GLOSSARY TERMS USED ON ADMIRALTY CHARTS AND IN ASSOCIATED PUBLICATIONS Scope : Definitions given are those in Departmental use and lnave no significance. in Intercational Law. Only. terms ‘which are not akeady defived in English Dictionres, or which may be used with a significantly. different commotion are included i tke glossary Exceptions (© dhe defisitous of eevain fenns in this glossary, due to local custom and long usage, may ocaslonally be met ove aa local tems will be found in the glosses of the appropriate volumes of Admiraliy Sailing Direction. Lights and. terms used association with lights, Night-struetures and. fog signals, ate described with equivalent teems in 13 languages in Admiralty List of Lights. ‘Weather reporting terms, with their equivalents in Trench, Spanith and Russian, ae given in the rclevent Admiralty List of odio Signals. ‘Terms A beam, See beam. ‘sbnormal magnetic variation. Designation applied to any ‘anamolous value of the magnetic variation of which the coanse fs unknown, f focal magnetic anomaly. aboard. In the sense used in pilotage und ship handing ‘means “nea?” eg “To keep the E share aboard”. “Ciose aboard” means “Very near”. cf borrow, ‘above, Uptide or upsticam of @ pasition abovewater, A shoal, rock or olher feature is termed ahoveswater if itis’ visible at any state of the tide. of awash, dries, below-water. abrupt. Steep: precipitous, of bole Abyssal or abysmal. Relating to the greatest depths of the ‘ocean (literally, without bottom), abyssal gap. A oaruw break, ina ridge or tise, or ‘Separating. two abyssal_ plains, abyssal hills, A tact of stzall clevatious on the sea floor, abyssal plain. A flat, geotly stoping or neatly tovel regioa ‘at abyssal depths, accretion or deposition. The depositing of material on tho Dottom oF the coast By water movement; the opposite to erosion (Gv). sdvance, When altering course, the distance tha the compass platform of a ship has udvanced in the dlrection of the original course on completion af a turn ‘che steadying poind. Wis measured from the point where the wheel was pot over. ‘aeronautical radioheacon. A radiobeacon primarily for the ruse of aireraft. Usually abbreviated 10 “aero rudiobeacon”. alfluent. A tsibutary river or took. 208 afloat. Floating, 28 opposed to being aground. age of the Monn, The interval in days 20d decimals of 2 ay since the last New Moan. ange of the tie, Old term for the lag between the time of ‘new of full Moon and the tine of maximum spring tidal rage. amayer. See double tide, ‘agonic Wine. 2 tine joining points on the Earth's surface ‘where there is no magnetic vaiatica, aground, Resting on the. bottom. alongside. A ship is alongside when side by side with x wharf, wall, jetty, or another ship ‘amphidrome, A point in the sea where the tide has a0 amplitude, Co-tidal tines radiate from an amphidremic ppoint and co-range lines encircle anchorage. Weles arce which is suitable and of depth neither ing deep or 490 shallow, nor in a situation foo exposed, for vessels to. ride in sefety "An atca set apast for vessels t anchor, such ax examination anchorage. One used by ships while ‘waiting examination. ‘quarantine anchorage. A. special anchorage set aside, in many ports, for ships in qoarantine safety fairway anchorage. An anchorage adjacent to + shipping safety fairway (ay). ‘anchor buoy. Small buoy oecisionally used to mark the position of the anchor when on the hottom: usually painted green (starboard) or zed (pod), and secured t0 the crown of the anchor by a buoy rope. angle of cut, The lesser angle berween two position lines aphetion. The point ia the oidit of planet which is fanibest from the Sox. et perthelion apogee. The poist in the orbit of the Moon which is fonthes! tom the Earth. cf perigee approaches. The waterwnys tht give acces oe passe 1 Tarbours, chamels, ee pron. The postion of a wharf or quay lying between the ‘waterside ‘edge and the sheds, railway lines or road. arch. Geologicslly, a covezed pastoge ent through a small leadland by wave action archipelagic aprox. A. gentie slope with 3 generally smooth surface oa ihe sea Moor, parculaly found round groups of islands of seamounts. are of visibility. The scetor, oF scoters, in which a Ught is isthe from seaward, ‘area to be avoided, A rouicing measure comprising an ‘area within defined limits in which either navigation is particularly hazandous or it is exceptionally imporcant to avoid casualties and which should be avoided by ail Ships, oF certain classes of ship. arm (of a jetty, ele). A narrow portion projecting from the min body.‘arm of the sea. A comparatively narrow brunch or offshoot from a body of the sa arming the Tead, Pacing tallow sn the recess in the bottom fof the sounding lead to ascertain the ature of the bottom: articulated loading platform or column (ALP) oF (ALC). See 3.120. areal harbour, A harbour where the desta protection from wind sed. sea is obtained fom moles, jeties, breakwaters, ele, (The breakwater may have’ been constcted by sinking concrete barges, vesels, ete, 0 foro a temporary sbeter) artificial horizon, A horizon procuced by bubble, gyro or mercury trough to allow measurement of altitude of celestial bodies, astronomical arguments, See Admiralty Tide Tables, astronomical twitight. The period between the eud of ‘aavtical twilight (qv) and the time when the Sun's ccente is 18° below the herizan in the evening, and the period between the time when the Sun's centie is 15° below the horizon in the moming and the begiasing of outical twilight in the morning. Atoll. A ring-shaped coral reef which has istands or islets 0 if the shallow sim enclosing a deeper naturel area oF lagoon; often springing from oceanic deptts. stolion. A small atoll on the maugin of a larger one. awash. A shoal, rock or other feature is termed awash when its highest part is within 0:1 m, of with fathoms charts within 1 foot, of chart datum (gv). ‘awash at bigh water, May be just visible at MHWS, or MHHW. cf dries, above-water. buck. The wind is sald to back when it changes direction samictockwis. Dackshore. Thal pert of she shore whose seaward limit is te waterline of MHWS and whose landward limit is the ‘extreme Tmt of wave action (such as occurs in onshore ‘gles at equinoctla! spring tides (av). backwash. Waves reflected from obsteuctions such at cliffs, seawalls, breakwatess, etc, romping