THE CELL CYCLE

Cell division is a fundamental process Prophase Telophase

All cells come from pre-existing cells Metaphase The cytoplasm divides
It is necessary to replace worn out cells in Anaphase Animal Cell
multicellular organisms Telophase & Cytokinesis DNA spreads out
It is required for growth in multicellular Interphase 2 nuclei form
organisms The cell prepares for division Cell wall pinches in to form the 2
An increase in size will require an Animal Cell new daughter cells
increase in surface area to volume DNA replicated Plant Cell
ration Organelles replicated DNA spreads out
Cell division subdivides the Cell increases in size 2 nuclei form
cytoplasm into small units (cells) Plant Cell New cell wall forms between to
surrounded by plasma membranes DNA replicated nuclei to form the 2 new daughter
It is necessary for reproduction in unicellular Organelles replicated cells
or multicellular organisms Cell increases in size Meiosis
Cell division and reproduction Prophase Meiosis is the type of cell division by which germ
It is necessary for reproduction in unicellular The cell prepares for nuclear division cells (eggs and sperm) are produced.
or multicellular organisms Animal Cell One parent cell produces four daughter cells.
Prokaryotes Packages DNA into chromosomes Daughter cells have half the number of
Prokaryotes have no nucleus Plant cell chromosomes found in the original parent
They have a single circular chromosome Packages DNA into chromosomes cell
Prokaryotes simply divide their cells in two Metaphase During meiosis, DNA replicates once, but the
by binary fission The cell prepares chromosomes for division nucleus divides twice.
Eukaryotes Animal Cell
Eukaryotes must divide their nucleus (and Chromosomes line up at the center Four stages can be described for each division of the
other organelles such as mitochondria) in of the cell nucleus.
preparation for cell division (mitosis or Spindle fibers attach from daughter First Division of Meiosis
meiosis) cells to chromosomes at the Prophase 1: Each chromosome duplicates
Before the nucleus divides the genetic centromere and remains closely associated. These are
material replicates (duplicates) Plant Cell called sister chromatids.
Mitosis Chromosomes line up at the center Metaphase 1: Chromosomes align at the
The process of cell division which results in the of the cell center of the cell.
production of two daughter cells from a single parent Spindle fibers attach from daughter Anaphase 1: Chromosome pairs separate
cell. cells to chromosomes at the with sister chromatids remaining together.
The daughter cells are identical to one another centromere Telophase 1: Two daughter cells are formed
and to the original parent cell. Anaphase with each daughter containing only one
Chromosomes rod-like structures, consisting of The chromosomes divide chromosome of the chromosome pair.
nucleic acids and protein, located within the nucleus Animal Cell Second Division of Meiosis
The number of chromosomes per nucleus is Spindle fibers pull chromosomes Prophase 2: DNA does not replicate.
normally constant for all the individuals of a species, apart Metaphase 2: Chromosomes line up at the
e.g. Man has 46, rat 42, garden pea 14 and tomato of each chromosome (called center of the cell
24. chromotid) moves to each Anaphase 2: Centromeres divide and sister
Every body (somatic) cell contains the daughter cell chromatids move separately to each pole.
characteristic number of chromosomes but mature Plant Cell
germ cells (gametes) contain only half the usual Spindle fibers pull chromosomes Telophase 2: Cell division is complete.
number one member of each pair. The gametes are apart Four haploid daughter cells are formed.
described as haploid in chromsome number and the of each chromosome (called Differences in Mitosis & Meiosis
somatic cell as diploid. chromotid) moves to each Mitosis
Mitosis can be divided into stages daughter cell Asexual
Interphase Cell divides once
 Two daughter cells
Genetic information is identical
Meiosis
Sexual
Cell divides twice
Four haploid daughter cells
Genetic information is different