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Evolution o
BMS With
HVAC SYSTEMS
Name of Presenter : Ibrahim Elsayed Kshanh
TitleIbrahim kshanh www.ibra Specialist
: Maintenance
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 Contents
Introduction To BMS-1
- BMS Def.
- BMS Objectives
HVAC Systems-2
3-HVAC Automation
- HVAC Control
- DDC Control
- Building Automation & BMS (Supervisory Controls)

Control Theory (DDC Algorithm)-

-Control Concept
-Modes of Control

4-HVAC Instrumentation
-Control Valves & Valve Authority Concept

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Building
Management
System
Fire Others
Access Security
HVAC

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Objective of BMS

BMS Central Management

Energy Management Techniques

Maintenance Reports

Automatic Alarm Reporting

Long Term Trend data storage

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BMS
and HVAC
Systems
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 Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning System

HVAC

Self Contained
Central Systems
Unitary Units
Ex: AC split units .VRV,[Space Thermostat] Central Supply Subsystem-
Or Electronic Control End Use Zone Subsystems-
Combination Ex: : Chiller or Boiler & AHU,FCU-
Used when the first cost is more important
than the operating cost Central AHU & VAV

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 HVAC Control

HVAC:
Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning System
Comfort Condition
Temperature (T): 2025 C

Relative Humidity (RH) : 20% -- 60%

Pressure (P) : Slightly Positive

Ventilation : Air Quality

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 HVAC Control

Chilled & Condensed Water System

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AHU Control

An air handling unit (AHU)

air flow is from the right to left in this case
Some AHU components shown are:
1-Supply duct
2-Fan compartment
3-Vibration isolator
4-cooling coil
5-Filter compartment
6-Mixing box air duct
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AHU Control

Exhaust air
Return air
AO
M

AO

M
E
CO2
Supply air
H
AO
M M

M
DO
AO

DI
MCC DDC DI
AI
Panel Control DI
AI
Panel
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Chilled water system control
Primary .Ch.W .
Pumps
L

H L
Main Return
Header Chille
H L r
2-Way
Loads

DP

Secondary
Pumps Ch.W.

Main Supply
Header Chille
r
VFD

Controller
PID Loop

Chilled Water System Pressure

Control
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 DDC Control
Digital Microprocessor Based
Controllers
Electronic, Microprocessor More accurate than pneumatic type
Based
With Free programmable SW Flexibility
Package (sp, schedule ,override)

Implementation of Energy Energy cost saving

Management techniques

Open Protocols
Promotes Integration

Strong Alarm, Trends Facilitates Diagnostic and trouble

Capabilities shooting

Web Based Provide Remote Access

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Building Automation &
BMS (Supervisory Controls)

Management level Network

Supervisory
Control

Field level Network

LCP/DDC LCP/DDC LCP/DDC LCP/DDC

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Control Theory

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 Control Concept

:The aim of The control is

To keep certain variable (Controlled
Variable) within a desired value (set point)
using certain calculations or programming
instructions (Algorithm) that results in a
corrective action (Control Signal) that
affects the controlled variable directly or
through another controlled variable
(Automatic Control) in order to achieve a
full system balance and overall desired
performance
To Maintain System Stability
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 Implemented Control Loops
Set point

Controller
)Algorithm(
Corrective
Closed loop Control

signal
Feed back

Final Control
Element

Manipulated
variable
Process External
)Final Control Element( Disturbance

Sensing
Element Controlled
variable
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 1-Two-Position Control
On/Off Control
Heating On/OFF
:Control Zone Over
for T Tmin 1 .Temp
Control Signal shoot

Off Value 22
Zero for T T max

Differential
2 -/+
Set Pont:20

On Value 18
Under
shoot
Tim
e
Control
Signal
:Disadvantages
-Control Of On
Tim
Overshooting e
-Results in Cycling Cycle
Duty
Process Cycle

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 2-Time Proportioning Two-Position Control
Process Error Analog Controller Two Position Pulses with duty
Signal
Signal Controller
Output Converter cycle

mA 20 --4 100%--0%
Contr
Proportional
ol T 460
Band Cycle
Signa
l
Over
shoot

Proportional Band
540 On
T =480

40 -/+
Set Point:500

460
Under
On Of
shoot

T =500

460
540

T =520
ON Of

T540

Reducing the Average Power

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-1
supplied to a Heater
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 2-Eleminates Cycling
3-Minimizing Offset

:Application
Heating Current Valve

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 3-Floating /Three Position Control

: Example Static
Pressure
Static Pressure
Control Dead Set point
band

Inlet
Van
Damper
P Actuator

Common Damper
DO1(ON)
Controller
DO2(OFF) position
remain close
remain open
DO1/2 open
remain

Time
Time
Fully
Pulse Duration
Closed Damper Position is Linear and
proportional to the On/Off Pulse Durations

Fully Open
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 4-Proportional Control (P)

