Cálculo 1. Maurício A. Vilches PDF

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"Por favor, poderia me dizer que caminho devo seguir agora?

Isso depende bastante de at onde voc quer chegar."
Lewis Carrol - Alice no Pas das Maravilhas
Atravs dos sculos a Matemtica tem sido a mais poderosa e efetiva ferra-
menta para a compreenso das leis que regem a Natureza e o Universo.
Os tpicos introdutrios que apresentamos neste livro originaram-se, inicial-
mente, dos problemas prticos que surgiram no dia a dia e que continuaram
impulsionados pela curiosidade humana de entender e explicar os fennemos
que regem a natureza.
Historicamente, o Clculo Diferencial e Integral de uma varivel estuda dois ti-
pos de problemas: os associados noo de derivada, antigamente chamados
de tangncias e os problemas de integrao, antigamente chamados de qua-
draturas. Os relativos derivao envolvem variaes ou mudanas, como
por exemplo, a extenso de uma epidemia, os comportamentos econmicos
ou a propagao de poluentes na atmosfera, dentre outros. Como exemplos
de problemas relacionados integrao destacam-se o clculo da reas de re-
gies delimitadas por curvas, do volume de slidos e do trabalho realizado
por uma partcula.
Grande parte do Clculo Diferencial e Integral foi desenvolvida no sculo XVI-
II por Isaac Newton para estudar problemas de Fsica e Astronomia. Aproxi-
madamente na mesma poca, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, independentemente
de Newton, tambm desenvolveu considervel parte do assunto. Devemos a
Newton e Leibniz o estabelecimento da estreita relao entre derivada e inte-
gral por meio de um teorema fundamental. As notaes sugeridas por Leibniz
so as universalmente usadas.
O principal objetivo do livro foi apresentar os primeiros passos do Clculo Di-
ferencial e Integral de uma varivel com simplicidade, atravs de exemplos,
mas sem descuidar do aspecto formal da disciplina, dando nfase interpre-
tao geomtrica e intuitiva dos contedos.
O livro inclui a maioria da teoria bsica, assim como exemplos aplicados e
problemas. As provas muito tcnicas ou os teoremas mais sofisticados que
no foram provados no apndice, foram ilustrados atravs de exemplos, apli-
caes e indicaes bibliogrficas adequadas e esto incluidos como referncia
ou leitura adicional para os leitores interessados.
Os conceitos centrais do Clculo Diferencial e Integral de uma varivel so re-
lativamente profundos e no se espera que possam ser assimilados de uma s
ii
vez. Neste nvel, o importante que o leitor desenvolva a habilidade de calcu-

lar e adquira a compreenso intuitiva dos problemas. As expresses do tipo "
facil ver"ou semelhantes, que aparecem no texto, no devem ser encaradas de
forma literal e tem o propsito de dar um aviso ao leitor de que naquele lugar
a apresentao resumida e os detalhes, perfeitamente acessveis, devero ser
preenchidos.
Esperamos que o livro permita ao leitor um acesso rpido e agradvel ao Cl-
culo Diferencial e Integral de uma varivel.
No podemos deixar de recomendar aos alunos a utilizao, criteriosa, dos
softwares de Clculo existente no mercado, pois eles so um complemento til
ao aprendizado da disciplina.
Desejamos agradecer aos nossos colegas do Departamento de Anlise e do
IME-UERJ que, de algum modo, nos motivaram e deram condies para es-
crever estas notas e Sra. Sonia M. Alves pela digitao. O texto foi digitado
utlizando Amstex e a maioria dos desenhos foram feitos utilizando o software
Mathematica. Certamente, todos os erros so exclusivamente de responsabili-
dade dos autores.
Mauricio A. Vilches- Maria Luiza Correa

Rio de Janeiro
iii
Copyright by Mauricio A. Vilches

Todos os direitos reservados
Proibida a reproduo parcial ou total
iv
Contedo
1 Introduo 1
1.1 Desiguldades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Intervalos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Valor Absoluto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Distncia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 Plano Coordenado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.6 Equao da Reta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.6.1 Equao Geral da Reta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.6.2 Equao Reduzida da Reta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.6.3 Paralelismo e Perpendicularismo de Retas . . . . . . . . 10
1.7 Equao das Cnicas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.8 Trigonometria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.9 Exerccios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2 Funes de uma Varivel Real 25

2.1 Definies e Exemplos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2 Grficos de Funes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.3 Exemplos de Funes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.3.1 Funo Modular ou Valor Absoluto . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.3.2 Funes Polinomiais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.3.3 Funes Pares e mpares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.4 Interseo de Grficos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.5 gebra de Funes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.5.1 Funes Racionais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.6 Composta de Funes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.7 Inversa de uma Funo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.7.1 Mtodo para Determinar a Inversa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.8 Funo Exponencial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.8.1 Crescimento e Decaimento Exponencial . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.8.2 Funo Logstica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.9 Funo Logartmica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
v
vi CONTEDO
2.9.1 Desintegrao Radioativa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

2.10 Funes Trigonomtricas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
2.10.1 Funo Seno e Co-seno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
2.10.2 Funo Tangente e Secante . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.10.3 Funo Co-tangente e Co-secante . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.11 Funes Trigonomtricas Inversas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.11.1 Funo Arco seno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.11.2 Funo Arco co-seno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
2.11.3 Funo Arco tangente . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
2.11.4 Funo Arco secante, co-tangente e co-secante . . . . . . 83
2.12 Funes Hiperblicas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2.13 Exerccios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3 Limite e Continuidade de uma Funo 95

3.1 Limites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.1.1 Definies e Exemplos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.1.2 Limites Laterais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.1.3 Limites no Infinito . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.1.4 Limites Infinitos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.1.5 Smbolos de Inderminao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3.1.6 Limites Fundamentais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
3.1.7 Assntotas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
3.2 Continuidade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
3.2.1 Teorema do Valor Intermedirio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
3.3 Exerccios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
4 Derivada 139
4.1 Reta Tangente . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4.2 Funes Derivveis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
4.3 Regras de Derivao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
4.4 Derivada da Funo Composta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
4.4.1 Derivada da Funo Exponencial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
4.4.2 Derivada da Funo Logartmica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
4.4.3 Derivada das Funes Trigonomtricas . . . . . . . . . . 159
4.4.4 Derivada das Funes Trigonomtricas Inversas . . . . . 161
4.4.5 Derivada das Funes Hiperblicas . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
4.5 Derivao Implcita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
4.5.1 Clculo da Derivada de uma Funo Implcita . . . . . . 165
4.6 Famlias de Curvas Ortogonais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
4.7 Derivadas de Ordem Superior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
4.8 Aproximao Linear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
CONTEDO vii
4.9 Velocidade e Acelerao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

4.10 A Derivada como Taxa de Variao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
4.11 Exerccios I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
4.12 Variao de Funes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
4.13 Funes Montonas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
4.14 Determinao de Mximos e Mnimos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
4.15 Concavidade e Pontos de Inflexo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
4.16 Esboco do Grfico de Funes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
4.17 Problemas de Otimizao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
4.18 Teorema de LHpital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
4.19 Exerccios II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
5 Integrao Indefinida 246

5.1 Definies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
5.2 Mtodos de Integrao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
5.2.1 Mtodo de Substituio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
5.2.2 Integrais que Envolvem Produtos e Potncias de Funes
Trigonomtricas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
5.2.3 Integrao Por Partes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
5.2.4 Substituio Trigonomtrica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
5.2.5 Integrao de Funes Racionais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
5.2.6 Tangente do ngulo Mdio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
5.3 Aplicaes da Integral Indefinida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
5.3.1 Obteno de Famlias de Curvas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
5.3.2 Outras Aplicaes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
5.4 Exerccios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
6 Integrao Definida 282

6.1 Introduo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
6.2 Definio e Clculo da Integral Definida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
6.2.1 Teorema Fundamental do Clculo . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
6.3 Contruo de Primitivas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
6.4 Aplicaes da Integral Definida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
6.4.1 Acelerao, velocidade e posio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
6.5 Clculo de reas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
6.6 Volume de Slidos de Revoluo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
6.6.1 Clculo do Volume do Slidos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
6.6.2 Outros Eixos de Revoluo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
6.6.3 Mtodos das Arruelas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
6.7 Comprimento de Arco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
6.8 Logaritmo Natural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
viii CONTEDO
6.8.1 Logaritmo Natural como rea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338

6.9 Trabalho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
6.10 Integrais Imprprias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
6.10.1 Integrais Definidas em Intervalos Ilimitados . . . . . . . 341
6.10.2 Integrais de Funes Descontnuas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
6.11 Exerccios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
7 Exerccios Resolvidos 365
8 Apndice 401
9 Respostas 411
10 Bibliografia 429

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"Por favor, poderia me dizer que caminho devo seguir agora?

vez. Neste nvel, o importante que o leitor desenvolva a habilidade de calcu-

Mauricio A. Vilches- Maria Luiza Correa

Copyright by Mauricio A. Vilches

2 Funes de uma Varivel Real 25

2.9.1 Desintegrao Radioativa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

3 Limite e Continuidade de uma Funo 95

4.9 Velocidade e Acelerao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

5 Integrao Indefinida 246

6 Integrao Definida 282

6.8.1 Logaritmo Natural como rea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338

7 Exerccios Resolvidos 365

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