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1
2 3 THE OCCUPATION
had established business links in the Indies. These ranged donesian groups where people were killed, vanished or
from small town barbers, photographic studios and sales- went into hiding. Chinese- and Dutch-owned properties
men, to large department stores and rms such as Suzuki were ransacked and destroyed.* [12]
and Mitsubishi becoming involved in the sugar trade.* [5] The invasion in early 1942 was swift and complete. By
The Japanese population peaked in 1931, with 6,949 January 1942, parts of Sulawesi and Kalimantan were
residents before starting a gradual decrease, largely due under Japanese control.* [13] By February, the Japanese
to economic tensions between Japan and the Nether- had landed on Sumatra where they had encouraged the
lands Indies government.* [6] A number of Japanese had Acehnese to rebel against the Dutch.* [13] On 19 Febru-
been sent by their government to establish links with ary, having already taken Ambon, the Japanese Eastern
Indonesian nationalists, particularly with Muslim par- Task Force landed in Timor, dropping a special parachute
ties, while Indonesian nationalists were sponsored to visit unit into West Timor near Kupang, and landing in the Dili
Japan. Such encouragement of Indonesian nationalism area of Portuguese Timor to drive out the Allied forces
was part of a broader Japanese plan for an 'Asia for the which had invaded in December.* [14] On 27 February,
Asians'.* [5] While most Indonesians were hopeful for the the Allied navy's last eort to contain Japan was swept
Japanese promise of an end to the Dutch racially based aside by their defeat in the Battle of the Java Sea.* [15]
system, Chinese Indonesians, who enjoyed a privileged From 28 February to 1 March 1942, Japanese troops
position under Dutch rule, were less optimistic. Also landed on four places along the northern coast of Java
concerned were members of the Indonesian communist almost undisturbed.* [16] The ercest ghting had been
underground who followed the Soviet Union's popular in invasion points in Ambon, Timor, Kalimantan, and on
united front against fascism.* [7] Japanese aggression in the Java Sea. In places where there were no Dutch troops,
Manchuria and China in the late 1930s caused anxiety such as Bali, there was no ghting.* [17] On 9 March,
amongst the Chinese in Indonesia who set up funds to the Dutch commander surrendered along with Governor
support the anti-Japanese eort. Dutch intelligence ser- General Jonkheer A.W.L. Tjarda van Starkenborgh Sta-
vices also monitored Japanese living in Indonesia.* [8] chouwer.* [13]
In November 1941, Madjlis Rakjat Indonesia, an Indone-
sian organisation of religious, political and trade union
groups, submitted a memorandum to the Dutch East In-
dies Government requesting the mobilisation of the In-
donesian people in the face of the war threat.* [9] The
memorandum was refused because the Government did
not consider the Madjlis Rakyat Indonesia to be repre-
sentative of the people. Within only four months, the
Japanese had occupied the archipelago.
loh Gampong Teungah and Tjot Plieng on 10 and 13 came later, but only after it was clear the Japanese would
November.* [66]* [67]* [68]* [69]* [70]* [71]* [72] In May lose the war). The outer islands under naval control, how-
1945 the Acehnese rebelled again.* [73] ever, were regarded as politically backward but econom-
ically vital for the Japanese war eort, and these regions
were governed the most oppressively of all. These experi-
3.1 Indonesian nationalism ences and subsequent dierences in nationalistic politici-
sation would have profound impacts on the course of the
Indonesian Revolution in the years immediately following
independence (19451950).
In the decades before the war, the Dutch had been over-
whelmingly successful in suppressing the small national- To gain support and mobilise Indonesian people in their
ist movement in Indonesia such that the Japanese proved war eort against the Western Allied force, Japanese
fundamental for coming Indonesian independence. Dur- occupation forces encouraged Indonesian nationalistic
ing the occupation, the Japanese encouraged and backed movements and recruiting Indonesian nationalist leaders;
Indonesian nationalistic sentiments, created new Indone- Sukarno, Hatta, Ki Hajar Dewantara and Kyai Haji Mas
sian institutions, and promoted nationalist leaders such Mansyur to rally the people support for mobilisation cen-
as Sukarno. The openness now provided to Indonesian tre Putera (Indonesian: Pusat Tenaga Rakyat) on 16 April
nationalism, combined with the Japanese destruction of 1943, replaced with Jawa Hokokai on 1 March 1944.
much of the Dutch colonial state, were fundamental to Some of these mobilised populations were sent to forced
the Indonesian National Revolution that followed World labour as romusha.