Error Control
From Signal Controller Signal Continuou
- s
Process Kp
Control AO
Point 4 20 Time
Set Point mA
T
T 010
Control Signal = K p*M+ Vdc
0% 50% 100%
Error
K p :Controller Gain Cooling
M : Bias or Manual Coil Set Point
Reset Valve
Control
Output Cooling

K To Process
p Manipulated
Variable
GPM
M
Error
Linear Relation
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Proportional Control (P)
Actuator
Position
Cooling
100%

50%

0%

T1 Set Point T2 Control

Point T
Control Throttling
Point T Range

Set
poin Offset
t

Time
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 5-Integral Control (PI)

Automatic Control Signal = K p* Error +

Reset KI e. dt
Eliminates K I :Integral/Reset Gain
Actuator
offset Position
Cooling
100%

L1 L2 L3
Multiple Final 50%
Control Element
Position for each
controlled variable
value
0%
SP SP SP Control
1 2 3 Point (F)

The actuator final position depends on:

Throttling
Proportional Band (depends on actual Ranges
load)
Deviation signal Amplitude (E) and
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Control
Variable
T
Offset

Time

Fast Response

Zero st.st Error

Excessive overshoot or integral windup

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 C

M
gpm
Controller Controlled Variable
P Compensation Sensor

AHU Control
P Temp. Control Loop

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 6-Derivative Control (PID)

Control Signal = K p* e+ KI e. dt +Kd

de/dt
Kd: Derivative Gain

Control
Variable
T Offset

Time

Oscillation damping
Noise Sensitive

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HVAC Instrumentation

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 HVAC Control Valves

Control valves in HVAC are motorized valves

commanded by BMS control signal , used to
regulate the flow of the operating fluid that
affects certain HVAC parameter

Controller

AHU
Control
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Controllability The best controllability is achieved by keeping
Linear relationship between the Control output
(which considered as the valve stroke ) and the
output cooling
Output Energy
BTU 100%

50%

100% Valve Opening

0% 50%

4mA 20mA Control

Signal
The controllability curve depends upon two c/cs,the valve flow c/cs &
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flow c/cs
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Typical Coil Characteristics:

%O/P Energy
BTU
.At Const
.Water Temp
.Air Temp
.Coil Surface Area

100%
%Flow
gpm
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Valves Flow Characteristics:

Theoretical /Inherent c/cs

%Flow
Assuming Const.P with flow
Quick Opening
100%

Linear Relationship

Equal Percentage
100%

%Valve Stroke
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Combined Valve & Coil Characteristics:
Cooli
%Flow Equal Percentage curve
%ng
10
0 100
%
%
Coil
Valve

10 100
0 %
Flow
% Valve
%Cooling % %Stroke
Coil Curve

Best Controllability

Valve Curve

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Valve Stroke
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Equal Percentage valve Inherent C/Cs
%Flow
100%
]1)-X/T[ ( Theoretical /Inherent c/cs
Q = Qmax R Assuming Const.P with flow

Q: Flow Rate (gpm)

X: Valve Position (in.)

T: Max Valve travel (in.) 100%

R: Valve Rangiability %Valve Stroke

Max Flow / Min Controllable Flow =

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Equal Percentage Installed C/Cs
M

Pc Pv

Total Pump Head

:Curve deviation due to

As valve closes Pv increases-1
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 Pump Flow C/Cs

Pump
Head
100% Pump

System Curve

100%
%Flow

As valve closes, More Pump Head will be appeared across the valve-2
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 To minimize the variation in the valve pressure drop (Pv)
Size the valve for initial pressure drop (P v100% ) as close as
possible to the close off pressure drop (P v 0% ) which is equal to
the Total Pump Head

Larger Required Initial Pump Head

More Excessive Pump Energy Cost

Unpractical solution&
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 Valve Authority Concept M

Open Valve Pressure Drop (P v100% )

=N Pc Pv
Closed Valve Pressure Drop (P v 0% )

P v100% .Total P.H

=N
P.H.= P v100% + Pc100%
P v100% + Pc100%
Open : P v 100% = P.H. - Pc 100%
Close Off : P v 0% = P.H. - 0
)P v100%(
=N
) Pv100%( 2 P v 100% Pc 100%
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N=0.5
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%Flow

100%

N=1%

N=10%
N=5%

N=33%

N=50%

100%

%Valve Stroke

Authority and Valve flow curve deviation

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 Valve Sizing and valve Authority
Q
= Kv
Pv
Kv: Valve ability to pass the flow
Q : Flow (M 3/hr)
Pv: Initial Pressure drop across the valve (bar)

Assumed to be equals to Pc i.e. N=0.5

Kv Selection

Lower Kv Higher Kv

Pv Pc Pv Pc
N: from 0.5 to 0.7 N: from 0.3 to 0.5
From The Control Point ofIbrahim
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From The Energy Point of View
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( )

Thank You
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Ibrahim Elsayed Kshanh

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