seaward and combining with the incoming waves 19 cause 2 sleep and confused. sea Dackowash marks, Swill scale oblique reticulate pattem sometimes produecd by the retum swash of the waves on w sundy beach, cf ripple marks, beach cusps, Backwater, Ax am of the sea, usually 2ying parallel with the coast behind a narrow strip of land, or an arm of & river out of the main chamoe!. and out Of the main tidal stream of eurent bank, Oceanographically, an area of positive relief over ‘which the depth of water is relatively. shallow, ut sormally sufficient for safe surface navigation. The term should not be used for features ising from the deep secan. Also, the margin of a watereourse, vives, lake, canal, ee, ‘The rig bank of a river is the one on the Fight hand when facing downstteam, Dar. A bank of sund, mid, gravel or shingle, ete near the mouth of a river or at the approach to a harboun, ‘causing an obstruction 0 ent, bbar buoy. A buey indicating the position of 9 ba barrier. An obstruction, usually artficia, in a river ‘eg Thames: Barrier Iwarrier reef, A coral reef, ying roughly persile) with the shore, but separated from it by a channel or lagoon, The distance offshore may vary from a few mets lo several ries. Dbasalt, Dark geen or brown igneous rock, often in ‘columnar strats basin. Av almost lind-locked ares leading off an inlet, Birch cr sound. Also, an area of water limited in extent and nearly enclosed by structures alongside which vessels can He, Oceanographically, a depression more or less ‘equidimensional in form, und of variable extent. ‘dal basin. A basin’ without caisson or gates in which the level of water rises and falls with the tide, Sometimes called un open. besin snon-tidal basin. A basin closed by a caisson or gates to shut it off from opea water, $0 that a constant level of water can be maintained in it, Also cslled wet dock. impounding basin. A busin in which water can be Tield ats coriain level, either 10 keep craft afloat ot 10 provide water for aluicing. turning basin. Av area of water or enkugement of a channel in a por where vessels are enabled 10 tor, and which is kept clear of buoys, ele for that purpose. bathymetry. The scieuce of the measurement of marine dpihs. Submarine relist. bay. A comparatively gradual indentation in the coastline, the seaward opening of which is usually wider than the penetration inle the Iand, cf bight, gull. bayou. Term used in Florida for a small bay, and in ‘Mississippi and Louisiana for a waterway through lowlands or swamps, connecting other bodies of water, and usually al oF with an imperceptible current beach. Any part of the shore where mud, sand, shingle, pebbles, etc accumulate in a more or less continunus ‘sheet, The ferm is not used to describe areas of jagged reef, 10cks ot coral ‘to beach, To run a vessel or boat ashore, To haul & boat up on a beech ‘beach cusps. Triungoier ridges. or accumulations, of sand fot other éetritas regularly spaced along tke shore, the apex of the tangle pointing towards the water, giving a serrated form to the water-edge. bbeach ridges, The seaward boundaries of successive Positions of beaches on seaward-advancing shoes, The intervening depressions may be extensive and cortaln a Jagoon, marsh, mangrove swamp, ett, ar he narrow and) consist of sand. ef storm beach. beacon. A fixed artificial navigational mask, sometimes called « daybcacon in the USA and Canada, It can berecognised by means of its shape, colour, pattern oF topmnark. It may eany a light, radar reflecior or other navigational id. Deacon tower: A major masonry beacon the structure of which is ae distinctive as the ropmark. beam: on the. An ‘object is suid to be on the beam, or ‘beam, if fis hearlag is approximately 9" from ‘the ship's head. beam sea, The condition where the sea and swell approach ‘the ship at approximately 90° fram the ship’s head. bearing: anchor bearing. The bearing of shore object from tho pasition cf the anchor cheek Dearing. Tho becring of an exta object taken to check the accurty of a fix learing. bearing. The bearing of an objec, usually taken from a char, 1 indicate Whether & ship is eat of danger fine of bearing. A ship runs on 2 fi she makes good a ground tt hearing. of am object bed. The bottom of the ocean, se, ‘qualified, eg seabed, river bed. bell-buoy. A buoy fied with a bell aomatially or by wave: motion Delowewate A shoal, tock or other feanme is termed belows-water or underwater if i 3s mot visible at any state of the tide. of above-water. of bearing if fon # comstant lake or Fiver. Usually may be actuated Dench. Sco terrace. Deachmark. A mark, which may consist of an axtow cet in ‘masonry, a boliiead or a civet fixed in concreie, ele, whose height, relative to some particular damm is exactly known. (See Admiralty Tidal Handbook No 2) ‘berm. An borizontal ledge ou the side of an embankment ‘or outing to intercept falling earth or wo add strength, ‘Also, @ narrow, neatly horizontal shelf of ledge shove the foreshore built of matecial town up by storm waves. The seaward margin is the crest of the berm. berth. The space assigned to or taken up by a vessel shen anchored or when lying longside = wharf, jelly ete ‘Wo give @ wide berth. Ta keep well sway from ‘another ship or any feature Dight, A crescent-shaped indentation in the coastline, ustslly of large extent and not maze than 9 90° sector of a circle, ef bay, gl bilge (or Keel) blocks. A row of wouden bibels oa which the bilges (or keel) of a ship ret when she is in dock or fn 8 slipway bill, A narow promontory. Diather. Very wet mud, a feature of estuarios and divers; of ‘2 dangerous nature such that s weight will at once sink into it bilnd rollers. When 2 swell wave cncovoters shoal water it ‘i slowed end bocomes sloopor. 2f the depth or extent of the shoal or rock is sufficient tn cause the wave to steepen markedly but nat to break, the resulting wave is termed a blind solle, 210 bluff, A heafland or shor stretch of elif with a broad ‘perpendicular face, ‘As adjective: Having a broad perpendicular or nearly perpendicular face. boat camber. Ser camber boat harbour, An arca of shellored water in a harbour sel aside for the use of bosts, usually with moorings, buoys, ete. boat house, A shed at the water's edge or ubove a slipway for housing a bost ot boats. vost pound. See pound. bout slip. A slipway designed specifically for boats boat yard. A bost-building establishment ‘hog. Wet spongy ground comsisting of decaying vegetation, ‘which retaing stagnant wafer, 160 soft to bear the weight of any heavy body. An extreme case of swamp or morass bold, Rising steeply fom deep water, Wellemarked. Cleat cu cf abrupt. okie, Syronymous with steepeto. ‘bollard. A post (usually steel oF reinforosd cunecele) firmly ‘embedded in ot secured om a swharf, jetty, ete, for mooring vessels by means of wites or'ropes extending from the vessel and secured 10 the post. ‘A very small bollard for the use of barges and harbour craft may be called a “dollic”. oor. A floating barrier of timber used to protect a river ‘or harbon mouth of to enelose a host harbour x timber pound. ‘Also, a batter of hawsers ané nets supported by buoys used in the defences of a port or anchorage booming ground, A term used mainly in Canadian waters, ‘and Similar to imber pound (qe) where logs are temporarily eld and sored for making up inlo raf ‘The area is usually enclosed by a boom to retain de. with a steep leading edge ‘up certain tives. Fermation is ‘most apperent in wedge-shaped shoaling estuaries. at times of spring Hides. See Admiralty Manual of Tides: Dorrow. In the sense used in pilotage means “keop towards, but not top nest”, ¢g “To borrow on the E side fof the channel", ef aboard. ‘botiom, aature of the. The material of which the seabed is formed, eg oud, stones. boulders. Water-rounded stones more than 256 mm in size, fe anger than a oan's head, ef cobbles. Draekish, Water in which salinity values range from approximately 0-50 to 17.00. breakers. Waves or swell which kave become 0 steep, céuher on reaching shoal water or on encountering a contrary current or by the action of wind, that the crest falls aver and breaks imo foam. breaking sea, The patial collapse of the crests of wates Jess complete Wan in the case af breakers, bul from the same cause; also known as White Horses. breakwater. A solid structure, such as a wall or mole, 1 ‘break the force of the waves, sometimes detached forthe shore, protecting a hurbour oF anchorage, Vessels vocally cannot fie alongside a breakwater bridge, A narrow ridge of rock, sand or shingle, across the bottom of a channel so es 10 constinte a shoal or shallow. Structure carying rood ele ueross waterway, road ravine ele, Movable bridges are usually swing bridges, oF lifting or bascule bridges. Swing bridges may pivot about x point, citer in mid-channel or ax one bank Bascule Wiridges may be single or double, depending. on Whether they fift from one or both bats. ‘bridge-islet. An island which is connected to the mainland, ‘or to a larger islend, a low water, ar af certain states of| the tide, by a narrow ridge of rock, sand, shingle, ete. broach i», Te slew around inadvertently broadside om to the se2, when running before is, broadside on, Beam on (@y to wind oF sea) ‘broken water, A general term for x turbulent and breaking. ea in contrast to comparatively smooth and unbroken ‘water in the vicinity ‘brook, A small stream ‘row. An arrangement of wooden planking to give passage between ship and shore when the ship is alongside. Also called “gang building slip. A space in a shipbuilding yard where foundations for launching ways und keel blacks exist and which is occupied by 4 ship when heing bull busy. A Moatng. and moored, arificial navigation mark, 1 ‘ir be reengnised by mears of its shape, colour, pater, topmark ot light character, or » combination of these. 1 may carry various sdditional aids to navigation. cflanby, light-buoy. ‘buoyant beacon. A floating mark coupled 10m sinker clther directly or by a cable that is beld in tension by the bvoyaney of the mark. Ity appearance above the water generally resembles a bexcon rather than a buoy; it does not rise and fall with the tide; and it norma femains in vertical or near-verical position, Formerly Inown us a Pivoted Beacon, c ‘able. A nautical unit of measurement, being one tenth af a sex mile. See mile, Also, x term often used to refer to the chain cable by which a vessel is secured «© her anchor ‘Also used (0 refer to submarine, or overhead, power fr telephone cables. ‘able buoy. A buoy marking the end of 2 submarine cable ‘on which a cable ship is working. Aiso used in the sense of a telegraph buoy (@v). calm, A mound of rough stones or concretz of pyzemidat 1 bechive shape used as a landmark, ctimon, A structure used to close the entrance to dry docks, Jocks and non-tidal basins. They ute of to kines; floating caissons which ae detachable trom the envare they close, end siding calssons which slid into 4 recess at the side of the dock. cf cofferdam, 2 ‘There ate also dry docks which are closed by ising 42 Alap-type door, hinged at the omer side of the dock sill calcareous. Fotmed of, or containing, carbonate of lime or timestonc, calling.in point. See reporting point. calving. The breaking avay of tuck, stones, eamh, ete fiom the face of a cli. For Ice term, seem Joe Glossary. ‘camber. A small basin asually with a narrow entisace, generally situated inside 2 harbour eg Boat camber: small basin for the exclusive use of boats ‘camel. A tank filled sith water and placed aginst the hull ‘of a stranded or sunken vessel. It is well secured to the vessel and shew pumped out, the Buoyancy thus added Delping to lift the vessel can buoy. A nearly cylindrical buoy moored so thet @ fat end is uppermost ccamal, A. channel dredged or cut through dry land or through rying stioals or banks and used as « waterway. cf ship canal. canal port. A port so situated that the waterway is entirely antic eunyon, A deep gorge or ravine with steep sides, at the boltom of which a iver flows. Oceanographically, a relatively narrow, deep depression with cep Sides, the battom of which slopes ‘continuously. downwards cape, a piece of lund, or point, facing the open sea and Projecting into it Beyond the adjacent coast, ‘cargo transfer area, See transbipment arco, ‘cast. To tum a ship to a desired diteetion without guining bbeadway or steraway. catamaran. A flouting stage or raft used in shipyards, for ‘working from, and sometimes used as a fender between ship and wharf ‘Also, a type of tovin-hulled yack, (Tie name is taken from various ustive-built crutt ‘common in the East Indies and some otner paris of the world) ‘calevary anchor leg mooring (CALM). Sex 3.116. catwalk, A narrow footway forming a bridge, egeonnecting 2 mooring dolphin to a pitrhend, Also known ss a walkway. ‘causeway. A mised roadway of solid structure beat across low or wet ground of serass x stretch of wale cay. A small insular feature usually with scant vegetation; wusually of sand or coral, Often applied to smaller coral shoals. of iste. centreline controlling depth. See controlling depths, channel. A comparatively deep waterway, natural or ‘dredged, through river, harbour, strait, oi, oF & navigable route through sheals, which affords the best and Safest passage for vessels er boats. ‘The name given to eetiain wide straits of arms of the sea, eg English Channel, eistol Cannel Oceanographically, a river valley-Hike elongated depression in ocean basins, commonly found in fans (qv).character or characteristic of a ght The disitive Thytim and colour, 0% eolows, of light signal that provide the Sdentfcaion or message, See Admiralty List of Lights chart datum. A level so low that the fide will not ftequonly fall below ic 10 the United Kingdom, level is ‘nonmolly opprosimately the level of Lowest Astronomical Tide. It is the level below whieh Soundings ace given. on Admiralty charts, and above which are gives the dying heights of features hich are periodically covered and uncovered by the tide. Chart fhm is also the level wo which dal levels and predictions ate referred in Admiralty Tide Tubtes. Seed ll, Soo dock sil, cinders. Frogments formed when magma is blown into the icy Larger in size than volcanic ash irewlar radiobeacon. A radiobeacan which transmits the same signal in all dizeetions civil twilight. The periods of the day between the time ‘when the Sun's contre is 6° below te horizon and Sumise (roming Twilight), or between sunset and the time when the Sun's centre is 6° helow the horizon (evening wiligh). law off. To beat or reach to windsvard away from a lee shore, lay. A stiff tenacious sediment having @ preponderance of ‘grains with diamcters of lest than OOM mm. Th i impossible to differentiate between clay and silt hy eye, Dut 2 sample of wet clay, when diied in the palm of the fund, will not rub off when the bands are rubbed together lean, Applicd to the bottom of the sea, harbour ax river, ‘means fee from rocks or obsimictions. cf foul, clearing bearing, See bearing. clearing marks. Selected marks, nanutal ot otherwise, which in tansit clear a danger or which mack the bouadary between safe and dangerous areas for nivigation, lif. Land projecting nearly vetticlly from the watec or from surrounding Jand, and verying om. an fnconspicnous slope at the inargin of a low coastal plain to a high vertical feaure at the seoward edge of high sound, Can be formed by a fault in goologieal stats (slaod). close (verb). To approach near lowe aboard. Very near coast. The meeting of the land and sea co boundary of the land. cf shore, ‘Also, the narrow strip immediately landward of she waterline of MHWS, or sometimes « much broader zone. ‘extending some distance. inland, coastal plain. A strip of flat consotidated land varying in ‘width which may occur immediately landward of the cenastlice red as the coastal waters, ‘The sea in the vicinity of the coast (sithin which the coasting wade is carried out), 22 ‘coasting. Navigating from headland to headland in sight of land, of sufficiently often ia sight of land to fix the position of the sitip by Tand features. vastlana. The suip of land with a somewhat indetecminaie “ner Timit, immediately landward of the eowsine. It ‘may inckie such features as Send dones, saltngs, et, Which ae associated with proximity to the seq, snd merges imo the hintaand whore the featues cose. coastline, The landward limit of the beach, The extreme limit of ditect wave action (such a8 occurs in onshore ‘gles doting Equinoctial Spring Tides. cf backshore. It may be some distance above the waterline of Mean High Water Springs, but for prectical hydrographic Purposes the two ate usually regarded a8 coincident, ‘Also, a general term wsed in describing the shore of ‘coust a5 viewed from seaward, eg a low coastline. coast radio station. See radio stations. constwise (adjective and sdverb), Near to the coast, eg Cosstwise traffic is that which sails round dhe coast, and te sail coastwise meses coasting as opposed fo keeping out to sea. cobbles. Waterrovaded stones of from 64 mm to 256mm in size, ie from the diameter of « man's clewched fist when viewed sideways to slighty larger than the size of a man’s head. cf pebbles, boulders cocked hat. ‘The trisngle sometimes formed by the Intersection of three lines of bearing on the chart. ef eut. eofferdam, Watertight screen on enclosure used in laying foundations underwater, sometimes called a caisson. eombers. Steep, long swell waves with high breaking crest, cone. See fam, ‘confused sea, The disorderly sea in a race; also when waves from diferent directions meet, dve tormally 10 a sudden shift in the direction of the wind conformal projection. Another mime for oxthomorphic projection (qv). conlcal buoy. A cone-shaped boy moored 1 float post ‘wp. ef cam buoy, un buoy. ‘conspicuous object. A natural or astficial mark which is ‘outstanding, easily identifiable, and cleasly visible to the mariner over a large arex of sea in varying conditions of light. Ifthe scale is large enough they will normally be shown on charts in bold capitals, or on older charts by the note “conspic”. cf prominent, ‘constaats (harmonic). The phase-lag (g) and dhe amplitude (H) of & constiment of the tide ‘constants (aonsharmonic), The average time and height dlitference of high and low water, refered to the times and heights at » standard port; the time cin also be referred to the time of Moon's transit. ‘constituent (of the tide), The tidal curve can be considered ‘as being composed of a number of cosine curves, having itferent speeds, phase lags and amplinudes, the speed boeing determined from astronomical theory and the phese-lage and amplitudes being determioed tom ‘ohservation and analysis, These cosine curves are known fas constituents of the tide, See Admiralty Tidal Handbooks Nocontainer, A rigid, non-disposable, curgo-carrying unit, with or without’ wheels, Stamlard lengths are: 6-1 m1 (Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit (tev)) and 122 m ‘orty-foot Equivalent Unit (feu)): both whdts and height ‘re standarcised at 2-44 m ‘The main types of container are: collapsible: Con be slowed when not in uses ey Bulk: For cargoes such as dry chemicals or grin; ry cargo: For general cazgo: fat rack: For timber, large items or machinery; refrigerated: Insulated and usvally fitted with its own reftigerstion systems. container terminal. A specially equipped berth storage area, where standard cargo containers are loaded ‘or unloaded. continental borderlsnd. A province adjacent 10 continent, notmalty occupied by or bordering continental shelf, that is highly irregular, witk depths ‘well in excess of those typical of a contincatal shell. continental margin, ‘The zone, generally consisting of the shelf, lope snd rise, separating the continent from the ‘op’ sea bottom. continental rise. A gentle slope rising from the oceanic depths towards ihe foot of ths continental slope. ‘continental shelf. Azone adjacent 0 2 continent (or ‘around au island) and estending ftom the low water line to a depth at which there is usually a marked increase of slope towards oceanic depths. Conventionally, its edge i taken as 200m, but it may be between about 100 3 aod 350m, ‘ontinental slope. The slope scaveard from the shelf edge to the beginning of a continental rise of the point where there is a general reduction in slope. contour. A tine joining points of the same height above or depths below, the datum. ef fathom Tne, controling depth. Depts in a chansel ate designated as follows controlling Gepth. The leest depth within the timits of a chantel: it estes the safle we ofthe catnet to draughts of fess than hat depth. ‘emntrline controlling depth. A depth which applies only 9 the channe? centeline: lesser dep xy exit in the remainéee of the chanel, vmid-channel controlling depth. A depth which applies only to the mide half of the chance, convergence. The boundary or region where two converging currents meets, with the result that the water of the current of higher density sinks below the surface and spreads out at 2 depth which depends on its density. conveyor. Belt of buckets or similar comtrivance for Yearsporting cargo, especially ores or ena, from ship 10 Shore or vice versa, coping. The top couse of masonry in a wall: the waterside top edge of wall ‘oral, Hard calcareous substance secreted by many species ‘of marine polyss for support, habitation, ete. It may be foun cither dead or alive. ‘See 4.52. 23 coral istand. An island principally or entirely formed of coral. It may be one of thee Kinds: an elevated coral teei forming an island: a reef island formed by the accumulation of eoral debris on a submerged fringing or bier ceef; or an atoll coral reef, Reefs, often of lange extent, compoved chiefly ‘of coral and its derivatives. See stall, barrier reef, fringing reet, ‘eorrange lines. Lines on a tidal chart joining pois which have the same tidal range or amplitude; slso called conamplitude lines, Usually drawn for a particule tal usitotent o¢ tidal condition (eg mean spring tides), cordilfera. An catire mountain provinee, including all the subordinate ranges and groupe and the interior plateeux aod basins. ‘coriolis foree, An sppatent force acting am a body in motion, due to the totation of the Easth, causing Seffection (eg of winds and currents), to te right in the NT hemisphere and to the left in the S hemisphere. coridal chart, A chart combining co-range lines with ‘co-tida! ines; co-tidal charts may zefer io the tide as a ‘whole or io one or more tidel constituents co-tidal lines. Lines joining points at which high water (or Tow water) oceurs simultaneously. The times may be expressed as differences from times at a saniard port or 88 imervals afler the time of Moon's transit. ‘course, The intended dircetion af the ship's head, ‘course made good. The resulant hosiznntal direction of ssctual travel. The ditection of a point of actival from a point of departure. ‘cove, A small indentation in s coast (osually a elilfy one), frequently with a zestrivted entrance snd often citcular ot semi-ciular in. shape, cradle. A carriage of wood of metal en 4 slipway. craft. A term applied to siucl vessels and hosts harbour craft. Bouts, bares, lighters, etc, used on harbour work fa handy cra. An easily manoewvred bout, crane. A mechonice) contrivance for lifting weights. “The main types ate cargo crane. For transferring cargo between a ship's hold and the shore or Tighter ‘comiainer crane. specifically intended for handling ‘containers: ‘xed crane, Bult on the shoro for use in one place only: floating crane. momted on a lighter ot pontoon, cf ‘rane lighter, imiry crane. Mounted on a frame or stucuve spanning a infervening space. cf Transporter; lufting crane, Can move a load neater oF father from the base of the crane by raising oF fowerig the jis mobile or crawler crane. Seif.propeled on wiels or caterpillar tracks, Portal crane. A tye of gastey crane with vertical legs giving suicien height and wid for vebiles or muwey ticks to pass between then, ‘wharf crane. Located on a whatf or pier specifically for serving vnssels alongside it which a vessel sitsCranes are normally described by thete ifting capacity, eg # 15-tonne crane. crane fighter. A lighter especially fited with a crane. May bo self-propelled oF towed, crater, A howi-shaped cavity; in particular, st the summit ‘oF on the side of 2 volcano. creek, A comparatively narrow inlet, of fresh or salt water, which is tdal throughout its course, crest, OF 2 hill, the head, summit or top: of # snounlain ‘ange, the Hine joining’ the highest points, ‘Similarly, of an elevation of the seahed, or of a seit cross-sea. A wave formation imposed across the prevailing ‘waves. of confused sea. ‘cross-swell, Similar to crosessea but the staves are longer swell waves culvert. A tunnelled drain or means of eoaveying water hheneath a canal, railway embankment or road sometimes the size of 2 small bridge, ie up to about ‘3m across). ‘Also, 2 chunnel for electric cables. current. The non-tidal horizontal movement of the sca ‘which ay be im the upper, lower or in all layers. In some areas this movement may be newly constant in rate and direction while in others it may vary seasonally oF flveluate with changes in meteorological conditions ‘The term is often used improperly to denote tidal scams. See 4.17, Current diagrams use arrows 10 indicate predominant direction, average Tale und constancy, which are defined as follows: Predominant direction. ‘The mean direction within a eoutinyous 90° sector containing the highest proportion of observations from all sectors. ‘Average rate, The roto to the nearest 4 in of the highest SO in predominant sectors as indicated by the figures on the diagrams, It is emphasised that rates above ot below those shown may be experienced. Constancy. The thickness af the arrows is # measure ‘of ils persistence; eg low constancy implies marked variability in rate aid particularly section, ‘cut, The intersection on the chart of two or more position lines. ‘An opening in an elevation or chanecl. Similar to a canal but shorter. May constitute a straightening of 3 bend in winding channel. cet ide, A tide which fails to reach its predicted height at high water. D ans, A bank of eamh or mason, ete, bull to obstruct the ow of water, or (© contain ddan buoy. An anchored float, ballasted to float upright, carrying a stave throvgh its eentte with « fag, a light or other distinguishing mat, anger, The term is used to imply a danger to surface avigation a4 ‘danger angle: horizontal or vertical The angle subvended 3 the observer's eye, by the horizontal distance between two objects or by the height or elevation of an object, it of safe approzch to an off lying anger line. A dated line on the ohare enclosing, of bordering, an obstruction, wreck, oc other danger Date Line. The International Date Line, acezpied by Tatersational usage, is 1 modification of ihe 18 metidian to inclade islands of any. group. etc on the sane side of dhe Hine, ts positon is sown on Chart 5006 — The World — Time Zone Chart and doscibed in the selevant Admiraity Lise of Radio Signals cf time zon. Whe the Dale Line is erased on an E course the date is put back one day, on a W course the date is sdvanced one day. datum, Sce horizontal datum, vertical datum, daybeacon, A term used in the USA and Canada for a ‘beacon: in the USA it is restricted to unlighted beacons, daymark, Large unlit beacon, Tern also used 10 denote an ‘unlit topmack or other distinguishing mark or shape incorporated inte 2 beacon, light-bucy or buoy. deep. A relatively small area of greater depth than its surroundiags, primarily used for the dooper parts of the great ocean tenches, cf hale. deep-water route. A. route within defined limits which has been uccunicly surveyed for cleanance of sew bottom ‘and sohmerged obstacles as indicated on the chart. ef recommended track. defile. A narrow mountain pass or gonge. degaussing range, An area chowt 2cables in extent set ‘aside for mensuring ship's magnetic ficlds. Sensing Jnlewoents are installed on We seabed in the range with ‘eables leading 10 2 control postion ashore, The range is ‘usually. marked by buys. degenerate amphidrome. A terrestial point on a “dal chart from which co-tidal lines appear to radiate, delta, A trsct of allovial land, generally trianglular, enclosed and waversed by the diverging mouths of 2 river deparsures point of. The last positon fined relative ta the land at the beginning of an ocean voyage of passage. deposition. See accretion, depth, The vertical distance from the sea surface 10 the seabed, st any state of the tide. Hydrographicaly, the epth of water below chart datum. of derrick, A contivance for hoisting heavy weights. Usually consisting of a wooden o¢ letal spar with one end ried by u topping Dit from a post o mast and the ‘other end pivoted near the base. diatom. Microscupic phytoplankton, especielly common in ‘he polar seas; develops delicate eases of silica. diatom ooze. siliceous deep-sea ooze formed of the shells of diatoms. diffuser. An arrangement of multiple outlets for distributing Higuld at the seaward cnd of & pipeline or oxtfall.lke. See dyke, tution of precision, A. dimensionless number that takes imo account the contribution af telative satelite ‘geometry to errors én position determination, Girectiona} radiobeacon, A radiodeacon which transmits two signals in such & way that they are of equal strength ‘on nly one bearing, discoloured water. Sce 4.45, diurnal inequality. The inequality, either in the heights of successive igh watecs or in the iucmal stream. A tidal steam which reverses its direction ‘once doing she day. Grormal tide. A tide which has only one high water and ‘one tow water each day: that part of a tide which has fone complete osvillaion in a cay dock. The ares of water atificially enclosed ia which the depth of water can be regulated, Asa used loosely to sean a tidal basin (qv). te dock. Ta be atimited to a dock. to dock a ship. To reesive a ship into dock, or dry ack. docks. The asa comprising the basins, quays, ‘winurves, ete, and offices of 8 port; the dack area, dock sill, The horizon! masonry oF tittber work at the ‘ottom of the entrance to a dock or lock agaiast which the caisson or gates close. The depth of water contrlling the use of the dock is measured at the sil, dockyard. That pert of a port which contains the facilites for building or repairing ships. dole, See bollard. alpbin. A buittup post, usually of wood, erected on shore ‘er in the ware, Desthing dolphins. Dolphins against which a ship ‘may li, Also known as breasting. dolphins, stooring dolphins. Dolphins which support bollards for a ships's mooring tines. The stip does ‘not ‘come in contact with them as they are set clear of the beri, devistion dolphin. Dolphin which a ship nay swing sound for compass. adjustment. double tide, A tide which, due to a combination of shallow water effecs, contains citer two high waters or 1Kv Tow waters in each tidal eycle. ‘AL Hock of Holisnd, this phenemenon occurs with the low waters and is known as the Agger ownstream. In particular, the direction in which the ‘teeam is flowing; in goneral, in rivers and siver ports, whether tial or not, the direction to seaward. drag, A ship is said to drag (her auchot) if the anchor will ‘et hold her it. pasition, ‘Also commonly used by seamen to describe the teudation of a ship caused by shallow water frag sweep. To tow a wite or bar set horizontally beneath ‘he surface of the water to determinc the least depth ‘over an obstruction oF t0 asceriain that = required ‘ainimn depth exists in a channel. Used as a noun, 1 