War 2.* [24] Japanese military also provided Indonesian youth with
Nonetheless within two months of the occupation the military trainings and weapons, including the forma-
tion of volunteer army called PETA (Pembela Tanah
Japanese did not allow the political use of the word In-
donesia as the name for a nation, neither did they allow Air Defenders of the Homeland). The Japanese mil-
itary trainings for Indonesian youth originally was meant
the use of the nationalistic (red and white) Indonesian
ag. In factany discussion, organisation, speculation or to rally the local's support for the collapsing power of
Japanese Empire, but later it has become the signicant
propaganda concerning the political organisation or gov-
ernment of the country(also in the media) was strictly resource for Republic of Indonesia during Indonesian Na-
tional Revolution in 1945 to 1949, and also has leads to
forbidden. They split up the Dutch East Indies into three
separate regions and referred to it as the 'Southern Terri- the formation of Indonesian National Armed Forces in
tories' (Indonesian: Daerah Selatan). While Tokyo pre- 1945.
pared the Philippines for independence in 1943, they si- On 29 April 1945, Japanese occupation force formed
multaneously decided to annexe the Indonesian islands BPUPKI (Indonesian Independence Eort Exploratory
into the greater Japanese Empire. Until late 1944 when Committee) (Japanese: , Dokuritsu
the Pacic war was at a turning point the Japanese never Junbi Chsakai), a Japanese-organized committee for
seriously supported Indonesian independence.* [74] granting independence to Indonesia. The organisation
The Japanese regime perceived Java as the most politi- was founded on 29 April 1945 by Lt. Gen. Kumakichi
cally sophisticated but economically the least important Harada, the commander of 16th Army in Java. Indone-
area; its people were Japan's main resource. As such sian independence meeting and discussion were prepared
and in contrast to Dutch suppression the Japanese through this organisation.
encouraged Indonesian nationalism in Java and thus in- In addition to new-found Indonesian nationalism, equally
creased its political sophistication (similar encourage- important for the coming independence struggle and
ment of nationalism in strategic resource-rich Sumatra internal revolution was the Japanese orchestrated eco-
6 4 END OF THE OCCUPATION
nomic, political and social dismantling and destruction communities. Many of these soldiers joined the TNI or
of the Dutch colonial state.* [24] other Indonesian military organizations, and a number of
these former Japanese soldiers died during the Indonesian
National Revolution, including the famous Abdul Rach-
4 End of the occupation man (Ichiki Tatsuo).* [78]* [79]* [80]* [81]
General MacArthur wanted to ght his way with Allied The nal stages of warfare were initiated in October 1945
troops to liberate Java in 194445 but was ordered not to when, in accordance with the terms of their surrender,
by the joint chiefs and President Roosevelt. The Japanese the Japanese tried to re-establish the authority they relin-
occupation thus ocially ended with Japanese surren- quished to Indonesians in the towns and cities. Japanese
der in the Pacic and two days later Sukarno declared military police killed Republican pemuda in Pekalongan
Indonesian Independence. However Indonesian forces (Central Java) on 3 October, and Japanese troops drove
would spend the next four years ghting the Dutch for in- Republican pemuda out of Bandung in West Java and
dependence. American restraint from ghting their way handed the city to the British, but the ercest ghting
into Java certainly saved many Japanese, Javanese, Dutch involving the Japanese was in Semarang. On 14 Octo-
and American lives. On the other hand, Indonesian inde- ber, British forces began to occupy the city. Retreating
pendence would have likely been achieved more swiftly Republican forces retaliated by killing between 130 and
and smoothly had MacArthur had his way and American 300 Japanese prisoners they were holding. Five hundred
troops occupied Java.* [75] A later UN report stated that Japanese and 2000 Indonesians had been killed and the
four million people died in Indonesia as a result of the Japanese had almost captured the city six days later when
Japanese occupation.* [76] About 2.4 million people died British forces arrived.* [82]
in Java from famine during 194445.* [77]
Liberation of the internment camps holding western pris-
oners was not swift. Conditions were better during post- I, of course, knew that we had been forced
war internment than under previous internment, for, this to keep Japanese troops under arms to protect
time, Red Cross supplies were made available and the Al- our lines of communication and vital areas ...
