Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
SERIE DE DIVULGACIN
0 2010 I 0
pp. 109 - 130
Abstract:
The current article, of divulging nature, has as objective to present affordable
solutions of the Legendre differential equations as well as a set of properties of
Legendre polynomials. Its importance stands in the fact that Legendre polynomials
1
El autor del artculo es Licenciado en Matemtica, egresado de la Universidad de los Andes
ULA-Venezuela. Asimismo, es Magster y Doctor en Ciencias. Actualmente es Profesor en la
Categora de Titular, adscrito al Departamento de Matemtica y Fsica de la Universidad
Nacional Experimental del Tchira-UNET, Tchira-Venezuela. cnunezr@gmail.com
Polinomios de Legendre Notas
dx
+ y = 0 (1) (1 x ) + y = 0
dx dx
(1)
2
Su legado cientfico en: http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien-Marie_Legendre
2
Carlos Enrique Nez Rincn
(1 x ) y2 xy+n ( n + 1) y = 0
2
(2)
k ( k 1) ak x k 2 x 2 k ( k 1) ak x k 2 2 x kak x k 1 + n ( n + 1) ak x k = 0
k =2 k =2 k =1 k =0
(4)
puesto que
k ( k 1) ak x k 2 = ( k + 2 )( k + 1) ak +2 x k
k =2 k =0
(5)
x 2
k ( k 1) a x
k =2
k
k 2
= x 2
k ( k 1) a x x
k =2
k
k 2
= k ( k 1) ak x k = k ( k 1) ak x k (6)
k =2 k =0
2 x kak x k 1 = 2 x kak x k x 1 = 2 kak x k = 2 kak x k (7)
k =1 k =1 k =1 k =0
3
Polinomios de Legendre Notas
( k + 2 )( k + 1) ak +2 x k k ( k 1) ak x k 2 kak x k + n ( n + 1) ak x k = 0
k =0 k =0 k =0 k =0
( ( k + 2 )( k + 1) a
k =0
k +2 k ( k 1) ak 2kak + n ( n + 1) ak )x k = 0
( ( k + 2 )( k + 1) a
k =0
k +2 )
+ ( n ( n + 1) k ( k + 1) ) ak x k = 0 (8)
n ( n + 1) k ( k + 1)
ak + 2 = a k = 0,1, 2,3, (9)
( k + 2 )( k + 1) k
En (9), hagamos las siguientes consideraciones:
i) Sean a0 0 y a1 = 0 entonces
n ( n + 1) n ( n + 1)
a2 = a0 = a0 ,
2.1 2!
n ( n + 1) 2.3 n ( n + 1) ( n ( n + 1) 2.3) n ( n + 1) ( n ( n + 1) 2.3)
a4 = a2 = a0 = a0 ,
4.3 4.3.2! 4!
n ( n + 1) 4.5 n ( n + 1) ( n ( n + 1) 2.3) ( n ( n + 1) 4.5 )
a6 = a4 = a0 ,
6.5 6!
Ntese, que para k impar: a1 = a3 = a5 = = 0.
Luego, (3) se transforma en
4
Carlos Enrique Nez Rincn
n ( n + 1) n ( n + 1) ( n ( n + 1) 2.3)
y1 = f1 ( x ) = a2 k x 2 k = a0 x 0 a0 x 2 + a0 x 4
k =0 2! 4!
n ( n + 1) 2 n ( n + 1) ( n ( n + 1) 2.3) 4
= 1 x + x a0
2! 4!
que es una solucin par de la ecuacin de Legendre.
ii) Ahora consideremos a0 = 0 y a1 0 entonces
n ( n + 1) 1.2 n ( n + 1) 1.2
a3 = a1 = a1
3.2 3!
a5 =
n ( n + 1) 3.4
a3 =
( n ( n + 1) 1.2 ) ( n ( n + 1) 3.4 ) a
1
5.4 5!
a7 =
n ( n + 1) 5.6
a5 =
( n ( n + 1) 1.2 ) ( n ( n + 1) 3.4 ) ( n ( n + 1) 5.6 ) a ,
1
7.6 7!
Ntese, que para k par: a0 = a2 = a4 = = 0.
Luego, (3) se transforma en
y2 = f 2 ( x ) = a2 k +1 x 2 k +1
k =0
5
Polinomios de Legendre Notas
n ( n + 1) ..( n 2i + 1)( n 2i )! n!
n ( n 1) ..( n 2i + 1) = = (11)
( n 2i )! ( n 2i )!
( 2n 1)( 2n 3) ..( 2n 2i + 1) =
6
Carlos Enrique Nez Rincn
=
( 2n )! ( 2n )!( n i )!
= i (12)
2 n ( n 1)( n 2 ) ..( n i + 1)( 2n 2i )! 2 n!( 2n 2i )!
i
n! i ( 2n )!( n i )! a
an = ( 1) 2i i ! i n 2 i
( n 2i )! 2 n!( 2n 2i )!
luego
2
an2i = ( 1)
i( n!) ( 2n 2i )! a
n
i !( 2n )!( n 2i )!( n i )!
sea an =
( 2 n )! , esto es posible, puesto que no hay alguna condicin sobre an
2
2n ( n!)
entonces
an2i = ( 1)
i ( 2n 2i )!
2 n
i !( n 2i )!( n i )!
7
Polinomios de Legendre Notas
= 0
( 2 n )! x n ( 2 n 2 )! x n 2
+
( 2 n 4 )! x n4
2 .0!n!n! 2 .1!( n 2 )!( n 1)!
1
2 .2!( n 4 )!( n 2 )!
2
( 2 n 6 )! x n6
+
( 2 n 8 )! x n8
2 .3!( n 6 )!( n 3)!
3
2 .4!( n 8 )!( n 4 )!
4
+ ( 1)
j ( 2 n 2 j )! x n 2 j
2 j !( n 2 j )!( n j )!
n
Pn ( x ) =
( 2n )! x n ( 2n )!n ( n 1) x n2 + ( 2n )!n ( n 1)( n 2 )( n 3) x n4
2 2 2
20.0!( n!) 21.1!.2 ( n!) ( 2n 1) 22.2!.22 ( n!) ( 2n 1)( 2n 3)
( 2n )!n ( n 1)( n 2 )( n 3)( n 4 )( n 5 ) x n6
2
23.3!.23 ( n!) ( 2n 1)( 2n 3)( 2n 5 )
+
( 2n )!n ( n 1)( n 2 )( n 3)( n 4 )( n 5 )( n 6 )( n 7 ) x n8
2
24.4!.24 ( n!) ( 2n 1)( 2n 3)( 2n 5 )( 2n 7 )
( 2n )! x n n ( n 1) x n2 + n ( n 1)( n 2 )( n 3) x n4
2
=
2n ( n!) 2.1!( 2n 1) 22.2!( 2n 1)( 2n 3)
n ( n 1)( n 2 )( n 3)( n 4 )( n 5 ) n6
x
23.3!( 2n 1)( 2n 3)( 2n 5 )
8
Carlos Enrique Nez Rincn
n ( n 1)( n 2 )( n 3)( n 4 )( n 5 )( n 6 )( n 7 ) n8
+ x .
24.4!( 2n 1)( 2n 3)( 2n 5 )( 2n 7 )
i =0
i
2 i !( n 2i )!( n i )!
x n 2i
Para n = 0: (1 x ) y2 xy= 0
2
P0 ( x ) = 1
Para n = 1: (1 x ) y2 xy+2 y = 0
2
P1 ( x ) = x
3 2 1
Para n = 2: (1 x ) y2 xy+6 y = 0
2
P2 ( x ) =
2
x
2
5 3
Para n = 3: (1 x ) y2 xy+12 y = 0
2
P3 ( x ) = x3 x
2 2
35 15 3
Para n = 4: (1 x ) y2 xy+20 y = 0
2
P4 ( x ) = x 4 x 2 +
8 4 8
9
Polinomios de Legendre Notas
d2y
(1 x ) dx 2 2 x dy
2
dx
+ n ( n + 1) y = 0 (12)
1 1
en esta ecuacin hacemos s = , luego x = , entonces
x s
dy dy ds dy dy
= = x 2 = s 2
dx ds dx ds ds
d 2 y d 2 dy ds dy 2 d y
2 2
4 d y dy
2 (
2
= s = 2 s s s ) = s
2
2
+ 2s3
dx ds ds dx ds ds ds ds
1 4 d 2 y 3 dy 1 2 dy
1 2 s 2
+ 2 s 2 s + n ( n + 1) y = 0
s ds ds s ds
d2y 3 dy
2
2 d y dy dy
s 4
2
+ 2s s 2
2 s + 2 s + n ( n + 1) y = 0
ds ds ds ds ds
d2y 2
2 d y 3 dy
s 4
s + 2 s + n ( n + 1) y = 0 (13)
ds 2 ds 2 ds
d2y dy n ( n + 1)
( s 1) 2 + 2 s +
2
y=0 (14)
ds ds s2
y = Qn ( x ) = ak s k + p ( a0 0 ) (15)
k =0
10
Carlos Enrique Nez Rincn
+2 s 3
a (k + p) s
k =0
k
k + p 1
+ n ( n + 1) ak s k + p = 0
k =0
ak ( k + p )( k + p 1) s k + p+2
ak ( k + p )( k + p 1) s k + p
k =0 k =0
+ 2ak ( k + p ) s k + p+2
+ n ( n + 1) ak s k + p = 0
k =0 k =0
por lo tanto
ak ( k + p )( k + p + 1) s k + p+2 ak ( ( k + p )( k + p 1) n ( n + 1) ) s k + p = 0
k =0 k =0
(16)
de (16) obtenemos
a0 ( p ( p 1) n ( n + 1) ) = 0 (17)
a1 ( p ( p + 1) n ( n + 1) ) = 0 (18)
ak ( k + p )( k + p + 1) = ak + 2 ( ( k + p + 2 )( k + p + 1) n ( n + 1) ) (19)
p ( p 1) n ( n + 1) = 0 ( p ( n + 1) ) ( p + n ) = 0
p = n +1 p = n
sustituyendo p = n + 1 en (18) y (19), obtenemos
a1 ( ( n + 1)( p + 2 ) n ( n + 1) ) = 0
a1 ( 2n + n ) = 0 a1 = 0 n +
ak ( k + n + 2 )( k + n + 1) = ak + 2 ( ( k + n + 3)( k + n + 2 ) n ( n + 1) )
= ak + 2 ( k + 2 )( k + 2n + 3)
luego
11
Polinomios de Legendre Notas
ak + 2 =
( k + n + 2 )( k + n + 1) a k (20)
( k + 2 )( k + 2n + 3) k
puesto que a0 0 y a1 = 0 , de (20) deducimos que
a1 = a2 = a3 = = 0
Procediendo como en el caso anterior obtenemos los coeficientes de a2 j , j
a2 j =
( n + 1)( n + 2 )( n + 3) ..( n + 2 j ) a0
2.4..2 j ( 2n + 3)( 2n + 5 ) ..( 2n + 2 j + 1)
n!
haciendo a0 = , tenemos
1.3..( 2n + 1)
a2 j =
( n + 1)( n + 2 ) ..( n + 2 j ) n!
=
2n ( n + 2 j )!( n + j )!
(21)
2.4..( 2 j ) .1.3.5..( 2n + 2 j + 1) j !( 2n + 2 j + 1)!
y ( x ) = APn ( x ) + BQn ( x )
12
Carlos Enrique Nez Rincn
Demostracin
h
( 1/ 2 )( 1/ 2 1)( 1/ 2 2 ) ..( 1/ 2 h + 1) 2h
( 1) s x
s
=
h h
(23)
h=0 h! 2
puesto que
h
1 1 1 1 ( 1) ( 2h )!
1 2 .
. h + 1 =
2 2 2 2 22 h h !
h i
s h
h! h i s
x
2
=
i =0 i !( h i )!
x
2
13
Polinomios de Legendre Notas
h
( 1) ( 2h )! i
1
22 h h!
h
h! s
= 2 ( 1) s
h
h h
x h i
h! i = 0 i !( h i )! 2
2
1 2 sx + s h =0
i i
=
( 2h )!s h x h i s
h h
1 ( 2 h )! x
h i
h=0
= h
2 h! i =0 i !( h i )! 2 h=0 i =0 2 2 h! i !( h i )!
h
s h +i
1 n / 2 1 i
( 2n 2i )!
= n i x n 2i s n
1 2 sx + s 2 n=0 i =0 2 2 i !( n 2i )!( n i )!
1 n/2
( 2n 2i )! n
= ( 1) n x s = Pn ( x ) s n .
i
n 2i
1 2 sx + s 2 n=0 i =0 2 i !( n 2i )!( n i )! n =0
c.q.q.d.
1
= Pn ( x )s n < n <
2
1 2 sx + s
2n + 1 n
Pn+1 ( x ) = xPn ( x ) Pn1 ( x )
n +1 n +1
Demostracin
14
Carlos Enrique Nez Rincn
1
= Pn ( x ) s n (24)
1 2 sx + s 2
1 ( 2 x + 2 s ) xs
3 / 2
= 3/ 2
= nPn ( x ) s n1 (25)
2 (1 2 sx + s )
2
(1 2sx + s )
2
1
( x s) = (1 2 sx + s 2 ) nPn ( x ) s n1 (26)
2
1 2 sx + s
( x s ) Pn ( x ) s n = (1 2sx + s 2 ) nPn ( x ) s n1
( xPn ( x ) Pn1 ( x ) ) s n
15
Polinomios de Legendre Notas
( n + 1) Pn+1 ( x ) = ( 2n + 1) xP ( x )n nPn1 ( x )
2n + 1 n
Pn+1 ( x ) = xPn ( x ) Pn1 ( x )
n +1 n +1
c.q.q.d.
obtenemos
n
n!
( x2 1) = ( 1)
n n i
i
i !( n i )!
( x2 )
i =0
luego
dn 2 dn n n! n n! d n 2 n 2 i
( x 1) = dxn ( 1) i!( n i )!x = ( 1) i!( n i )! dxn x
n i 2 n 2 i i
dx n i =0 i =0
puesto que
d n 2 n 2 i
x = ( 2n 2i )( 2n 2i 1)( 2n 2i 2 ) .
dx n
.( 2n 2i n + 1) x 2 n2i n =
( 2n 2i )! x n2i , n 2i
( n 2i )!
por lo tanto
16
Carlos Enrique Nez Rincn
1 dn 2 1 n/2 n! ( 2n 2i )! n2i
n
n ( ) i
x 1 = ( 1) x
n
2 n! dx n
2 n ! i =0 i !( n i )! ( n 2i )!
n/2
= ( 1)
i ( 2n 2i )! x n2i = P x .
n( )
i =0 2 n
i !( n 2i )!( n i )
c.q.q.d.
Demostracin
Para demostrar esta propiedad, utilizamos (1) y puesto que Pn ( x ) es una solucin
de la ecuacin diferencial de Legendre, tenemos
d 2 d
(1 x ) Pn ( x ) + n ( n + 1) Pn ( x ) = 0 (27)
dx dx
17
Polinomios de Legendre Notas
d 2 d
(1 x ) Pm ( x ) + m ( m + 1) Pm ( x ) = 0 (28)
dx dx
multiplicando la expresin (27) por Pm ( x ) y la expresin (28) por Pn ( x ) ,
obtenemos
d
dx
(
( )
1 x 2 ) Pn ( x ) Pm ( x ) + n ( n + 1) Pn ( x ) Pm ( x ) = 0
d
dx
( ( )
1 x 2 ) Pm ( x ) Pn ( x ) m ( m + 1) Pm ( x ) Pn ( x ) = 0
d
dx
(
( )
1 x 2 ) ( Pm ( x ) Pn ( x ) Pn ( x ) Pm ( x ) ) + ( n ( n + 1) m ( m + 1) ) Pn ( x ) Pm ( x ) = 0
d
1
1 dx
( )
(1 x2 ) ( Pm ( x ) Pn ( x ) Pn ( x ) Pm ( x ) ) dx
1
+ ( n ( n + 1) m ( m + 1) ) Pn ( x ) Pm ( x ) dx = 0
1
puesto que
1 d
(
1 dx (1 x ) ( Pm ( x ) Pn ( x ) Pn ( x ) Pm ( x ) ) dx
2
)
1
= (1 x 2 ) ( Pm ( x ) Pn ( x ) Pn ( x ) Pm ( x ) ) = 0
1
luego
18
Carlos Enrique Nez Rincn
1
( n ( n + 1) m ( m + 1) ) 1
Pn ( x ) Pm ( x ) dx = 0
como n m entonces, ( n ( n + 1) m ( m + 1) ) 0
por lo tanto
1
1
Pn ( x ) Pm ( x ) dx = 0 .
c.q.q.d.
v) Si consideremos n = m, la norma del polinomio viene dada por
2 1 2
Pn ( x ) i Pn ( x ) = Pn ( x ) = Pn2 ( x ) dx =
1 2n + 1
Demostracin
Como es posible observar a lo largo del tema tratado, existe multiplicidad de
formas para abordar las demostraciones. Al demostrar esta propiedad, por ejemplo,
podemos utilizar la frmula de Rodrguez o la funcin generatriz, entre otras.
Utilizando la frmula de Rodrguez, tenemos
2
1 1 dn 2 1 n
1 P ( x
n
2
) dx = 1 2n n! dx n ( x 1) dx
1 dn 2
1 n d
n
n
= 2 1 dx n
( x 1) n ( x 2
1) dx
( 2 n!)
n dx
u v u( v+ u (
(n)
vdx = u (
n 1) n 1)
vdx = u (
n 1)
v u(
n2 ) n2)
vdx
= u(
n 1)
v u(
n2)
v+ u (
n 3)
v u (
n 4 )
v( ) + + ( 1) uv(
3 n2 n2)
uv(
n 1) (n)
uv
n 1 n
+ ( 1) + ( 1) dx
luego
19
Polinomios de Legendre Notas
1 d n1 2
1 n d
n
n
1
n 1 (
2
P ( x ) dx = 2 n
2
x 1) ( x 1)
2
2 ( n!) dx
n
1 dx n 1
1 d n1 2 n d
n +1
n 1 1 d
n 1
n d
n
n
1 dx n 1
( x 1) dx n+1
( x 2
1) dx = 2
22 n ( n!) 1 dx
n 1 ( x 2
1) dx n
( x 2
1) dx
d n2 2
1 n d
n +1
n
1
1 d
n2
n d
n+2
n
= 2n
2
2 ( n!) dx
n 2 ( x 1) dx n+1
( x 2
1) n2 ( x 2
1) dx n+ 2
( x 2
1) dx
1 1 dx
1 d n 2 2
1 n d
n+ 2
n
=
2 ( n!)
2n 2 1
dx n 2 ( x 1) dx n+ 2 ( x 2
1) dx =
n n
( 1) 1 d
n n
n d
n+ n
n ( 1) 1 n d
2n
n
nn (
+ 2n 2 1
x 1)
2
n+ n (
x 1) dx = 2 n
2
2 1 (
x 1)
2
2n (
x 2 1) dx
2 ( n!) dx dx 2 ( n!) dx
puesto que
d 2n 2 n d 2n 2n
2n ( ) 2n (
x 1 = x nx 2 n2 + ) = ( 2n )!
dx dx
1 n 1 n 1 n
( 1) 1 ( x 2 1) dx = (1 x 2 ) dx = 2 (1 x 2 ) dx
n
1 0
20
Carlos Enrique Nez Rincn
2
2 1 22 n ( n!)
1 2
Pn ( x ) = P ( x ) dx = 2 n
n
2
2 ( 2 n )! =
2 ( n!) ( 2n + 1)( 2n )! ( 2n + 1)
1 2
c.q.q.d.
n
vi) Pn (1) = 1, Pn ( 1) = ( 1)
Demostracin
Para demostrar esta propiedad, consideremos la frmula de derivacin de Leibniz,
n
n!
(n)
= f ( ) ( x) g( ) ( x)
nk k
esto es, si y = f ( x ) g ( x ) , entonces y
k =0 k !( n k )!
1 n n! d nk n d
k
= n
n
nk (
x + 1) k (
x 1)
2 n! k =0 k !( n k )! dx dx
puesto que
dk n n k 0, si n k
( x 1) = n ( n 1) .. ( n k + 1)( x 1) =
dx k n!, si n = k
por lo tanto
1 n 1
Pn (1) = n
n!(1 + 1) = n n!2n = 1
2 n! 2 n!
c.q.q.d.
De manera anloga
1 dn 2 1 dn 1 n d
n
( )
n
( )
n
Pn ( x ) =
2n n! dx n
( ) 2n n! dx n
x 1 = ( 1) (1 x 2 ) =
2 n n!
( 1)
dx n
(1 + x )
n
(1 x )
n
1 n n! d nk n d
k
= ( 1) n
n n
nk (
1 x) k (
1+ x)
2 n! k =0 k !( n k )! dx dx
21
Polinomios de Legendre Notas
puesto que
dk n nk 0, si n k
( x + 1) = n ( n 1) .. ( n k + 1)(1 + x ) =
dx k n!, si n = k
por lo tanto
n 1 n n 1 n
Pn ( 1) = ( 1) n
n!(1 ( 1) ) = ( 1) n n!2n = ( 1)
2 n! 2 n!
c.q.q.d.
Bibliografa
Ledder, G. (2006). Differential equations: a modeling approach. New York:
McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Nez R., C. (2004). Sucesiones y series en el contexto del MatLab. Aleph Sub
Cero, Serie de Divulgacin. 2004-I(I), 2140. Venezuela.
22