R&TPO-msr RI-2.

Date: 07/02/2000 issue 3.

URRRrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrhh Radiographic Interpretation

Level 2 General and Specific Theory RI-2

This column is for official use only
Name: . Results
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1. What qualities would a radiograph of a 10mm thick steel weld possess, if it had been
produced using 30-curie cobalt source over 5 minutes?
a. High contrast relative to a radiograph produced using a 10-curie cobalt source.
b. It would have high density unless solarisation has occurred.
c. It would have high definition.
d. It will probably be blank.

2. What quality must a radiograph of a weld possess if the main aim is to try and evaluate
the through thickness depths of defects?
a. It must possess high contrast and good definition.
b. It must possess a sensitivity greater than 1.7%.
c. It must possess wide latitude and a lower contrast.
d. Non of the above.

3. Why are radiographic densities in the weld area of approximately 1.5 and below are
usually considered too low for acceptance of the radiograph?
a. Because the radiographic definition is too low
b. Because the subject contrast is too low regardless of the light intensity of the viewer
used.
c. Because the radiographic contrast is impaired.
d. Radiographs with these densities in the weld are not usually considered unacceptable.

4. Low voltage x-ray tubes are generally fitted with windows made of:
a. Tungsten.
b. Lead.
c. Steel.
d. Beryllium.

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5. The velocity of electrons striking the target in a x-ray tube is a function of?
a. The atomic number of the material.
b. The amount of current flowing through the filament.
c. The amount of current in the cathode.
d. The potential difference across the cathode and anode.

6. Which of the following isotopes has the longest half-life?

a. Cobalt 60.
b. Cesium 137.
c. Iridium 192.
d. Thulium 170.

7. The primary form of energy conversion when elements strike a target in an x-ray tube
results in the production of:
a. Long wavelength radiation.
b. Soft radiation.
c. Primary x-rays.
d. Heat.

8. The purpose of circulating oil in some types of x-ray tubes is:

a. To dissipate heat.
b. For lubrication purposes.
c. To reduce the chance of scatter radiation reaching the tube head.
d. To reduce the need of high currents.

9. A good cobalt radiograph is made on a 30-inch steel weld using an exposure time of 10
minutes and a source to film distance of 36 inches. It is necessary to change the source to
film distance to 24 inch, what exposure time would be used to produce a similar
radiograph if all other considerations remain the same?
a. 1 minute 36 seconds.
b. 4 minute 26 seconds.
c. 4 minute 40 seconds.
d. 5 minutes.

10. After a period of 296 days the activity of an iridium 192 source, activity 400 Gbq would
be:
a. 100 Gbq.
b. 50 Gbq.
c. 25 Gbq.
d. 12.5 Gbq.

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11. The effect when all of a photons energy is lost on impact caused through ejecting an
electron is termed:
a. Pair production.
b. Compton effect
c. Rayleigh scattering.
d. Photoelectric effect.

12. An increase in kilovoltage will result in: (if all other considerations remain the same)
a. A reduction in film contrast.
b. An increase in radiographic contrast.
c. No overall change to the radiographs definition.
d. A reduction in subject contrast.

13. If a 200mm f.f.d, object to film distance 20mm using a 4mm source size, it is calculated
that the geometric unsharpness is 0.4mm. Assuming the source size and object to film
distance cant be altered what will be the required f.f.d. to reduce the unsharpness to an
acceptable level of 0.25mm:
a. 340mm
b. 251mm
c. 288mm
d. 388mm

14. A lead sheet containing a pin hole may be placed half way between x-ray tube and the
film in order to:
a. Measure the intensity of radiation. (central beam)
b. Used to set up exposure times.
c. Reduce secondary radiation.
d. Determination of focal spot size.

15. From a radiograph it has been determined that the penumbra is 0.3 using the following
factors, size of source 3mm, focal spot to film distance 268mm and the object to film
distance 27mm. In order to ensure that the penumbra levels do not exceed 0.25mm what
will be the new minimum focal spot to film distance?
a. 324mm.
b. 351mm.
c. 268mm.
d. 386mm.

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16. Which of the following applies to constant potential x-ray tubes?
a. Thicker cables and larger tube heads.
b. Faster sets and more commonly used on site.
c. More robust and lighter sets.
d. Faster sets and smaller tube heads.

17. If an iridium 192 isotope 1200 GBq activity, what would be its activity be after 370 days?
a. 1.0 curies.
b. 2.0 curies.
c. 10.0 curies.
d. 10 Bq.

18. Which of the following are reasons for insufficient density on a radiograph?
a. Over development and insufficient final wash.
b. Low kilovoltage and excessive exposure times.
c. Developer temperature to low and under exposure.
d. Under development and developer temperature to high.