lies made the Japanese order the most heinous and cruel but it was nevertheless a great shock to me to
occupiers home. After four months of post-war intern- nd over a thousand Japanese troops guarding
ment, Western internees were released on the condition the nine miles of road from the airport to the
they left Indonesia. town.* [83]
Most of the Japanese military personnel and civilian colo- Lord Mountbatten of Burma in April 1946
nial administrators were repatriated to Japan following after visiting Sumatra, referring to the use of
the war, although the process took nearly a year for most Japanese Surrendered Personnel.
individuals, and often two years or more. Following
screening for war crimes, physical labor or security duty
for thousands more, and war crimes trials for approxi-
mately 1,038 individuals, they were sent back to Japan Until 1949, the returning Dutch authorities held 448 war
aboard remaining Japanese vessels. Approximately 1,000 crimes trials against 1038 suspects. 969 of those were
Japanese soldiers deserted from their units (then under condemned (93.4%) with 236 (24.4%) receiving a death
allied command) and assimilated themselves into local sentence.* [84]
7
[3] Friend, p. 29. [27] Ministerie van Buitenlandse zaken 1994, pp. 69, 11, 13
14
[4] Vickers, pp. 86-87.
[28] http://www.awf.or.jp/e1/netherlands.html
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[29] Soh, Chunghee Sarah. Japan's 'Comfort Women'".
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berveld, Indonesia 77 (April 2004):124127.
[30] Soh, Chunghee Sarah (2008). The Comfort Women:
[7] Vickers (2005), p. 86 Sexual Violence and Postcolonial Memory in Korea and
Japan. University of Chicago Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-
[8] Vickers, p. 83. 226-76777-2.
[9] Bidien, Charles (5 December 1945). Independence [31] Women made to become comfort women - Netherlands
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[33] Poelgeest, Bart van. "Report of a study of Dutch gov-
[11] Klemen, L. (19992000). General Sir Archibald Per- ernment documents on the forced prostitution of Dutch
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[12] Taylor (2003), pp. 310311
[34] Reid, Anthony (1973). The Indonesian National Revolu-
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[14] Horton, William Bradley (2007). Ethnic Cleavage in
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[36] Ricklefs 2001, p. 252.
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[38] Buyers, Christopher (January 2002 January 2013).
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[40] Ooi 2013, p. 42.
[18] Womack, Tom; The Dutch Naval Air Force against Japan:
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10 9 EXTERNAL LINKS
8 Further reading
Anderson, Ben (1972). Java in a Time of Rev-
olution: Occupation and Resistance, 19441946.
Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-
0-8014-0687-4.
Hillen, Ernest (1993). The Way of a Boy: A Memoir
of Java. Toronto: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-85049-
5.
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Batavia_tijdens_de_Japanse_bezetting_TMnr_10001986.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Tropenmuseum Original
artist: Unknown<a href='https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20'
height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050'
data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Japanse_oorlogsmisdadigers_voor_de_krijgsraad_te_Makassar_TMnr_10001539.
jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Japanse_oorlogsmisdadigers_
voor_de_krijgsraad_te_Makassar_TMnr_10001539.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Tropenmuseum Original
artist: Unknown<a href='https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20'
height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050'
data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Schets_van_de_Japanse_intocht_in_Batavia_zoals_de_Japanners_het_
zich_voorstelden_TMnr_10001766.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/COLLECTIE_
TROPENMUSEUM_Schets_van_de_Japanse_intocht_in_Batavia_zoals_de_Japanners_het_zich_voorstelden_TMnr_10001766.jpg Li-
cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Tropenmuseum Original artist: Unknown<a href='https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718'
title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20' height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050' data-le-height='590' /></a>
12 10 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES