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Draft
General Management Plan
Development Concept Plans
Environmental Impact Statement
TRANSPORTATION LIBRARY
MAR 3
-__
NORTHWESTERN UN IVEnSlTY
TIMUCUAN
Ecological and Historic Preserve - Florida
The following agencies have indicated a willingness to be a cooperating agency on this Draft
General Management Plan / Development Concept Plans / Environmental Impact Statement document
in accordance with regulations of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (Public Law 91
190):
Federal
US. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers
US. Department of the Navy
Naval Station Mayport
Southern Division, Naval Facilities Engineering Command
US. Environmental Protection Agency
US. Department of the Interior
Fish and Wildlife Service
Regional
Northeast Florida Regional Planning Council
State of Florida
Department of Community Affairs
Department of Environmental Protection
Department of State, Division of Historical Resources
Department of Transportation
City of Jacksonville
Department of Recreation and Parks
Department of Regulatory and Environmental Services
Air Quality Division
Water Resources Division
Historic Preservation Commission
Office of City Council
Planning Department
General Management Plan
Development Concept Plans
l lal l l l l l l l l l l
5556 030 16318 2
TIMUCUAN
Ecological and Historic Preserve
Duval County, Florida
This Draft General Management Plan / Development Concept Plans / Environmental Impact Statement for 'Iimucuan
Ecological and Historic Preserve sets a course for management of the preserve for the next 10 to 15 years. Its
purpose is to comply with National Park Service (NPS) policy and Public Law 95-42, which require the preparation
of a general management plan for every unit of the national park system. The general management plan will
ensure the long-term preservation of the significant resources and will provide for public use and enjoyment of
the preserve's many features.
Descriptions of the preserve, its enabling legislation, its prehistory, history, and resources are provided. Four
alternatives for future management and use of the preserve are analyzed in this document. The alternatives range
from a continuation of existing management (no-action) alternative to one in which the National Park Service
would take a more active role in preservewide management and development. All four alternatives share the
objective of preserving the park while continuing to provide for visitor understanding and appreciation of its
resources and their stories. The alternatives reect a range of different strategies for meeting the purposes of the
preserve. These strategies differ in the level of commitment by the citizens of Jacksonville, landowners, state and
local governments, the National Park Service, and other federal agencies to protect preserve resources. The
alternatives also differ in the relative priority given to protection and interpretation of a few known cultural
resources and the broader setting of the preserve. They differ in the level and type of staffing interpreters and
educational specialists or law enforcement rangers and regulatory specialists required to implement the plan.
The degree to which preserve purposes and management objectives can be fulfilled also varies among the
alternatives. Under alternative 1, the National Park Service would continue to manage, according to NPS policies,
only those lands and associated waters it owns, and it would continue to address problems or concerns on lands
owned by others that may affect resources preservewide using existing NPS authorities and resources or through
consultation with other agencies. In alternative 2 the preserve would be managed for education and interpretation
of the salt marsh/ estuarine ecosystem, its role in shaping history, and how historic and contemporary human uses
affect that system. Alternative 3 is the National Park Service's proposed action. Under the proposed action,
Timucuan would become a model for effective cooperation among government agencies and private interests to
protect an ecosystem encompassing important historic and prehistoric resources, as well as outstanding natural
values. Through a commitment of formal cooperative efforts between federal, state, and local agencies, private
organizations, and private landowners, the shared vision, management objectives, and responsibilities for resource
management and protection would be realized preservewide through one or more management strategies:
agreement, collaboration, cooperation, and /or partnership. These efforts would identify and address problems or
concerns preservewide. Under alternative 4, the National Park Service would protect, enhance, and restore the
quality of natural and cultural resources in the preserve by NPS acquisition and management. Visitor experience
opportunities would be expanded while protecting resources preservewide. Cooperation and coordination with
other entities would continue, especially for uses of adjacent or upstream areas. Under all alternatives, the National
Park Service would make development decisions at NPSeowned sites. Development concept plans for the Fort
Caroline National Memorial area, the Theodore Roosevelt area, and the Zephaniah Kingsley Plantation are
presented and discussed under alternative 3. Direct, indirect, and cumulative impacts on the preserve and its
resources from each alternative are outlined, and mitigating measures are described.
The review period for this document ends April 10, 1995. To comment on or to receive further information about
this document, contact:
Superintendent
Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve
12713 Fort Caroline Road
Jacksonville, Florida 32225
United States Department of the Interior ' National Park Service ' Denver Service Center
SUMMARY
iii
SUMMARY
environmental assessments that would tier to Adoption of this alternative would result in
this document. the continuation of current development
trends within and adjacent to the preserve,
with some marginal improvements in the
THE ALTERNATIVES controls on density and development
standards. If current trends continue, even
The four alternatives analyzed in this with the planned modifications to the local
document and summarized below provide a regulations, such development could result
reasonable range of different management in major intrusions on the scenic quality of
emphases and priorities for the preserve. important vistas in the preserve, and create
Environmental impacts resulting from detrimental impacts on natural resources
implementation of the alternatives are also such as water quality.
summarized.
The National Park Service would continue to
comment to the city and other agencies on
Alternative 1 land use plans, regulations, and proposals,
realizing NPS recommendations may not be
Description. This is the continuation of adopted.
existing management or no-action
alternative. The National Park Service would This alternative would include limited
manage only the lands it owns according to acquisition of significant uplands (from
current laws and NPS policies, philosophies, willing sellers only) and wetlands on a
and trends. limited basis as allowed by the enabling
legislation.
Resource management emphasis would be at
Fort Caroline, the Theodore Roosevelt area, Minor boundary adjustments would be
and Kingsley Plantation. Protection of other sought to follow natural features more
NPS-owned properties would be at the closely and facilitate management.
optimum level funding would allow. Should
present fiscal conditions improve, higher Concessioners would be used to operate tour
resource protection levels may be possible. boats between NPS sites.
Problems or concerns that might affect the Staffing under this alternative emphasizes
integrity of resources preservewide would be achieving an acceptable level of operations
addressed on a case-by-case basis through centering around Fort Caroline, the Theodore
exercising existing NPS authorities, Roosevelt area, and Kingsley Plantation.
advocating stewardship by landowners or
entities with control over resources, and Impacts. Impacts from NPS development
consulting with other agencies who would actions would not impair resource values.
preserve and protect non-NPS resources as
their budgets and priorities permitted. Natural resource management would
continue to be on a piecemeal basis, lacking
Interpretation would be provided at Fort coordination and leadership; as a result,
Caroline, the Theodore Roosevelt area, and resources may be protected over the short
Kingsley Plantation only. Access to and term, but long-term protection might not be
interpretation of other NPS-managed adequate. The absence of a preservewide
properties would be provided as funding natural resource management plan, small
allowed. Under the current trend of fiscal staff size, lack of funding, and limited
constraints, NPS visitor services may not authority would result in continued declines
meet minimum NPS standards. in habitat condition, population stability, and
range size, leading to losses of critical
iv
Summary
habitat, population fragmentation, and local contemporary human uses affect that system.
extirpations. The strategy would be to place acquisition
and staffing priority on lands and programs
Cultural resources under NPS management that promote environmental awareness,
would continue to receive the same level of which would spur action in the community
protection, depending on funding. Cultural and affect public and private land
resources not under NPS management might stewardship.
suffer from lack of identification and
preservation because of the ad hoc approach To fulfill the educational/environmental
to resource protection. awareness emphasis of this alternative, the
National Park Service would initiate a
Visitor experience and services likely would multilevel public education program
not meet minimum NPS standards, short targeting individual and corporate
term, negative impacts on the experience landowners, government landowners and
would occur. land managers, and the public. Interpretation
at NPS sites would continue.
Direct, moderate negative impacts on access
and transportation would exist due to lack of The National Park Service would acquire
coordination and planning among agencies. only those lands that would support and/or
enhance the educational and research
There would be negligible impacts on the tax opportunities in the preserve, only from
base from future land acquisition. Law willing sellers or donors. No additional
enforcement and regulation would continue legislative authority would be required.
to be complicated and inefficient.
In all other areas, this alternative would be
Minor boundary adjustments on Sherman the same as alternative 1.
Creek and Little Marsh Island would exclude
about 260 acres of uplands possessing Impacts. Impacts on natural resources would
insignificant natural or cultural values. be the same as alternative 1; however,
adverse impacts would be slightly less
The Wonderwood Expressway adjustment because of the emphasis on public education
would increase acreage in the preserve by as a resource protection strategy.
about 300 acres. These lands have the
potential for significant natural or cultural Cultural resources that best illustrate the
values. environmental theme of the preserve would
receive high protection priorities; others
Drainage headwater adjustments would would receive protection as funding allowed.
incorporate significant wetland resources Public education programs may result in
into the preserve that could provide landowners, preserve neighbors, and visitors
protection for significant plant communities adopting proactive protection measures.
and rare, endangered, and threatened
species. Although more educational opportunities
would exist under this alternative, the
impacts on visitor experience and public use
Alternative 2 would be the same as alternative 1.
vi
Summary
The major boundary adjustment in Nassau Under this alternative, development threats
County would significantly increase the to resources would vary with the constraints
wetland acreage in the preserve; the acreage on the acquisition schedule, e.g., funding or
increase cannot be estimated without legal. If the National Park Service were not
detailed surveys of the mean high water line. able to acquire all lands within the preserve
This adjustment would provide better promptly, private development likely would
ecosystem protection by moving the preserve occur quickly with landowners rushing to
boundary out of the middle of the Nassau preempt federal acquisition. State and local
River. regulatory agencies would have less
incentive to apply their authorities, waiting
The major boundary adjustment at Pumpkin for NPS acquisition. The resulting land use
Hill would add about 4,000 acres of changes could result in further degradation
significant uplands to the preserve. of water quality and scenic vistas and loss of
Additionally, this adjustment would protect habitat.
