. E(x) =Mean 9. a= pa" (uu), wr” = E(x), Ho’= E(x"), wp = Second moment about the mean = variance hy’ = First moment about the origin = E(x) #'=Second moment about the origin = E(x") First moment about the mean = y, = E( x -% ) 10. In binomial distribution Mean = np, Varience = npg, SD = /7mpq 11. In poisson distribution mean = Variance = 2 12. If P(X =n) =P (Xen + 1) then R= n+ 1 13. If f(x) isa p.df. of a Normal distribution with mean pthen —_f, f(x)dx (Area property) 14, 1° (8) is a pdf of a Normal variable x and x ~N (it, 0°) then f°, f(x)dx = SE fddx = 05 is standard normal variant 16, P+q=1=>P=1-4,17. Poisson distribution isa limiting case of binomial distribution under the condition n> wandP>0 18. Examples of poisson i) The number of printing errors at each page of the book. ii) the number of road accidents reported in a city at particularFunction (i.e) n> mandP>0 19, Parameter of the poisson distribution is 2. 20, Parameter of the Normal distribution is X ~N (h.0" ). = Mean, =Variance | SD= 66 [Vara - 21. Standard Normal distribution is N (0, 1) 22, Parameter of the binomial distribution is X ~ N (n, p) 23. Var (a x + b) =a? var(x), var(xtc) = var x; var (c) = 24, F(-0) = 0, F() 25. POK=Ry) = Fl%q)-FO%y) 26. The probability density function of the normal variate Z is o)= cig" where z= SH 27. The normal curve is an. Normal ddshibubion Dott. himdling doen trimen Aishibuion @ ADO 1. Symmetric about x = 41 2. Mean = Median = Mode 3. Unimodal 4. Points of inflection are at X= to DISCRETE MATHS ONE MARK TIPS |. Statement is a sentence which is either true or false but not both 2. A sentence which is both true and false simultaneously is not a statement 3. Simple statement: A statement is said to be broken into two or more statements, 4. Compound statement: if a statement is the combination of two or more simple statements5. Ifthe compound statement has". simple statement then the truth table has 2" rows 6. PR 4=(p39)* (GP) 7. abeR.a*beR then *isabinary 8. Order of an element : Let G be a group a € G then there isa least positive integer ns.t. a" =e, then n is the order of element. 9. For any group the indentity is the only element is or order 1 9a) I every element of a group is its own inverse then G is abelian, 10. Identity element of a group is unique 11, The inverse element of each group is unique 12@ly'=a 13. Reverse law (a*b)" = b! * a 14, Cancellation law (a * b) = (@* ¢) => b=¢ (LCL) (© *2) = (ca) => bee RCL) 15, The multiplicative group of nth roots of unity, the inverse of wis (k q=~pva DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION ~ ONE MARK TIPS 1, Order of the D.E. is the order of the highest order derivative which occurs in it 2, ‘The degree of the D.E. is the degree of the highest derivative which occurs in it. (The derivatives are free from radicals and fractions) 3. The DE of fist order and first degree is sid tobe homogenuous if it can be put in the 2. 52) or tn 26) fom = 5 Q)or fe = 70) 4. A firt order D Es suid wo be linear in yi the power ofthe terms dy/dx and y i nity 5. Integrating factor LF = efP## 6. If the equation is linear in y, LF = f QF dx +c 7. Ifthe equation i linear in x LF = f QF dy +68. Properties of logarithemic and exponential function 1) =A 2 eMHAZA™ 3) eM = /A™ 9. PL for x isco +¢1x and for x” is (co + 1x + €2x°) 10. To find the D.E from the given equation: In a given equation is there is only one constant differentiate only one time. If there two constants differentiate two times. HIF (0D) = (D-a) g(D); g(a) #0 then the P.1 of the DE c * gen is =o! ey @ 12 Sadar anan> ance” 13. fat -S=>Z=Kr-s)=>T=stcett INTEGRAL CALCULUS ONE MARK TIPS. Gel a eas 2 f°, f@ddx = Oif FOadis odd function and f°, f(x)dx = 2 fy f(x)de if F(x)is even 3. if f@a-x) = OD, ff" feddx = 2 Jo fax and 3a) fg Fede + ff f(a —x)dx = fo" fOddx 4. if f@a—x) = -f@), fp" fdr =0 4(a) ff f@dx = - JP f@)ax 5. Je f@)dx = [2 f(a — x)dx we use this property when the limits is Se? Foddx and J x(1 = x)" dx 6. [Pfeddx = JP flat b—x)dx. we use this property when the sum of the limits is mwJN 8 faintede = —Ssintxcosx+ 9, Seosty de = —eos™txsinz + 11, Area between the ellipse + 2 = 1 and its auxillary circle is (x? + y* = a) 12, The volume of the solid is obtained when the ellipse + 2 = is rotated about its ‘major axis (x axis) is v= 4/3 mab? when it is rotate about minor axis (y axis) the volume is v = 4/3 na°b 13, Find the volume of the cone whose radius is r and height is his = 1/3 7h 14, Length of the curve x° + y*" = a or (x/a)" + (y/a)** = 1 is 62 15. The curved surface area ofthe sphere ofa sphere of radius r intercepted between the ‘wo parallel planes ata distance a and b from the centre of the sphere is 2nr (b-a) DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS - Il ONE MARK TIPS —— ee 1. To find the equation of asymptote (or) to find the nature of the asymptote write the given curve inthe form y* = (and but Dr=0 that is the Equation of asymphote.. 2. The curve is symmetrical about 8, X axis if its equation is unaltered when y is replaced by ~ y (When y i power) b._ Y axis if its equation is unaltered when x is replaced by x (when x is in even power) If both the powers of x and y are even the curve is symmetric about both the ‘c. The origin if it is unaltered when x is replace by ~x and y is replaced b ~ y. d. The line y=x if its equation is unchanged when x and y are replaced by y and x fe. The line y and-x, xc if its equation is unchanged when x and y are replaced by ~y‘The curve is symmetric about origin, itis not necessary be symmetric about both axis, IE fix, y) is a homogeneous function of degree n in x and y then, By Euler's ‘The percentage error of in the nth root of a number is approximately 1/n times the percentage error in number |. To find the loops put, y=0 and find x. ifx = 0, aa, (two loops) if x = 0, a (one loop) and also the curve is only in between a and a. hence the curve does not exist is x < -a and x> a. « If u= f(x,y) is differentiable and x and y are differentiable function in then fu of ay oF oy ae Ox"dt dy" ae If @ = f(a; v) and u = g(x,y) v=h(x,y) da _ dw du , do dv Ox du dx © Ov dx dw dw du By ~ Bu dyXII Maths -Matrix and Determinants.6Marks Tips(Working Rule) 1.P.T (AB) = B'A", IfA and B are non singular. First P.T AB is also non singular, then only (AB)"'exists. Consider (AB) (B"'A"!) this is very important. If we consider any otherthing it gives problem. PT (AB\(B'A")=I and (B'A")(AB) Hence (AB)'= B'A™ Remember, in the same way in discrete maths chapter the Reversal law is (a*by'= ba! Here is also consider, (a*b)*(b"*a") and PT (a*b) * (bat (b a") * (a*b) then (a*b)" 2,.Adj.Matrix: For 2x2 Matrix the adj.Matrix is obtained by interchanging the diagonal elements and changing the sign of sub diagonal elements. For 3x3 Matrix,adj.matrix is transpose of co-factors matrix 3.Check whether the system is consistant or inconsistent i)If p(A)= p(AB) =n Number of variables It is consistent and it has a unique solution. ii)If p(A) = p(AB) Number of variables, then the system is consistent and has many solution. ii)If p(A) + p(AB) then the system is inconsistent « no solution. 4.Solve by using inverse matrix method:- Ax = 1Al £0 ,A exists Find A" and Find A"'B (ie only premultiplication by A” with B)5.Solve by using determinant method: a). i i)If A+ 0 the system has unique solution and by cramer's rule we can find Ax Ay Az zy 3 z=— A A A iif A=Oand Ax= Ay =O but anyone of the factor a ij or AF 0 then the system is consistent and has many solution.We can obtain the solution by putting y = t and get x. iii)If A =O and any one of Ax and Ay +0 then the system is inconsistent and has no solution. b) Three variables: i)If A+0 the system has unique solution and by cramer’s rule we can get x,y, z(ie) if A= 0 and Ax=A y= Az=0 and anyone 2x2 minor of AE 0 then the system is consistent and has many solution.To get the solution put only one variable z = t and on solving the two linear equation in x and y we get x = y=... Z=t iii)If A= 0 and Ax=Ay= Az=0 and all 2x2 minors are zero and anyone of the factor of A+ 0 then the system is consistent and has many solution. To get the solution put two variable y = s and z = t find x (ie) x =... y=s,z=t iv)If A= 0 and Ax=Ay= Az=0andall the minors of are zero and anyone of the minor Ax and Ay and Az is +0 then the system is inconsistent and has no solution. v)if A=0 and anyone of Ax, Ay, Az + 0 then the system is inconsistent. 6.To find the rank of the matrix, get the matrix in echelon form. (ie)The number of zeros in the second row is less than the number of zeros in the third row. then the order of non zero matrix is rank of the matrix. i)Interchange the rows or columns in order to get the forst element of the first row is 1.ii)By using the elementry transformation first get the first element of the third row is 0 and then get first element of the second row is zero. iii)Then if possible make the other elements of third row are zero without any change in the previous zeros. iv)Suppose if the first two elements of third row and second row are zero make more zeros in third row without any change with previous zeros. (or) Ist row Ist element 1 2nd row 1 element 0 3rd row first two element 0