19. A large physical source size may produce an equivalent quality radiograph if:
a. The source to film distance is increased.
b. The object to film distance is increased.
c. Exposure times are reduced.
d. A faster film speed is used.

20. The general method of producing x-rays involves the sudden deceleration of high velocity
electrons in a solid body called:
a. Focusing cup.
b. Filament.
c. Target.
d. Cathode.

21. In an x-ray tube, the filament and focusing cup are the two essential parts of the:
a. Anode.
b. Cathode.
c. Rectifier.
d. Control panel.

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22. An x-ray tube with a small focal spot is considered better than one with a large focal spot
size when it is desired to obtain:
a. Greater penetration.
b. Better geometric unsharpness.
c. Better inherent film unsharpness.
d. Improved radiographic contrast.

23. One method of reducing radiographic contrast is to:

a. Increase the distance between the radiation source and the object.
b. Decrease the distance between the radiation source and the object.
c. Increase the potential difference between the anode and cathode.
d. Increase development time within manufactures recommendations.

24. In x-ray radiography, alternating current must be changed to pulsating direct current in
order to satisfy the need for fast and more efficient x-ray sets, this change may be
accomplished by:
a. Transformers.
b. Rectifiers.
c. Inverters.
d. Filaments.

25. Two isotopes of the same element have two different specific activity values. The source
with the higher specific activity value will:
a. Produce radiation with a shorter wavelength.
b. Have a shorter half-life than the source with a lower specific activity.
c. Will increase the half value thickness of most materials.
d. None of the above.

26. The radiographic absorption of a material will tend to become less dependent upon the
materials density and thickness when:
a. The kilovoltage is increased.
b. The kilovoltage is reduced.
c. The source to film distance is reduced.
d. The intensity of radiation is increased.

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27. Two factors which greatly effect the suitability of the target material in an x-ray tube are:
a. The melting point and magnetic strength.
b. Electrical resistance and the melting point.
c. The materials Z number and the melting point.
d. All of the above.

28. An x-ray tube which is designed to operate in large diameter pipes and cylindrical vessels
which produces a panoramic x-ray beam over the full 360o is termed:
a. Biopolar.
b. Rod anode.
c. High voltage generator.
d. Betatron.

29. Filters used at the port of the x-ray tube:

a. Intensify the x-ray beam by intensifying the secondary radiation.
b. Filter out hard radiation and secondary radiation.
c. Filter out short wavelength radiation to provide softer radiation.
d. Filter out soft radiation and secondary radiation.

30. Which of the following best describes Characteristic x-rays.

a. X-rays consisting of discrete wavelengths which are characteristic of the emitting
material.
b. X- radiation that is sometimes classed as secondary radiation.
c. X-radiation arising from the retardation of moving charged particles.
d. A term used to describe very penetrating x-rays.

31. A filter in the primary radiation beam will:

a. Reduce exposure time.
b. Increase the effective energy of the beam and reduce radiographic contrast.
c. Increase the scatter radiation that the radiographic film is subjected to.
d. Decrease the effective energy of the beam and increase overall radiographic contrast.

32. The specific activity of a gamma source is usually measured in which of the following
units?
a. Curies per gram.
b. Counts per second.
c. Mega electron volts.
d. Roentgens per hour.

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33. Radiation of a single wavelength is know as:

a. Real time radiation.
b. Microscopic radiation.
c. Heterogeneous radiation.
d. Monochromatic radiation.

34. Gamma rays emitted from radio-isotopes consist of:

a. A broad spectrum of wavelengths, range of which depends on the isotopes specific
activity.
b. Single wavelengths beams, the wavelength of which depend on the particular isotopes
activity.
c. Small particles of sub-atomic matter.
d. One or more discrete wavelengths depending on isotope type.

35. The property of a material to block or partially block the passage of x-rays and
gamma rays is termed:
a. Absorption.
b. Latitude.
c. Attenuation.
d. Penetration.

36. If the original exposure was 5 mA at 12 minutes, what would the new mA be for an
exposure time of 4 minute?
a. 10 mA.
b. 15 mA.
c. 18 mA.
d. 20 mA.

37. Which of the following has the shortest half-life?

a. Ca 137
b. Ir 192.
c. Co 60.
d. Yb 169.

38. In welding the most likely cause for a burn through is:
a. Small root face and excessive current values.
b. Small root gap and excessive current values.
c. Loss of welding gas shield and excessive current values.
d. All of the above.

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39. Beta particles:
a. Do not penetrate as for as alpha particles.
b. Travel and penetrate further than alpha particles.
c. Generally have a larger wavelength than alpha particles.
d. Carry a positive charge.

40. As x-ray energy increases, wavelength will:

a. Increase.
b. Decrease.
c. No change to the wavelength.
d. Increases in mass.

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