resources within the current boundary that
have the greatest potential to be affected by Once land was under NPS ownership, the
private development. public would expect access to be provided
vii
SUMMARY
viii
CONTENTS
Purpose of and Need for the Plan Land Use and Protection 61
Jurisdiction 61
Introduction 3 Boundary Adjustments and /or Legislative
The Preserve Today 4 Amendments 61
Legislative Direction 9 Concessions 61
Purpose of the Preserve 11 Staffing and Operations 61
Significance of the Preserve 11
Vision for the Preserve 12 Alternative 2: The Preserve as a Laboratory
and Classroom 62
Preserve Management Issues and Concept 62
Questions 13 Natural Resource Management 62
Cultural Resource Management 62
Management Objectives 21 Visitor Experience and Public Use 63
Physical Development 63
Relationship of this Planning Effort to Other Access and Transportation 64
Regional National Park Service Areas and to Land Use and Protection 64
Other Projects 23 Jurisdiction 64
Boundary Adjustments and/or Legislative
Amendments 64
Management Alternatives, Including Concessions 64
the Proposed Action Staffing and Operations 64
ix
CONTENTS
xi
CONTENTS
ILLUSTRATIONS
TABLES
Ulvb JNu-l
: Physical Development/ Location Criteria 48 9: Number of Archeological Components by
: Management Zones 67 Time Periods 154
: Summary Comparison of Alternatives 94 10: Archeological Resources on National
: Summary of Environmental Impacts 99 Register of Historic Places 154
: Percent Occurrence and Acreage of Plant 11: Visitor Use Data 161
Community Habitats and Other Identifiable 12: Existing Land Uses within the Preserve 171
Habitats within the Preserve 140 13: Resident Population Trends and Projections
6: Typical Salt Marsh Plant Species Found in Duval County, Florida, 19802010 174
the Preserve 140 14: Employment Projections - Duval County,
7: Florida Natural Areas Inventory, Natural Florida 174
Communities and Ranks 142 15: Estimates of Economic Benefits from
8: List of Protected Species that Occur or May Preserve Visitors All Alternatives 188
Occur within the Preserve Boundaries 150
xii
TIMUCUAN
E( .( )U )( il( ./\L AND HIST( IRl(. PRESERVE
Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve Development concept plans for three areas
was established by Public Law 100-249 on within the preserve Fort Caroline
February 16, 1988, "to administer those lands National Memorial, the Theodore Roosevelt
. . . within the preserve in such a manner as area, and Kingsley Plantation are
to protect the natural ecology of such land integrated within alternative 3 (the National
and water areas in accordance with this Act Park Service's proposed action) in the
and the provisions of the law generally "Management Alternatives, Including the
applicable to units of the National Park Proposed Action" chapter. The National Park
System" (see "Legislative Direction" section). Service owns and manages these three areas.
With designation of this preserve, Congress The development concept plans focus on
sought to protect the complex salt marsh/ visitor experience/ public use and physical
estuarine ecosystem and historic and development needs.
prehistoric sites in the valley between the
lower St. Johns and Nassau Rivers, Florida As part of this general management plan, an
(see appendix A), and to provide opportuni environmental impact statement has been
ties for the public to understand, enjoy, and prepared in compliance with the National
appreciate these resources. Timucuan was Environmental Policy Act. It will help NPS
designated a national preserve rather than a officials make decisions for the preserve that
national park because Congress envisioned it are based on an understanding of environ
to be a place that could accommodate public mental consequences and the actions that
and private uses not traditionally found in protect, restore, and enhance the
national parks. environment.
The purpose of this document is to comply At the time of the adoption of this plan, only
with NPS policy and PL 95-42, which require 20%30% of the land within the designated
the preparation of a general management boundary of Timucuan Ecological and
plan for every unit of the national park Historic Preserve will be in NPS ownership.
system. These plans usually are revised Planning for the protection and management
every 10 to 15 years. of the preserve therefore must address
strategies to deal with diverse
This Draft General Management Plan / landownership.
Development Concept Plans / Environmental
Impact Statement for Timucuan Ecological This draft general management plan presents
and Historic Preserve provides management four alternative concepts for future manage
guidance for concerns of the preserve related ment and use of the Timucuan Preserve.
to protection of the important ecosystem; These range from the current management
impacts on plant and animal species, and land acquisition policy to one in which
especially those listed as threatened, the National Park Service would acquire and
endangered, or of special concern; threats to manage all lands needed to protect and
important cultural resources; landownership interpret the preserve.
or land control and land uses; interpretation
of the preserve's diverse resources and All four concepts share the objective of
unique ecology for residents and visitors; promoting environmental awareness and
and appropriate types and levels of use by sound land stewardship practices, while
humans for residing, working, commuting, continuing to provide for visitor under
recreating, learning, hunting, and fishing (see standing and appreciation of the preserve's
"Preserve Management Issues and resources and stories. The alternatives reect
Questions" section). a range of different strategies for meeting
PURPOSE OF AND NEED FOR THE PLAN
preserve purposes. These strategies differ in The broad nature of the alternatives dictated
how responsibilities for protecting preserve a programmatic approach to the environ
resources are shared by the citizens of mental impact statement. This document
Jacksonville, landowners, state and local presents an overview of potential impacts.
government, the National Park Service, and Specific impacts of subsequent development
other federal agencies. The alternatives also actions undertaken to implement the selected
differ in the relative priority given to alternative would be preceded by site
protection and interpretation of a few known specific environmental assessments that
cultural resources in relation to the broader would tier to this document.
setting of the preserve. Also, they vary in the
level and type of staffing interpreters and
educational specialists or law enforcement THE PRESERVE TODAY
rangers and regulatory specialists
required to implement the plan. Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve is
a vast expanse of salt marsh grasses and
The concepts can be summarized as follows: waterways, of quiet wooded islands and
continuation of the existing management long views of a at horizon. To be in the
policy or no action (alternative 1); education Timucuan Preserve today is to be with ocks
and interpretation of the salt marsh/ of visiting birds or a lone blue heron, to
estuarine ecosystem and how historic and share the water with a manatee or a school
contemporary human uses affect this system of dolphins. Some views are pristine, while
through use of the preserve as a laboratory others display striking evidence of
and classroom (alternative 2); enhanced humans shell middens, ancient forts, a
protection and appropriate public use of historic plantation, modern homes, power
lands and associated waters through plant towers, Naval Station Mayport, auto
cooperative efforts among the various mobile bridges, and the primary pleasure
entities (alternative 3, the proposed action); boat corridor on the east coast, the
and environmental protection, enhancement, Intracoastal Waterway.
and restoration through acquiring all lands
deemed necessary (alternative 4). Located entirely within the city of
Iacksonville and Duval County, Florida, the
The degree to which preserve purposes and preserve encompasses approximately 46,000
management objectives can be fulfilled varies acres, 75% of which are waterways and
among the alternatives. wetlands that form an extensive estuarine
system between the Nassau and St. Johns
While this draft general management plan Rivers where they meet the Atlantic Ocean
sets forth management alternatives and (see Regional Context and Preserve maps).
identifies strategies for resolving issues, it is This estuarine system is predominately salt
not intended to prescribe specific solutions. marsh, coastal hammock, and marine and
Rather, subsequent plans e.g., additional brackish waters. Much of the salt marsh is
development concept plans, resource among the least disturbed on the southern
management plans, land protectionplans, Atlantic Coast. Many resident, migratory,
interpretive prospectuses, historic structure and rare species rely on the important
reports, and exhibit plans would be habitats in the preserve.
developed to implement the general
management plan. Detailed design plans also The estuarine habitats of the preserve also
may be done for the development concept provide important spawning grounds for
plan sites. These studies and plans together many economically important fish and
with NPS managers' judgment would invertebrates. Duval County ranks high in
determine nal facility development, visitor commercial landings for Florida, in large
amenities, and resource protection methods. part due to the productive estuarine waters.
Regional Context
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Timucuan
Yellow Bluff F! Ecological and
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United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
006'20005'July 94'DSC
Introduction
Fort Caroline National Memorial with its The enabling legislation for Timucuan
associated fort model, an NPS area since Ecological and Historic Preserve (PL 100-249,
1950, and Ribault Column commemorate the February 16, 1988) provides the following
historic 16th century colony, la Caroline. specific direction for the management of the
They are encompassed by the preserve. preserve (also see appendix A):
Most of the prehistoric sites are shell Such historical park shall serve as the
middens, humanmade piles composed of principal interpretive center and
oyster and clam shells, which reect ancient administrative facility for the ecological,
people's dependence on the estuarine system historic, and prehistoric resources made
available under this legislation.
for food.
The Secretary of the Interior may make
Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve minor revisions in the boundary of the
provides a large open area for recreation Preserve in accordance with section 7(c)
within the boundaries of a major
PURPOSE OF AND NEED FOR THE PLAN
of the Land and Water Conservation Act (3) English eighteenth century forts
of 1965. at Saint Johns Bluff and Fort
George Island.
The Secretary of the Interior . . . is
authorized to acquire lands and interests (4) Spanish sixteenth and
therein within the Preserve by donation, seventeenth century mission San
purchase with donated or appropriated Juan del Puerto.
funds, or exchange, but no lands other
than wetlands or interests therein may be (5) Site of the American
acquired without the consent of the Revolutionary War battle of
owner. Thomas Creek.
On lands acquired for inclusion within (8) The confederate fort known as
the Preserve, the Secretary shall not the Yellow Bluff Fort State Historic
impair any legal riparian right of access Site.
nor shall he preclude the continued use
of any legal right of way. The Secretary shall administer such
properties in accordance with a plan that
The Secretary shall administer those lands integrates the administration and
acquired for inclusion within the Preserve interpretation of the ecological values of
in such a manner as to protect the natural the Preserve and the historical values of
ecology of such land and water areas in the sites so acquired and the historical
accordance with this Act and the features of Fort Caroline.
provisions of law generally applicable to
units of the National Park System, In addition to the direction for visitor
including the Act of August 25, 1916 [the experiences and public use of the preserve
NPS Organic Act]. provided by the enabling legislation, NPS
Management Policies (chap. 8:1) direct that "To
The Secretary shall permit boating, the extent practicable, the National Park
boating-related activities, hunting, and
Service will encourage people to come to the
fishing within the Preserve in accordance
with applicable Federal and State laws. parks, and to pursue inspirational, educa
The Secretary may designate zones tional, and recreational activities related to
where, and establish periods when, no the resources found in these special
hunting or fishing shall be permitted for environments" and that "the use of parks
reasons of public safety. will be essentially resource based but
nonconsumptive of resources. Consumptive
The Secretary, with the consent of the uses of park resources, whether renewable or
owners thereof, may acquire by donation nonrenewable, will be allowed only where
or purchase with donated funds the specifically authorized. . . Consumptive
following properties or sites of significant uses include uses that are destructive or
historic interest in Duval County, Florida:
wasteful of preserve resources. These policies
(1) Spanish sixteenth century forts guide recommendations for visitor exper
San Gabriel and San Estaban. ience and public use in all alternatives.
(2) Spanish eighteenth century fort The general management plan and
Dos Hermanas. subsequent management will follow the
direction of other applicable federal, state,
10
Introduction
and city statutes and regulations. Federal National Historic Preservation Act,
laws guiding administration of all units which requires federal agencies having
within the national park system include the direct or indirect jurisdiction over
following: undertakings to consider the effect of
those undertakings on national register
National Park Service Organic Act of properties and allow the Advisory
1916, which established the National Park Council on Historic Preservation an
Service and mandates that it "shall opportunity to comment.
promote and regulate the use of federal
areas known as national parks, Additionally, consideration must be given to
monuments, and reservations . . . by such many other federal laws. The state of Florida
means and measures as conform to the also has many statutes and administrative
fundamental purpose of said parks, codes that dictate management of cultural
monuments, and reservations, which and natural resources such as those found in
purpose is to conserve the scenery and the preserve. (See "Environmental
the natural and historic objects and the Consequences" chapter, "Compliance with
wild life therein and to provide for the Federal and State Laws, Executive Orders,
enjoyment of the same in such manner and Regulations" section.)
and by such means as will leave them
unimpaired for the enjoyment of future
generations." PURPOSE OF THE PRESERVE
11
PURPOSE OF AND NEED FOR THE PLAN
' important and sometimes critical habitats Spanish-American War Battery on St. Johns
used by rare and sensitive species such Bluff, and Yellow Bluff Fort State Historic
as the bald eagle, Atlantic loggerhead Site.
turtle, West Indian manatee, and wood
stork, as well as multitudes of more The preserve provides a large open area of
common species waterways and uplands for recreational
opportunities, e.g, boating, fishing, hiking,
' a remnant of productive salt marsh once bird-watching, and bicycling.
prevalent along the Atlantic Coast
Many important issues and questions groundwater discharge and recharge; ood
surround the management of the preserve. control; erosion control; water purification;
These issues and questions, listed below and nutrient accumulation and cycling; primary
addressed in the "Management Alternatives, and secondary production; and wildlife
Including the Proposed Action" chapter, refuge. Wetlands also provide the public
illustrate the need for this planning process. with educational and aesthetic enjoyment
They are interrelated; actions proposed for opportunities. Wetlands are threatened by a
one issue likely will affect others. Central to variety of existing and potential uses
many of the key issues is the dispersed, regulated by many different agencies.
fragmented authorities performing
preservewide management and data
collection. No single agency currently Uplands
controls or coordinates decision making in
the preserve. The uplands in the preserve provide
valuable habitat for many species. They are
zoned by the city of Jacksonville to allow
NATURAL RESOURCES different types and intensities of develop
ment. Development on the uplands could
General affect the environmental quality of the
uplands and the surrounding wetlands and
Data on natural resources are available from waterways. The legislation for the preserve
federal, state, local, and private entities. This prohibits NPS acquisition of uplands from
information is limited in scope and/or unwilling sellers.
content.
13
PURPOSE OF AND NEED FOR THE PLAN
preserve rely on individual septic systems to and facility development, and to assess
handle household waste. Many of these are associated impacts? What management
likely to be old and failing. Similar land uses strategies would be effective to
and agricultural practices upstream from the compensate for current data gaps?
preserve contribute to water quality
degradation in the preserve. Nutrient
concentration and contamination from FIRE MANAGEMENT
sanitary system and agricultural uses in
other parts of Florida with similar Fire is an integral part of upland ecology in
environments to Timucuan's have caused the preserve. Most plant communities are
significant changes in local ecosystems. not only susceptible to fire, but depend on
periodic burning for their survival.
The effects of solid and hazardous waste
disposal within and adjacent to the preserve Fire management policies and techniques for
have not been thoroughly studied. the preserve among the various agencies are
inefficient, unclear, and sometimes
This plan addresses the following questions: counterproductive to preserve goals.
' What baseline inventories are available This plan addresses the following questions:
on plants, animals, vegetative
communities, threatened and endangered ' How can fire help perpetuate natural
species, and nonnative species? What communities and conditions within the
additional information is needed to preserve while avoiding conicts with
determine the physical, chemical, and private property and developed areas?
biological health of the preserve?
' How should responsibilities for fire
' Where are the critical habitats, especially management be allocated among federal,
those of threatened and endangered state, local, and private entities?
species and species of special concern?
What are the threats to them? ' Are certain firefighting methods more
resource-sensitive than others? How can
' What are the current and/ or potential the various entities agree to using those
adverse effects of existing and future methods?
land and water uses on the preserve?
What mitigation techniques would be
effective? Could better interagency CULTURAL RESOURCES
coordination and public awareness
control the adverse impacts? How can The preserve's enabling legislation identifies
this be accomplished? 10 historic sites that may be acquired. In
addition, in 1992 the Southeast Archeological
' What level of protection for natural Center completed an archeological overview
resources is appropriate? Is it the NPS and assessment of known sites within and
mandate to prevent degradation of adjacent to the preserve. The location of 6 of
natural resources, or is it to document the 10 legislated sites is not known. The
damage, interpret impacts, and educate following cultural resource studies have been
decision makers and the public? conducted since the establishment of the
preserve: a study of the Spanish-American
' Does the National Park Service have War fortification on St. Johns Bluff,
sufficient information on the resources of archeological studies at Pelotes Island
the preserve to determine the most Preserve, and a resource inventory of Pelotes
appropriate locations for public access Islands.
14
Issues and Questions
The existing database on historic and Information and orientation have not been
archeological sites and cultural landscapes coordinated to be complete and uniform in
lacks information with regard to inventory, the past because different agencies manage
identification, and significance deter the various resources available to the public.
mination.
' What additional information is needed to Interpretation of the historic sites listed in
assess and protect the important cultural the legislation is interwoven with the natural
resources in the preserve? ecology upon which occupants of these sites
depended.
' What are the priorities for protection of
historic resources within the preserve?
Recreation
' What level of protection should the
National Park Service provide for The enabling legislation stipulates that
cultural sites and buildings? How can boating, hunting, and fishing will be allowed
adequate protection for historic, in the preserve. The ways, locations, and
ethnographic, and archeological sites be seasons in which these activities are pursued
achieved? will determine the degree of their impacts on
the preserve's resources and the potential for
conict with other users.
VISITOR EXPERIENCE AND PUBLIC USE
This plan addresses the following questions:
General
' How can the preserve handle more
Some public use activities within the visitors and provide them with
preserve may have adverse impacts on worthwhile, quality experiences?
resources, or may conict with other public
use activities. ' How can a carrying capacity for the
preserve or specific sensitive areas be
predicted?
Information and Orientation
' How can information about preserve
The preserve is a relatively new unit of the resources and visitor orientation be
national park system. Although Fort Caroline coordinated among the various agencies
has been designated since 1950, limited managing areas within the preserve to be
marketing or identification of the new uniform, accessible, complete, and
preserve and its name and resources has effective?
taken place. Limited orientation is available
to the public on recreational opportunities, ' What primary interpretive themes should
and natural and cultural resources within be presented at Timucuan? Where and
and adjacent to the preserve. how should these themes be presented?
Should visits be self-guided or should
15
PURPOSE OF AND NEED FOR THE PLAN
visitors be encouraged to experience the Ferry to bridge the river and make the route
resources in structured, staff intensive continuous.
programs. Do interpretive and visitor use
objectives of the preserve extend to the Continued construction of docks and piers
entire region? may conict with resource protection and
scenic values within the preserve.
' What recreational activities are
appropriate for the preserve? Are there This plan addresses the following questions:
ways to manage potentially damaging or
conicting uses to prevent damage or ' How should decisions be made as to
conicts? Can boating, hunting, fishing, which new areas the National Park
and shellfishing be managed to minimize Service or others provide access in the
adverse impacts on preserve resources? preserve and where access should be
precluded due to resource protection or
management issues?
FACILITIES
' What values are important for siting
Current NPS facilities at the preserve are roads to minimize impacts?
limited and were intended to serve only Fort
Caroline National Memorial, the Theodore ' What are the best ways for the National
Roosevelt area, and Kingsley Plantation. Park Service to affect road siting and
roadbuilding decisions by other entities?
This plan addresses the following questions:
' Should historic corridors such as SR A1A
' How should facilities needed to fulfill the be maintained?
desired level of interpretation and visitor
services be determined? What will be the ' Is there a better solution to water access
impacts on preserve resources from these demands than individual docks? Is there
facilities? a way to build docks and piers that
minimizes impacts? Can the National
Park Service affect those decisions by
ACCESS AND TRANSPORTATION regulating authorities, i.e., the city, the
state, and the Army Corps of Engineers?
Access into the preserve is a matter of
concern. In some areas it is uncontrolled; in
others it is unavailable. LAND USE AND SENSORY VALUES
16
Issues and Questions
transportation facilities, landfills, and This plan addresses the following questions:
dredging operations.
' Where in the preserve is quiet an
Local and state regulations do not ensure important attribute that should be
that potential development will be compati preserved? How does it contribute to the
ible with the resource values of the preserve. visitor experience?
Visual Resources
PRESERVE BOUNDARY
Some visually prominent manmade
structures within and adjacent to the The boundaries for the preserve were drawn
preserve impair the preserve's scenic more on the basis of political and land
resources. Future private and infrastructure ownership considerations than on the edges
development could be incompatible with the of natural systems. Those systems and the
preserve's important viewsheds and conict effects of development often cross the
with the preserve's scenic values. preserve boundaries, compromising the
integrity of the natural resources the
This plan addresses the following questions: National Park Service seeks to protect.
' What are the "scenic values" and Several developed areas were included in the
important viewsheds of the preserve? boundary and may not be important in
Are there techniques for new resource protection or interpretation. These
construction that can be employed to areas often create difficulties in
allow development without creating new administration.
visual intrusions? How can the National
Park Service persuade other agencies or A portion of the southern boundary of the
landowners to use these techniques? Can preserve would be adjusted based on
or should the effects of existing resource protection and legislative
intrusions be mitigated? requirements.
17
PURPOSE OF AND NEED FOR THE PLAN
' Can the potential impacts on the local Limited land acquisition authority is given to
economy of the preserve be predicted? the National Park Service, i.e., it may not
acquire uplands from unwilling sellers.
' Will there be social impacts on the area Additionally, the National Park Service may
from the preserve? not impair any legal riparian rights of access
nor may it preclude the continued use of any
legal right-of-way.
REGIONAL CONTEXT OF TIMUCUAN'S
RESOURCES AND EXPERIENCES The mandates, operations, methods, or
responsibilities of other management entities
The preserve is located in a region and a may conict with the preserve's purpose or
state with many outstanding natural and NPS management objectives.
cultural resources.
This plan addresses the following questions:
This plan addresses the following questions:
' Are the authorities granted the National
' How do the resources, experiences, and Park Service adequate to fulfill the
stories found at Timucuan relate to those mandates of the laws under which the
available at other regional, state, or preserve is to be operated? Are there
federal parks in Florida or the region? alternate methods of fulfilling the
How should the differences or mandate other than actual
similarities inuence decisions about landownership?
resource protection, interpretation, and
visitor use? How can the National Park
Service avoid duplicating programs or
opportunities that are available elsewhere
18
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STATE
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REGIONAL
PRIVATE ENTITIES
' What are the NPS priorities for outside the realm of the draft general
acquisition? Should the National Park management plan, they cannot be addressed
Service acquire important lands in this document. These include definition of
regardless of cooperative agreements wetlands, riparian rights, military
with others? Should it attempt to acquire overights, definition of submerged lands/
and restore areas that are already property ownership, adequacy of current
disturbed? federal and state laws/ regulations to protect
resources, and federal policy on navigable
waterways. These issues are the
ISSUES BEYOND THE SCOPE OF THIS responsibility of a variety of other agencies.
GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN The National Park Service would endeavor
to work cooperatively with these agencies.
Several issues relate to Timucuan Ecological
and Historic Preserve, but because they are
20
MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES
Management objectives, established for each ' To preserve the natural dynamics of the
unit of the national park system, provide a surface water and tidal hydrologic
framework for conserving park resources, regimes that are critical to the biological
integrating the park into its surrounding systems of the preserve.
environment, and accommodating public use
in accordance with NPS policy.
SPECIFIC CULTURAL RESOURCES
The management objectives that follow were
developed in a multiagency workshop held ' To ensure the preservation of the cultural
at Timucuan Ecological and Historic resources of San Juan del Puerto and the
Preserve in February 1993. A diverse group Spanish-American War fortification.
including NPS park, regional office,
Washington Office, Denver Service Center, ' To manage the Fort Caroline model as an
and Harper's Ferry representatives; city of exhibit to interpret the historic la
Jacksonville, state of Florida, and Nassau Caroline settlement.
County officials; Sierra Club staff; and US.
Navy representatives met for three days. ' To manage the cultural resources at
They reviewed the legislation relating to Kingsley Plantation in a manner that
Timucuan, developed purpose and conveys a feeling of the site during the
significance statements, and listed issues period of its agricultural operation,
currently affecting the preserve. Using this 1700s1920s.
information, the group developed the
following management objectives, which ' To cooperate with others to assess the
serve as the cornerstone of this draft general historical significance and integrity of
management plan and upon which all other Yellow Bluff Fort in order to provide for
planning and management documents and protection and management of the site in
decisions for the preserve will be based. cooperation with the state of Florida at a
These management objectives also provide level commensurate with resources,
the basis of the need for and justification of significance, integrity, and interpretive
this draft general management plan. value.
' To achieve and maintain Florida class II ' To manage, in cooperation with other
(edible shellfish) water quality standards agencies, boating, boating-related
within the preserve in order to promote activities, fishing, and hunting, allowing
biodiversity and to protect the salt the public to experience the various
marsh/estuarine system. water-based resources and values of the
preserve in a manner that will not
' To ensure that current and future uses of damage cultural resources nor impair the
uplands within and adjacent to the integrity of this relatively undeveloped
preserve do not impair significant natural and undisturbed salt marsh/estuarine
habitats, water quality, or a healthy salt system.
marsh/estuarine system.
INTERPRETATION ACCESS
To educate the general population and To ensure the provision of land- and
visitors about the following interpretive water-based access allowing visitors to
topics in order to instill appreciation and have a visual and sensory understanding
build support for the values of the of the wetlands ecology.
preserve:
24
NS = National Seashore :.
NHS = National Historic Sit
NM = National Monument
N Mem = National Memoria
NP = National Park ~
N Pres = National Preserve
Regional
National Park
Service Areas
Timucuan
Ecological and
Historic Preserve
cannons and mortars. In 1861 after South Big Cypress National Preserve, Florida. Big
Carolina seceded from the Union, federal Cypress is a semitropical NPS area
troops bombarded Fort Pulaski using consisting of sand islands of slash pine,
experimental ried cannons. Surrender came mixed hardwood hammocks, wet and dry
within 30 hours. Old-style masonry prairies, marshes, and some estuarine
fortifications were proven ineffective against mangrove forests. The area is primarily a
the new weapons of war. The primary freshwater-dominated system with onethird
cultural resource at the monument is the of the area covered with cypress trees.
fort.
Everglades National Park, Florida. A
Gulf Islands National Seashore, Florida semitropical NPS area, the Everglades is one
Mississippi. As with Cumberland Island of the attest and most extensive freshwater
National Seashore, Gulf Islands is a wetland ecosystems in the world. It contains
temperate NPS area encompassing barrier freshwater habitat, hardwood hammocks,
islands, estuarine and salt marsh habitats, and estuarine habitats. Primary freshwater
and ocean beaches/ dune complexes. habitat includes freshwater marshes
However, the primary and distinctive dominated by sawgrass this habitat gives
features are the barrier islands; salt marsh rise to the name "river of grass." In contrast,
habitat is limited when compared to the sawgrass is absent from Timucuan, and
Timucuan Preserve. Practically all of the freshwater wetlands account for only about
important plant species of the Gulf Coast 2% of the available habitat in the preserve.
may be found also in the salt marshes of the Mangroves dominate the estuarine habitat in
preserve. But the frequency, dominance, and the Everglades. Freshwater inux to the
other ecological relationships among the estuarine part of the Everglades is limiting,
species differ in the two areas. Important and pulses with alternating wet and dry
historic coastal defense fortification sites are seasons. This results in a hypersensitive
located on the islands. estuary with salinities much higher than
those at Timucuan. Regardless of the
Dry Tortugas National Park, Florida. Dry differences, continuing research of the
Tortugas is an area primarily dominated by Everglades/ south Florida has importance to
coral reefs and reef islands. The reefs and several issues in Timucuan, including
reef islands provide habitat for a large array management of wading birds, protected
of many colored tropical / semitropical fish species, exotic species, and fire.
species that allows for an exciting
underwater experience. This area is much As an example of the story linkages that
noted for the diversity of birdlife, including could be made among these sites, the
many species that also frequent the Timucuan Preserve, along with De Soto
Timucuan Preserve. Originally called Fort National Memorial, Castillo de San Marcos
Jefferson National Monument, the park is National Monument, and Cumberland Island
dominated by a 19th century fort. National Seashore, all interpret to varying
levels of intensity, the rich cultural heritage
Biscayne National Park, Florida. This of the Timucuan Indians. Visitors could be
semitropical NPS area consists of a warm introduced to these story linkages through
shallow bay with a narrow mangrove orientation or interpretive messages, and be
shoreline on the mainland, many small encouraged to visit all four sites. Appro
islands or keys, and little estuarine habitat. priate media could emphasize the larger
Coral reefs are present as well as several sea context and the legacy of the Timucuan
grass species. Birds and coral reef fishes are world, both prehistorically and historically.
the dominant wildlife.
The history of Spanish exploration and
settlement in the region could be treated
27
PURPOSE OF AND NEED FOR THE PLAN
much the same way. Timucuan Preserve, De long-range strategic planning, accurate
Soto National Memorial, Castillo de San scientific data, a sensitivity to the trans
Marcos National Monument, and Fort boundary effects of management decisions,
Matanzas National Monument interpret and a commitment to cooperate in the
different, yet related, aspects of Spanish identification and implementation of
history and inuence in Florida. regionally and locally coordinated
management strategies.
Other examples of related stories: British
exploration and settlement could be The following is a brief description of other
highlighted at both Timucuan Preserve and known planning efforts or plans both within
at Fort Frederica National Monument; and and outside the preserve's boundary that
Fort Pulaski National Monument and Yellow could have an effect on preserve
Bluff Fort State Historic Site both illustrate management, as outlined in this draft
Civil War military actions. African-American general management plan, and/or resources.
history, specifically the diversity of the
slavery experience, is emphasized at the Resource Inventory of Pelotes Island (1988),
Zephaniah Kingsley Plantation and could be Pelotes Island Preserve Interpretation and
linked with the Cumberland Island National Land Management Plan (1989), and
Seashore in Georgia where other aspects of Archeological Studies at Pelotes Island
the African American slavery experience are Preserve (1990), prepared for Jacksonville
interpreted. Electric Authority Jacksonville Electric
Authority, in joint ownership with Florida
Examples of story linkages through natural Power and Light, owns a chain of maritime
resources include the following: compare hammock islands that serve as a buffer for
and contrast the temperate, grass-based salt the St. Johns River Power Park. These
marsh/ estuarine system with the subtropical, entities, based on the above documents, have
mangrove-based estuarine system; compare developed this area, known as Pelotes
and contrast temperate Atlantic Coast salt Island, into the E. Dale Joyner Nature
marshes with temperate Gulf Coast salt Preserve, which provides an environmental
marshes; discuss importance of salt marsh education service to the Jacksonville
based estuarine systems to South Atlantic community. The Pelotes Island area is within
Coast; and tie together importance of bird the boundary of the Timucuan Preserve.
habitat and its linkage to bird migration.
The "Resource Inventory of Pelotes Island"
contains a natural and cultural resource
RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER PLANNING inventory of assembled baseline information
EFFORTS AND PLANS and management alternatives for the islands.
The "Pelotes Preserve Interpretation and
Many preserve management and resource Land Management Plan" discusses facility
protection issues are a direct result of the design, natural resource management,
complex pattern of multiple landownership habitat enhancement, research programs,
within the preserve and the activities that staffing, and maintenance. The
can occur on these lands, as well as activities "Archeological Studies at Pelotes Island
on lands adjacent to the preserve boundary. Preserve" offers documentation and analysis
These activities could significantly affect the of two archeological sites on Pelotes Island,
success of preserve programs. both with evidence of extensive prehistoric
and historic occupation. Because this
It is the policy of the National Park Service planning effort is for lands within the
to take the initiative to work cooperatively Timucuan Preserve boundary, it will have a
with others to anticipate, avoid, and resolve direct effect on NPS planning and preserve
potential threats. Such management requires resources. Cooperation and communication
28
Relationship to Other Areas and Other Projects
among the National Park Service, criteria, and standards that guide park
Jacksonville Electric Authority, and Florida administration and sets forth specific
Power and Light are critical to ensure that measures that would be implemented to
proposed actions and/or interpretive meet management objectives. The state plans
programs are compatible. to educate the public about the human
cultures on the island. Interpretation of
Wonderwood Connector - Arlington to archeological sites, plantations, the San Juan
Mayport, Draft Environmental Impact del Puerto mission site, and other resources
Statement (1991), by Federal Highway would be provided at an education center, as
Administration and Florida Department of well as through tours, kiosks, and trails.
Transportation The Wonderwood Cooperation and communication are critical
Expressway will provide a four- or six-lane between the National Park Service and the
highway in Duval County. The proposed Florida Department of Environmental
project begins near SR 9A in Arlington and Protection to ensure that proposed actions
proceeds eastward toward the beaches area are compatible.
to end at State Road 101 (Mayport Road).
This draft environmental document indicates Nassau River-St. Johns River Marshes and
a preferred alignment. Once the highway is Fort Clinch State Park Aquatic Preserves
constructed, the highway's northern right-of Management Plan (1986), by State of
way will become the new southern boundary Florida, Department of Natural Resources
for the preserve, as discussed in the A large majority of the Nassau River-St.
legislative intent for the preserve. Johns River marshes, owned and managed
by the state of Florida, is within the preserve
State Route 105 (Heckscher Drive) boundary. This management plan lists major
Preliminary Engineering Report, Florida objectives that ensure maintenance of
Department of Transportation (1989), by essentially natural conditions and public
Florida Department of Transportation recreational opportunities. The plan is
This report discusses the ramifications of general and somewhat dated; a new plan for
reconstruction of SR 105 versus relocating it. the Nassau-St. Johns area is in progress. This
The alternate location for SR 105 is called the plan does acknowledge that the state aquatic
Cedar Point corridor and follows the preserve has the status of Outstanding
alignment of Cedar Point Road eastward to Florida Waters (OFW). Because of
Black Hammock Island, turns north and overlapping boundaries, the designation of
follows Sawpit Road and eventually turns Timucuan also includes Outstanding Florida
northeast, crossing the Intracoastal Waterway Waters. However, some areas of Timucuan
and connecting with the existing road on the were not given OFW status because the
north tip of Big Talbot Island. This project, boundaries are not coincident. This has been
from the standpoint of either alternative, remedied with the recent official designation
could have significant effects on preserve of the entire preserve as Outstanding Florida
management and resources. For example, the Waters.
Cedar Point corridor alternative, due to
bridging the Intracoastal Waterway, could Chapter 187, State Comprehensive Plan,
have a lasting impact on significant Florida Statutes This state plan, codified
panoramic vistas and habitat that the by state statute, was mandated by the State
preserve provides. and Regional Planning Act of 1984. It
provides long-range policy guidance for the
Fort George Unit Management Plan (1990), orderly social, economic, and physical
by Florida Department of Natural Resources, growth of the state. It also provides specific
Division of Recreation and Parks This policy direction for state and regional
plan discusses management of state lands on agencies, which will affect cooperators'
Fort George Island and identifies objectives, actions in the preserve. (See the "Affected
29
PURPOSE OF AND NEED FOR THE PLAN
Northeast Florida Comprehensive Regional Master Plan, Naval Station Mayport, United
Policy Plan (July 1, 1987) The state of States Department of the Navy (date
Florida is divided into 11 regional planning unknown) This document provides
councils. The State and Regional Planning strategies for management of Naval Station
Act of 1984 directed each region to develop a Mayport. Some of these strategies pertain to
comprehensive regional policy plan for naval station lands within the preserve
participating in public and private sector boundaries. Cooperation between the
efforts to plan and manage growth in the National Park Service and the US. Navy
regions. The Northeast Florida Comprehensive should help support mutual interests in
Regional Policy Plan (NFCRPP) is central to protection of preserve resources while
the council's activities in planning and avoiding conicts with the mission of Naval
managing those impacts and to the Florida Station Mayport.
comprehensive planning framework. The
NFCRPP must be consistent with the state Management Plan, Huguenot Memorial
comprehensive plan according to the Local Park (1993) This management plan,
Government Comprehensive Planning and developed by the city of Jacksonville and
Land Development Act of 1985. (See the negotiated with the state of Florida,
"Affected Environment" chapter, describes Huguenot Memorial Park and
"Socioeconomic Environment, Land Use" prescribes objectives, policies, and
section, for further discussion of this plan procedures. The park is within preserve
and its impact on the preserve.) boundaries.
30
MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING THE
PROPOSED ACTION
INTRODUCTION
33
ELEMENTS COMMON TO ALL ALTERNATIVES
the preserve's inventory and assessment The National Park Service would continue to
needs by collecting existing information and cooperate with various federal, state, and
establishing a methodology for program local agencies with interests and authorities
management. This would include develop in the preserve to protect water quality.
ment and implementation of programs for
information management, including geogra Overall direction of water resource manage
phic information systems, computerized ment would be to avoid or mitigate potential
databases, reference bibliography, and disturbances to water resources on NPS
natural history collections. owned lands. The Park Service would
continue to rely on the existing multiagency
The National Park Service would continue to framework for water quality monitoring in
support research by public and private the preserve.
institutions and organizations and by other
agencies on NPS lands and would provide The National Park Service would continue to
funding whenever possible. avoid to the extent feasible occupation or
modification of oodplains and wetlands, in
accordance with Executive Order 11988
Air Quality ("Floodplain Management") and Executive
Order 11990 ("Protection of Wetlands"),
The National Park Service would operate its respectively. However, certain actions (e.g.,
facilities and equipment in compliance with boat clocks) are excepted from compliance
the standards set by the Clean Air Act and with these orders because functionally they
Noise Control Act. Managed burning, are dependent on water. Further, the
including slash burning for exotic plant construction of NPS administrative and/or
control, would be coordinated with local maintenance facilities on existing filled or
agencies to minimize the effects of smoke on disturbed upland would be restricted to
air quality. nonwetland and nonoodplain areas.
Primarily these lands would include Fort
The National Park Service would continue to Caroline, Kingsley Plantation, and a small
cooperate with the city of Jacksonville's air portion of the Theodore Roosevelt area. In
monitoring program (no monitoring stations the process of siting NPS facilities, any
within the preserve) to identify any changes already filled wetlands would be considered
in visual quality or changes that might prove potential sites for restoration.
hazardous to visitor health or preserve
resources and scenic values. This monitoring The National Park Service would continue to
program continues to provide baseline data consult with the city of Jacksonville, the
to determine normal background levels of Florida Department of Environmental
regulated pollutants outside the preserve. Protection, St. Johns River Water
Management District, the US. Army Corps
of Engineers, and the US. Fish and Wildlife
Water Management Service in review of building and develop
ment permits and dredge and fill permits for
Future visitor use activities and new facilities projects on private lands within the preserve,
that could affect water resources would be and adjacent to the preserve where water
carefully considered. Remedial and quality and quantity (especially timing,
preventive actions, such as use of erosion volume, and spatial distribution of ows
and sediment control structures for the through the preserve) could be affected. No
former and pumpout vault comfort facilities new dredging or further excavation of
for the latter, would be initiated as necessary previously dredged sites on NPS-owned
to protect the integrity of the preserve. lands would be conducted for fill material
for any future NPS developments. Permit
35
MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION
36
Elements Common to All Alternatives
National Park Service would consult with might include temporary closure of trails in
the state. certain areas to avoid disturbance of nesting
species. Interpretive programs to enhance
public appreciation of protection of listed
Threatened and Endangered Species species would continue to be conducted.
The National Park Service recognizes its Specific surveys would be undertaken to
responsibility to protect endangered or determine the presence of any threatened or
threatened species and critical habitats under endangered species on sites being considered
section 7 of the Endangered Species Act. It for development, alteration, or public use.
has consulted with the US. Fish and Wildlife
Service and the National Marine Fisheries
Service on this draft general management Exotic Species
plan. The National Park Service would
continue to cooperate with those agencies The National Park Service would develop
when implementing management actions guidelines for the identification, control, and
concerning threatened or endangered management of exotic species on NPS-owned
species. lands that conict with preserve purposes.
Ideally, the goal of exotic plant and animal
In addition, NPS Management Policies require management would be the elimination of all
the National Park Service to work coopera exotic species; however, this goal would be
tively with states to protect populations of very difficult to achieve due to the potential
state-listed rare species. The rare, threatened, magnitude of the problem. Because some
and endangered species survey, described in exotic species pose little or no threat to
the "Affected Environment" chapter of this biodiversity, a more pragmatic strategy
draft general management plan, lists many would be to focus on reducing the densities
species that warrant protection. It is of harmful or detrimental exotic species to a
important to develop appropriate strategies level where their inuence is minimized and
for protecting these species in the resource possibly eliminated.
management plan. An effort should be made
to identify the presence of other state or Whatever the strategy, management actions
federally listed species that may require and the extent of control over exotic species
protection. must be weighed against the costs and
benefits to native biological communities,
The National Park Service would rely on cultural resources, and visitor safety and the
other agencies with jurisdiction in the enjoyment of the preserve, as well as labor
preserve for protected species management and budget considerations. No attempt
on non-NPS lands and waters. It would would be made to control exotic species that
cooperate and consult with these agencies on are not a major threat to native communities
protected species issues preservewide and or visitor safety. This would be important
would fulfill its obligations under existing where exotic species are part of a cultural
laws and regulations by monitoring activities landscape associated with historic or
that could be detrimental to protected prehistoric sites. Habitat alteration or
species and their habitats. manipulation such as diking, wetland
drainage, or water level change would not
Surveys of listed species would be conducted be practiced. These guidelines would also
periodically and their habitats protected address the importance of educating the
from modification or development. Public public about the problems and concerns
use of sensitive habitats would be restricted regarding exotic species.
as necessary during critical feeding, nesting,
or reproductive periods. Specific actions
37
MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION
' Research the ecological role of fire in the This section sets forth cultural resource
preserve's varied ecosystem. management actions that would be
undertaken on NPS-owned property under
' Control exotic plant species. any of the alternatives. It also will guide
future updates of the cultural resource
' Protect cultural and natural resources management section of the preserve's
that are fire-intolerant. Resource Management Plan (NPS 1993b).
Proposed strategies for managing cultural
' Meet operational needs. resources are in response to the issues
identified in this draft general management
Fire suppression includes all actions taken to plan.
extinguish or limit the size of a fire.
Wildfires on NPS-owned lands would be Under any alternative, the National Park
suppressed to meet the following objectives: Service would manage cultural resources,
including archeological sites, at all NPS
' Protect human life. owned property according to NPS policies
and guidelines. Specific actions would be
' Protect public and private property. taken to identify, document, and protect
resources, such as inventorying and mapping
' Preserve state and federally listed plant prehistoric and historic resources, developing
and animal species and their habitats. a database to monitor and analyze resources,
using the database to prioritize significant
' Protect selected cultural resources. sites in and adjacent to the preserve and
establish protection strategies, developing
38
Elements Common to All Alternatives
39
MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION
Collections and archives would be managed ' The Southeast Archeological Center, in
under NPS standards and guidelines for consultation with the state historic
protecting the resources and information. preservation officer, has already
They would be exhibited or stored in surveyed and identified archeological
appropriately controlled environments with sites eligible for listing on the national
protection against accidents, theft, register. These sites are sensitive to
atmospheric elements, insect infestations, vandalism in spite of their remote
and vandalism, and they would be examined locations. Methods to prevent and deter
periodically to ensure protection. vandalism would be implemented,
including inspections and patrols;
Two separate museum collections are however, increased staffing would be
maintained for Timucuan Ecological and required. Law enforcement personnel
Historic Preserve. The collection for Fort would be trained in cultural resource
Caroline is housed at Fort Caroline and at management law and would develop a
the National Park Service's Southeast systematic program to protect known
Archeological Center (SEAC). The collection archeological and historic sites from
for the preserve contains cultural items vandalism.
obtained through archeological investigations
by the Southeast Archeological Center and is ' The visiting public would be informed
housed there. A few recently acquired items about laws and associated penalties for
in the Timucuan Preserve collection are vandalizing archeological sites on federal
stored at Fort Caroline. In addition, lands. A variety of interpretive/
approximately 900 items were loaned to the educational methods would be used to
National Park Service for 18 months by four educate the public about the significance
Florida state agencies in conjunction with the and fragility of cultural resources.
acquisition of the Kingsley Plantation. The
majority of these objects were returned to the ' Fire management and cultural resource
state of Florida in March 1993; more than specialists would cooperate to ensure
100 objects were donated to the National that prescribed burns and wildfire
Park Service. Scope of collection statements suppression activities would not
for both Fort Caroline National Memorial adversely affect known cultural sites.
(1991) and Timucuan Ecological and Historic
Preserve (1991) have been completed. Cultural conservation involves the
identification, documentation, protection,
All structures open to the public would be and encouragement of folklife and culture.
made accessible to all visitors and employees Unlike historic preservation, which primarily
to the extent possible. In some instances it focuses on tangible and material resources,
may be difficult to achieve full access to cultural conservation is concerned with the
historic properties without compromising values and ways of life of a culture. It is
their integrity and significance. If the interdisciplinary and involves the work of
National Park Service, in consultation with folklorists, historians, ethnographers,
the Florida State Historic Preservation anthropologists, preservationists, and
Officer, determines that full compliance will planners. The principal goal is to
have a negative effect on a historic property, understand, appreciate, and maintain
then providing a lesser level of accessibility cultural diversity.
(called programmatic accessibility) may be
acceptable. There is a distinctive and rich cultural
heritage in northeast Florida. The lower St.
The following specific actions would be Johns River has a folklore tradition with
proposed for sites on or eligible for the origins in several cultures. The folklore
national register within the preserve: consists of tales, superstitions, home
Elements Common to All Alternatives
remedies, music, hand crafts, garden styles, ' Aid and assist local people in preserving
and traditional customs in relation to water their culture, including the diversity of
and land use. Also present are local perspectives related to class, gender,
"characters," people with knowledge of local ethnicity, religion, area, and occupation.
ways. Ethnographic resources could include
known community uses of the preserve's salt ' Provide the mechanisms necessary for
marsh /estuarine ecosystem, especially community participation in planning,
gathering and fishing uses. There may also implementation, and operation of historic
be distinctions between traditional and and cultural preservation projects.
nontraditional recreational, commercial, and
subsistence uses. This heritage is often ' Develop ties among communities and the
overlooked in preservation efforts. various agencies involved in cultural
conservation.
The Kingsley Plantation is an ethnographic
resource associated with slavery in the ' Avoid the negative impacts of tourism on
Americas. The extant set of slave quarters affected communities.
possesses traditional cultural significance
because it is where the enslaved black ' Determine appropriate ways to interpret
community carried out cultural practices local heritage and culture with local
important to its historical identity. The involvement.
plantation's significance may extend into the
tenant farming and share-cropping system ' Consult with an ethnographer or applied
that replaced the slave labor system in anthropologist to identify and document
southern agriculture after the Civil War. This natural and cultural resources that are of
aspect of the African American experience at significance to people with traditional
Kingsley Plantation may be as significant as ties to the Timucuan Preserve. These ties
its slavery associations. may include historical association, such
as descendants of Kingsley Plantation
Perceptions of shared identity and traditions occupants, or traditional uses, such as
are as worthy of protection as artifacts and farming and fishing. Ethnographic
structures. Congress legislated responsibility studies can describe community
for the preservation of our cultural heritage dynamics, trace traditional relationships
to federal institutions through such laws as between communities and preserve
the American Folklife Preservation Act and resources over time and space, support
the National Historic Preservation Act. Thus, multiple points of view in regard to the
the National Park Service has both the meaning or uses of a landscape, and
obligation and the opportunity to preserve document a cultural system differing
tangible and intangible aspects of culture, from that of mainstream America.
including significant historic and
archeological sites, records and artifacts, ' Consult with people having traditional
social histories, and living cultural traditions. ties to the Timucuan Preserve about the
protection and interpretation of resources
The National Park Service may not be able significant to them.
to foresee the cultural change that inevitably
will occur - change inuenced by economic
and social conditions. INTERPRETIVE CONTEXT AND THEMES
However, with adequate staff and funding, Sharing with visitors the reasons Timucuan
the National Park Service would perform the Ecological and Historic Preserve was
following actions to reach the goals of established involves deciding what visitors
cultural conservation: need and want to know about the
41
MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION
preserve what are the stories to tell, arrived on the St. Johns, the Timucua lived
which are the most important, and how will the same way as their prehistoric ancestors
they be told? They lived on fresh and saltwater shellfish
They fished and hunted and grew corn.
These stories what the National Park Through 1,000 years of stability and
Service calls interpretation are basic to settlement, the Timucua developed a
any of the alternatives. These stories are told complex political and social organization.
for enjoyment as well as for deeper under Their political organization was based on a
standing. Interpretation helps people enjoy loose affiliation of villages for war and
the preserve's resources, and it leads to protection. Their social organization was
resource protection. Where and how these based on matrilineal clans with animal
stories would be told is described in the names. Despite this level of achievement, the
description of the alternatives; what stories Timucua could not withstand the onslaught
would be told is described in the interpretive of newcomers. It took only 200 years of
themes. All interpretation from the settlement and missionization for the
smallest detail of how the Timucua fished to Timucuan culture and nation to be
the largest picture of how the salt destroyed.
marsh/estuary functions as an ecosystem
would be based on these themes. The La Florida was "discovered" by Juan Ponce
interpretive context sets the stage for the de Leon in 1513. The Spanish spent the
stories of the Timucuan Preserve. following years exploring up and down the
eastern North American coastline as well as
around the gulf to Mexico. In the same
A Sense of Place manner as Panfilo de Narvaez and
Hernando de Soto landed at Tampa Bay and
Your senses tell you this is someplace "discovered" the Mississippi River, a tiny
special. The cry of the gulls. The smell of the group of Protestants from France established
salt water. The rush of wind through the themselves on the St. Johns River in 1564.
marsh grass. You know this is a place full of They were not allowed to stay there long.
life, and supportive of life. This is where the This was a time of fierce devotions and
natural forces of rejuvenation, cleansing, and loyalties. Their presence signaled the
nurturing occur in wetlands, relatively beginning of bloody skirmishes in the New
unimpeded for thousands of years. The low, World between the forces of Catholicism and
clear view encompasses the natural beauty of Protestantism.
sky, land, and water, but there is evidence of
humans as well. Pageants of war and peace, Led by Ren de Laudonniere, the French
conquest and defeat, mercy and vengeance built a defensive work and established the
were acted out on this stage of sand and settlement of la Caroline. The Spanish soon
marsh grasses and owing rivers. Through learned of this intrusion into their claimed
time, the natural and human histories of the lands, and sent Pedro Menendez de Aviles
region between the St. Johns and Nassau to destroy the heretics. Arriving fresh from
Rivers have become intertwined, and offer a his establishment of St. Augustine,
challenge to its inheritors. Menendez and his Spanish took the fort by
surprise and offered no quarter. Only a
The prehistoric trash heaps scattered across handful of survivors, including Laudonniere,
the landscape are a visual clue to the earliest returned to France alive. With the French
human habitation of the area. Large shell threat gone and the fort rebuilt as San
middens found along the St. Johns River, Mateo, the Spanish tried to protect their
composed of oyster and clam shells, reveal domain, building forts on the river for
the presence of a people who lived off the defense. In the end, however, the Spanish
land's bounty. When the first Europeans lost Florida to the British in 1763, gained it
Elements Common to All Alternatives
back 20 years later, and lost it permanently Florida, continued under American control.
to the Americans in 1821. Time has not diminished the impact of
armed conict on the American conscious
Attempts by the first Society of Jesus (Jesuit) ness. Earthworks and gun batteries from the
to do missionary work among the Indians Civil War and the Spanish-American War
failed, and the Jesuits left Spanish Florida in can still speak to the fear, determination,
1572. Later, in 1587, the Order of the pride, and courage felt by past generations.
Franciscans established the mission of San The naval installation at Mayport carries on
Juan del Puerto on Fort George Island. The the tradition, echoing the efforts of nearly
missions spread, and some of what is known forgotten warriors, be they Timucuan,
about the historic Timucua comes from Fray French, Spanish, British, or American.
Francisco Pareja's 1614 Confessionario,
containing glimpses of 'limucuan rituals, The interaction of cultures within the region
politics, and domestic life. Despite the over the centuries was remarkable in its
Franciscans' inuence, the missions as well inuence and impact. Prehistoric trade
as the Indians became victims of the on networks into central and southeastern
going power struggles. The mission system North America brought copper, mica, and
died when the Spanish lost Florida to the other nonnative materials into northeastern
British. Florida. The Timucua possessed political and
social alliances extending into Georgia and
The new inhabitants left their own mark. middle Florida, but trade, religious, and
Whereas most of the Spanish design on the warfare encounters with the French and
land was military in nature, the British were Spanish changed the Timucuan way of life
more commercial. As the American forever. Cultural interactions among the
Revolution approached, British Loyalists various European and African peoples in the
sought refuge in Florida, away from the region were representative of those occurring
colonials and tar and feathers. They all over the New World involving military
established a town on the St. Johns River action and slavery.
and produced naval stores, but there was no
escape from the worldwide conict. Not only The challenge for the inheritors of these
were there pitched skirmishes between the resources is to preserve the balance of nature
loyalists and the colonials on Thomas Creek, and human use. The wetlands are not only
but the entire territory changed hands again, scenic, they also are part of an ecosystem
from British back to Spanish. St. Johns Town designed to support many forms of life.
was soon deserted. Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve,
with all of its history and all of its use, is
This time around the Spanish promoted still capable of raising and sustaining our
growth and gave away land to ambitious quality of life.
settlers. A plantation system developed in
the area, based on cheap land and cheaper
labor. Slaves worked on plantations named Interpretive Themes
Fort George, and Christopher and
Greenfield, producing cotton, indigo, and At the Timucuan Ecological and Historic
sugarcane for export to distant markets. The Preserve the National Park Service would
remnants of their tabby homes, made from interpret the following themes:
sand and water and oyster shell, stand as
mute reminders of the only people who At Timucuan there is an opportunity for
came to the St. Johns River unwillingly. harmony to exist between human use and
natural order. This harmony affects the air
The centuries-old strategy of fortifying the and water quality and the overall scenic
St. Johns River, thereby protecting interior quality of the area. It involves a balance of
43
MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVE, INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION
human use/ abuse regarding development The river and wetlands offered fishing and
and disturbance. Timucuan is a "living shellfish harvesting, conducted by all groups
laboratory," where prehistoric, historic, and to the modern day an evolution from the
present use of the wetlands can be Timucuan midden piles to the present-day
evaluated. The interrelationships between fish camps. The river served as both
nature and human use that contribute to our transportation barrier and access corridor.
quality of life can be experienced.
The interaction of cultures throughout the
The wetlands are a dynamic ecosystem that region, especially colonial French, Spanish,
provides the interface between land and and British, Americans, American Indians,
water. Wetland loss is a national concern. and Africans, had a profound impact on
Wetlands should be protected because they American history. The process of cultural
function in so many beneficial ways. They interaction, by two or more different groups
provide atmospheric stabilization, erosion of people, usually results in change. When
and ood control, and groundwater people meet as friends or enemies,
recharge, and remove pollution and toxins competitors or business partners, or slaves or
from sediments. Wetlands serve as breeding slave owners, their beliefs and values,
and spawning grounds for fish and birds, culture, and emotions change forever. The
including threatened and endangered cultures of American Indians, French,
species; a wildlife refuge; and a nursery for Spanish, British, Africans, and Americans
shellfish. They also provide a buffer from have each, through history, experienced
storms. cultural interactions in what is now the
Timucuan Preserve.
The lower St. Johns River has historically
been and remains a strategic waterway for
access into interior Florida. The river was Revised NPS Thematic Framework
fortified by several rivals French and
Spanish, British and Americans, Mandated by Congress to ensure that the
Confederates and Union in attempts to full diversity of American history and
control the interior access. Several military prehistory is expressed in the National Park
conicts occurred in the lower St. Johns Service's identification and interpretation of
River system involving the Spanish and historic properties, the Park Service revised
French. Physical reminders of the military its thematic framework during 1993-94. This
presence along the river include military framework, originally adopted in 1936, and
hardware and fortification, in the form of revised in 1970 and 1987, was used to show
gun emplacements and earthworks. The the extent to which park units and other
continuing legacy of the river's military cultural resources reected the nation's past
significance is the modern US. Navy in terms of significance. The framework was
installation at Mayport. conceived in terms of the "stages of
American progress" and served to celebrate
Various peoples through time have relied on the achievements of the founding fathers and
the resources of the lower St. Johns River for the inevitable march of democracy.
basic subsistence. The daily survival of other
prehistoric and historic peoples who lived The present revision of the NPS thematic
along the river was affected by the available framework is a break with that
natural resources. Agriculture was practiced conceptualization. It embraces the
in several forms along the river - the multiplicity of human experiences and is
Timucuan slash-and-burn techniques and composed of eight discrete, but not mutually
gathering of edible plants gave way to the exclusive, categories focusing on people,
establishment of formal plantations that were time, and place. The revised framework will
dedicated to the production of specific crops. guide the National Park Service,
Elements Common to All Alternatives
independently and with its private and people. For some, the preserve offers the
public sector partners, not only in evaluating opportunity to learn about a people lost
the significance of resources and in assessing through the ravages of cultural upheaval and
how well the themes are represented in the disease. For others, the preserve offers a
national park system, but also in expanding chance for a quiet, solitary walk through a
and enhancing the interpretive programs at Florida forest. Still others revel in the smell
existing park units as well. and feel of the open water.
Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve's There are three aspects of the visitor
primary interpretive themes are represented experience orientation/ information,
within the following categories of the new interpretation/education, and recreation.
thematic framework: These aspects are separate, yet linked
together for most visitors. An activity with
I. "Peopling Places," a theme examining an interpreter should be informative and
human population movement and enjoyable. The visitor experience priorities of
change through prehistoric and historic the National Park Service would be to give
times people the opportunity to experience the
preserve's cultural and natural treasures,
III. "Expressing Cultural Values," especially from the water, and to make them
focusing on people's beliefs about more aware of the preserve's ecological
themselves and the world they inhabit importance through interpretation at visitor
contact points.
V. "Developing the American Economy,"
reecting on the ways Americans have There are several visitor experiences the
worked National Park Service wishes to provide at
Timucuan Preserve in the future. These
VII. "Transforming the Environment," experiences are consistent with the
examining the variable and changing preserve's purposes and significance. While
relationships between people and their few visitors would be able to enjoy all of the
environment. following experiences, interpretive
programming and recreational opportunities
Because the new thematic framework is in would attempt to provide them to the extent
the first stages of implementation, for the possible. Of course, individual visitors
purposes of this plan the significance of the would pursue their own interests and
Timucuan Preserve's prehistoric and historic interact with the Timucuan's Preserve's
archeological sites and resources are resources to their own desires.
discussed in the context of the 1987
framework, entitled History and Prehistory in ' Visitors to the preserve would be
the National Park System and the National provided with interesting, educational,
Historic Landmarks Program (see pp. 151152 recreational, stimulating, and sensory
of this draft general management plan). experiences that respect the preserve's
resources.