denote the 2pparntus for this, retige. To decpen or attempt to despa by temaving ‘materi! from the boom, ‘Also an apparatus for bringing up bottom samples, gathering deep water orgenisms, etc. dredged area, Area where ‘the dopihs have heen increased by the removal of material from the bottom. dredger or dredge. A special vessel fitted with ‘machinery for dredging, employed in deepening channels, harbours, ete, and removing obsirsctions to mavigation suck as shoals and banks. The various types include: Bucket deedgers, Grub deedgers and Suction dredges, redging anchor. A vessel is ssid co he dredging anchor ‘when moving, under contol, with her anchor moving along. the. seabed. dries. A feature which is eavered and uncovered by the tide is suid to dry. The drying height isthe bright above cart datum, which is indicated on charts by a bar under the figure, of the legend “Dries” which may be abbreviated to “Dr", ef awash, rift. The distance covered by a vessel in a given time dve solely to the movement of curien! or tidal etrecm, oF both, ‘Also, a detiched and floating mass of soil and growth torn fro the shore or iver bank by floods, often ‘mistaken for a islet. (Common in the Bast Indies.) (vesb) To move By ction of the wind and current without contol drift ample, The angle between tbe gvonnd track and water track. drift current. horizontal movement in the upper layers of the sea, caused by wind Seo 4.25, Urilling rly. A movable flost platform used wo examine a possible oil or gastield, See 3.107. illship. A ship specially designed for offshore driling of the seabed. See 3.107, ry dock. An cxcsvation in the ground, faced with ‘xasonry ot conoreie, into which a ship is admitted for uundecwater cleaning and repairs. The catrance can be closed by a caisson or gate. The water is pumped ont after a vessel has entered, leaving her dry, testing on blocks and gencrally also supported by shores. ‘Sometimes called a “graving dock". cf Mloating dock, ry harbour, A sioall hurbour which dries out, or neatly so, at LW, Vessels sing it must be prepared to take the ‘ground on the falling tide, rying Weights. Heights above chart datum of features ‘which are periodically covered and exposed by the rise sand fall of the tide. cf awash, dumb lighter. A lighter incapable of self-propulsion. dumping ground. An area similar to a spoil ground, dune, A ridge or bill of dry wind-blown sand which may, or may not, be in a state of migeaion, Vegetation (frequently planted on purpose) often stabilises previously migrating dunes. Coastal cnet may accor in the vicinity of sandy shores, but cannot survive wave action consequently they are fearstes of the cpastiand rather than of the foreshore uration (of rise or fall of the tide). The time interval between successive high and low waters,‘dyke or dike. A causeway or Ioose sibble enbankment| Duilt in shallow waice in a similar way 10 a taining, wall, but not necessarily’ fer the same purpose Sometimes built acres shallow banks at the side of tau estuacy to. stabilise the sandbanks by protection against wave action, aad to prevent silting im the channel Ta the Netherlands: an embankment 10 prevent flooding and encroachment by the sca. Tn Orkney and Shetland Islands: a wall ‘Also used ‘9 mean an urtifical ditch E ‘ebb chanael. See flood channel, {hb tide. A loose term applied both 10 the falling tide and fo the ouigoing tial. steam. ‘eddy. & circuler motion in water; a Rorizontal movement in| 4 different direction ffom that of the general direction of the tidal stream in the vicinity, caused by obstructions such as islands, rocks, ete, or by the frictional eflecls of beaches, banks, breakwaters, etc. elbow. A change of direction in the contour of a submerged bank or shoal; a sharp change in the sirection of a channel, breakwater, pier, etc. electronic charts. See 131-134. elevation. That which river above its surroundings, such as 1 hill, ete On a chart, the clevation of a feature is its height hove the ‘evel of MHWS or MHHW. cf heights, embankment. A sloping structure of son, rubble or cach, raising the eight of river bank, or used as the foundation for, or strengthening of, a causeway or dyke, fembayed. To be in such s position, or under such adverse ‘conditions, in # bay that extrication is dificult if not impossible, entrance lock. A Jock situsted between the tideway and an ‘enclosed basin when their levels vary. It has two sets of {gales by means of which vessels can pass either way ut All states of the te. Sometimes known a 2 Tidal lock. ‘equiliprium fide. The hypotnetical tide which wovld he produced by the lunar and solar tidal forces ia the absence of ocean constraints and dynamics. equinectial spring tide. A spring tide (greater than ‘wwerage) occuring meer the equinox (ia March aod ‘September equinox. Either of the two points at which the Sun crosses the equator: oF the dates on which these occurrences take place. erosion. The wearing avay of the cosst (or banks of a fiver) by waler action: the opposite of accretion escarpment. An clongated and comparatively steep slope separating flat or gently sloping areas. established direction of traffic flow. See traffic low. estuary. An arm of the sea at the mouth of a tidal river, ‘usually encumbered with shoals, where tke tidal effect is influenced by tbe iver current 216 estuary port. A port built atthe tidsl mouth or estuary of river, ‘even heal, The state of a ship when her draught forward ‘and aft are the same. Loosely applied when a skip is flowing at her designed draught marks. Exposed Location Single Buoy Mooring (ELSBM). ‘See 3.117, eyo. A small island in a river Fe fairway. The main navigable chanel, often buoyed, in a ‘iver, of running through or into a harbour falling tide, The period beween high water and the succeeding low water. fan, A relatively smooth feature normally sioping sway from the lower termination of a cmiyon or canyon system. Also termed a Cone, fastener, See snag, fathoms. A vnit of measurement used for soundings. Equst to 6 fect of 18288, fathom lines, Submarine contour fines dravn on charts, indicating, equal depths in fathoms. ferry, A dost, pontoon, or any exuft, used 19 convey ‘passengers oF Vehicles to and fro acrous a hasbou, river, 16, Soe also train ferry. "To ferry. To convey in 0 boat. to and fo over a iver, across 2 harbour, et fetch. The area of the sea surface over which seas are generated by 2 wind Reving » constant direction and. ‘Also, the length of the generating area, measured in the direction of the wind, in which the seas are wenerated. {sh aggregating deviee. A general term used to designate lah havens, marine farms (qv), el. {ish farm. Sco marine farm. fish haven. An aiea where concrete Blocks, hulk, dimsed ear bodies, ele, ae dumped to provide suitable conditions for fish to breed in, Devices may ako be rooted in mi-water or On the Surice 1 Serve the Same purpose. Ta epanese waters, the teem “floating fish haves” may be ied instetd of marine farm (i). ‘Draught permiting. vessels may navigate over seabed ‘ish havens, but they aze hazarés fo anchoring or seabed operations. fish pound. A barie: across the mouth of a creek placed ‘0 retin fish in» creck Fish stakes. A row of stakes set out ftom the shore, ‘frequently 1 2 cousiderable distance; often terminating in a parly decked enclosure from which a net van be lowered. fish trap. An enclomure of slakes sot in shallow water or a stream as 2 trap for fish, Fish weir, An enclosure of slakes set im a steam oF on the shoreline 8s 8 tap for fishfishing growod. Acca wherein craft congregate ta fish; most particularly those reas occupied periodically by the large fishing fee's, fishing harbour or port. One especially equipped for the convenience of the fishing industry, the handling of fsb ‘and the maintenance of its vessels, ‘itting-out basin. A besin in a shipyard sito and equipped, © wocommodate ships to complete the installation of machinery, etc, afer fnunching. fx. ‘The position of the skip determined by obsorvations. flat. An caleasive area, evel oF neatly $0, consisting usually of mud, but sometimes of sand or rock, which is covered at high water and is uttched s the shore, Sometimes called Tidal fats, ef ledge. ‘oating beacon. A moored or anchored floating musk ‘allased to float upright, usually displaying x flag on fell pole, an sometioes carrying alight or racar efector; used particularly in hydrographic surveying. floating bridge. A power-worked pontoon used a8 a ferry which propels itself across a harbonr, ever, cal, ete, by means’ of guide chasis. Mosting crane, See crane, Seating dock A watsright strctore capable of bei submerged sufficiently, by admiysion of water into the pontoon tanks, lo adit a vessel. The tanks are then Pumped out, te dock and vessel rising until the later is, lear of the water, thus serving the same purpose as a ary dock, ‘Mood channel. A chanae! in tidal waters throogh whic the ‘ood (incoming) tidal stream flows mere strongly. of for 8 longer duration of time, than the ebb. Tt is characterised by a sill or bar of sind ot other ‘consolidated mater ot he ianer end, i¢ the least depth in the channel occurs close to the inner end. Edb channels ecur in close association with, and usually slongside, flood chumnels: they have a sill at their outer end Mood-mark. A mark, consisting usally of a horizontal line and w cite, sometimes found on riverside builings, dock walls, ot, to mark the highest level reached by flood ‘waters tthe date indicated. ‘ood tide. A loose term applied hoth to the rising tide and We the incoming tidal seam. ef ebb tide, ow. ‘The combination of tidal steam and curent; the ‘whole water movement Algo a loose term for food (eg ebb and flow). following sea. One running in the same direction us the ship 1s steering foraminifera. Singie-celled animals consisting of a mass of jellyike fiesh with no cefinite organs or parts of the body: covered with a casing of carbonate of lime: ‘common in the surface waters of the sea forced tide. A tide which exceeds its predicted height st high water. fortland. A promontory or headland foreshore. A part of the sbote lying between high and low ‘water lines of Mean Spring tides. form lines. Lines drawn on a chart to indicate the slope ‘and general shape of the hili features; generalised contour lices which do aot represent any specific or standaadised heights. ef achure, forty-foot equivalent unit. See container. {foul area, fou! bottom or foul patch, An area where the seabed is strewn with wreckage of ofher obstructions, co jonger dangerous to surface navigation, but making. it unscitable for anchoring. foul ground. An area where the holding qualities for an anchor are poor, or where danger of striking or fouling the ground os other obstructions exist Tout bottom. The botom of a ship when encrusted ith marine growth fracture gone. An extensive linear zone of iegular topography of the seu floor, characterised by steep-sided of asymmitiial ridges, oughs or escarpments. free port. A port where certain import and export cuties fate waived (unless the goods pass into the county), 10 faciitate re-shipment io other countries. cf transit port. freshet, An abaormal amount of fresh water running ite a iver, estuary oF the sea, caused by heavy ot prolonged sain of meled «nove, fringing reef. A reel, generally coral, closely attached 1 the shore with no lagoon or passage between it and the land ull and change. See high water full and change. furrow. Oveanographically, 9 fissure which penetrates, roughly perpendicularly to the cus. of the contours, into the continental or island shelf or slope, ef canyon. 6 gamgway, Similar to a brow (qv) when it is somctimes called gangplank, ‘Also, the actual opening in the ship's side by which 2 ship is’ entered o left ‘Also, a pussagesway in 9 ship. Bap. Occanographically, 9 break in a ridge ot sis. gat A. swashway, gut or natural channel through shoals, endesle. The shortest distanes between two points on the spheroid. Tis equivalent to @ great cicle on the sphere, Beodetic datum, See horizontal datusn, eographical mile, See mile, geold. An imaginary surface which is everywhere pespendicular to the plumb line, and which on average coincides with Mean Sea Level in the open ocean, Its shape spproximates to that of a sphertid, bot it i inregular due te the uneven distribution of the Earth's mass. ‘rd. To gird a ship is to prevent her from swinging to wind and tide. OF a tug, to be towed broadside on throwgh the water by her towrope. Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS), See 3.8 Global Navigation Satelite System (GLONASS), The satellite navigation system owned and operated by the Russian Federation. See 2.64