VISITOR EXPERIENCE AND PUBLIC USE ' Visitors would be able to experience the
preserve's interrelationships of open
The visitor experience describes what people water, vegetation, and wildlife. This
would do, see, and learn when they visit would help them understand how
Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve. components of the wetland ecosystem
There are many appropriate visitor contribute to the whole and provide a
experiences at the preserve because the unified sense of place.
resources mean different things to different
45
MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION
' Visitors would be able to see from the find orientation media and one-on-one
land and water native plants and discussions with park rangers to be
animals. especially helpful when planning their
visit - whether it be for an hour, a day,
' There would be opportunities to enjoy or a weekend.
open undeveloped landscape with its
accompanying quiet. Interpretation and resource management at
the Fort Caroline fort model would change
' People would be able to participate in under all alternatives. The National Register
hands-on activities related to traditional of Historic Places nomination for Fort
use of the land, such as crabbing or Caroline would be reviewed and rewritten to
fishing. reect preserve management's view on the
fort model's change in status from a historic
' Visitors would learn about the chron cultural resource to an exhibit that
ology and legacy of human occupation of commemorates the la Caroline settlement.
the lower St. Johns River, starting with Interpretation at the model would place
the Timucuan inhabitants. emphasis on the French founders of the
settlement and memorialize the French
' People would have opportunities to experience in 1560s Florida.
enjoy land- and water-based recreational
activities. Part of the Wil-le-ma Lodge in the Theodore
Roosevelt area may be used for interpretive
programs, special activities, and an
Information, Orientation, Interpretation, education center under all alternatives,
and Education
While most current uses would continue Regardless of the alternative selected,
they may be directed to certain areas, candidate sites for visitor activities and
prohibited in others, or otherwise managed facilities must be analyzed to ensure that
to avoid threats to valuable resources. Where valuable resources are not damaged. To
conicts arise between recreational use and achieve this analysis, site-specific resources
resource protection, either at current recre would be assessed and grouped according to
ation levels or at expanded levels, protection broad categories of sensitivity. Levels of
must take precedence. An example would be "appropriateness" for development and
access to a beach where endangered shore activities would be determined based on the
birds have nested. Management solutions findings of the analysis. For example, a
could include closing that portion of the highly sensitive site with threatened or
beach to public access until the chicks edge. endangered species present, such as a wood
stork nesting site, would be judged as in
Recreational activities that do not constitute appropriate for any development. Previously
traditional, resource-based preserve uses disturbed areas with no intrinsic natural
would be considered on a case-by-case basis value could be selected as opportunity areas
and would vary depending on the alter for visitor facilities.
native chosen. Generally these activities
should not interfere with traditional uses of Table 1 sets forth the physical development/
the preserve, compromise historic or natural location criteria for selecting the optimum
resources or scenes, or present a public sites to meet the general management plan's
safety danger. Conicts between allowed visitor and resource protection objectives.
uses would be mitigated by separation of
use locations or schedules where possible. Regardless of sensitivity rating, all
development would employ sustainable
Many recreational activities occur on non design techniques i.e., new construction
NPS lands. Other state and local agencies or land alteration would reect a respect for
would have the responsibility for monitoring and connection to the natural and cultural
and regulating activities on these lands environments of the site. These techniques
unless agreements are in place between strive to achieve an adaptive fit of
agencies modifying jurisdiction. humanmade structures into the existing
environment to ensure minimum
interruption of the natural systems and
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT views in the preserve. An example of
sustainable design would be the use of
Physical alteration of a site or construction of suspended boardwalks over sensitive marsh
a facility may be necessary to accommodate grasses along a trail.
management objectives. In all alternatives
the National Park Service would make
development decisions at NPS-owned sites.
The additional visitor contact points, the
47
MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION
Less Sensitive: Previously disturbed High to moderate Boat dock, small parking
Medium development, area; site has some interpretive value; low area, interpretive media,
public use, and/ or intrinsic natural threat to sensitive trailhead, comfort stations
interpretive opportunity resource value resources with utilities, active and
passive recreation
Moderately Sensitive: Undisturbed area with High to moderate Small unpaved parking
Some development, no sensitive natural interpretive value; area, comfort stations
public use, and/ or resources resource protection a without utilities, informal
interpretive opportunity concern passive recreation
Very Sensitive: Some sensitive natural High to low Backcountry access only;
Limited public use and resources, e.g., salt interpretive value; no development
interpretive opportunity marsh, rare species resource protection a
habitat concern
Most Sensitive: Threatened and High threat to Access for scientific
No development, public endangered species sensitive and research and maintenance
use, or interpretive present; critical habitat significant resources only
access
48
Elements Common to All Alternatives
However, it is generally the NPS intent to ' Construct and locate access and
provide planned, well-designed access to transportation improvements in a manner
NPS-owned areas in the preserve that are that would minimize visual disruption of
able to sustain public use traffic without natural and cultural landscapes and
experiencing degradation of resources or important viewsheds.
disruption of ecosystem processes. It is also
the NPS intent to discourage informal, ' Construct and locate access and
uncontrolled access points along the transportation improvements in a manner
shoreline and into sensitive or fragile areas that would minimize damage to sensitive
on NPS-owned lands. natural areas e.g., build improvements
away from delicate edge areas such as
Under all alternatives a trail plan would be dunes and marshes; align parking lots to
developed to provide a more comprehensive be set back from, or perpendicular rather
network of trails linking destinations inside than parallel to shore areas; construct
and outside the preserve. "community" docks in naturally screened
areas rather than permit new individual
Access to the water from well-designed docks to proliferate.
docks would be sought under all the
alternatives. This is consistent with the ' Screen parking areas with either existing
recreation element contained in the city of or introduced native vegetation.
Jacksonville's Comprehensive Plan - 2010.
Depending on the alternative, access would ' Design roads to blend with the
be provided either by the National Park topography.
Service on NPS-owned property, or in
cooperation with others. The intent is to ' Coordinate circulation to allow access
promote waterborne education and noncon between areas, and to limit the number
sumptive recreational activities, and to of access points to collector and higher
provide an alternative to the proliferation of volume roads.
individual docks.
' Design circulation systems to minimize
Under all alternatives the National Park preserve traffic in private residential
Service would advocate consolidation of areas.
docks and piers inside the preserve.
Under all alternatives the National Park
Transportation routes throughout the Service would advocate the continuation of
preserve are the responsibility of the the operation of the Mayport Ferry. This
National Park Service, the city of Jackson service is an important transportation link
ville, or the state of Florida, depending on for travelers on SR A1A and for preserve
the ownership of the roadway. visitors. It is also an important part of the
history of tourism in the region.
NPS strategies to make or affect decisions
about access points and transportation routes
would vary under each alternative; however, LAND USE AND PROTECTION
under all alternatives, the National Park
Service would either build access points, The balance between private and public
trails, docks, roads, and parking lots, or landownership and/ or land control within
advocate to the responsible entity the the preserve would vary depending on the
building of such improvements, using the alternative selected. However, under all
following guidelines: alternatives some lands in and adjacent to
the preserve are likely to remain in private
ownership (therefore subject to private
MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION
50
Elements Common to All Alternatives
The land Protection Plan (NPS 1993a) would criteria are discussed in the "Physical
be updated to reect lands that are Development" section and in the "Alternative
important to protect through acquisition 3, Management Zoning" section.
when an alternative is selected. Under all
alternatives, developed residential sub The carrying capacity for all NPS-owned
divisions would only be considered for historic sites and structures would be
acquisition if an immediate threat to determined on a site-by-site basis using this
significant resources existed. All available same philosophy i.e., that the desired
regulating authorities would be fully condition of the resource is to be maintained.
explored, independently and in cooperation This may be accomplished by several
with state and local agencies, before the methods, including controlling visitor
National Park Service would consider movements within a site and upgrading
purchasing developed tracts to prevent movement corridors to withstand greater
imminent threats to critical resource values. volumes of traffic. In sensitive historic sites
and structures, it may be necessary to place
limits on the number of tours, the number of
CARRYING CAPACITY people in a tour, and / or the number of
people allowed into a specific site, to ensure
Carrying capacity is the type and level of that visitation would not adversely affect the
visitor and public use that can be stability or integrity of the cultural resources.
accommodated while sustaining the desired
resource and social conditions that achieve
the purposes and the management objectives BOUNDARY ADJUSTMENTS AND/OR
of the preserve. Visitor use must be balanced LEGISLATIVE AMENDMENTS
with the preservation of resources. Although
it is not desirable to attract large volumes of The National Park Service has analyzed the
people to fragile areas, the National Park boundary for conformance with the
Service believes that the integrity of the legislative intent and administrative
preserve and the experience can be ensured feasibility.
while it is enjoyed by many more people
than currently visit, if use is managed PL 95-625 requires that general management
carefully. This would include guiding people plans include measures for the protection of
to less sensitive areas, limiting encounters the unit's resources and "indications of
between visitors on more remote areas potential modifications to the external
through dispersal and parking constraints, boundaries of the unit and the reasons
and controlling their activity with therefor."
improvements such as formal trails and
boardwalks, carefully planned parking, NPS criteria for boundary adjustments
ecologically sensitive visitor needs facilities, appear in the NPS Management Policies and
increased ranger/ law enforcement presence, are applied in accordance with a supplement
and interpretive programs and facilities that to the NPS Planning Process Guideline dated
inform people on elements of concern for the December 1991. These criteria provide that
resource managers. boundary revisions may be recommended to
51
MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION
52
Legend
Existing Preserve Boundary
_ Proposed Boundary Adjustments
[I] Area of Boundary Expansion*
- Exclusion
*Boundary expansion is green because
the area is proposed to be managed as
a natural environment zone.
Minor
Boundary
Downtown
Adjustments
J ackson ville
Timucuan
Yellow BiuffFol Ecological and
Historic Preserve
l United States Department ofthe Interior
National Park Service
006' 20009.] uly 94' DSC
Elements Common to All Alternatives
Bogey Branch and several creeks that are not cooperation with the National Park Service
named on US. Geological Survey base maps. to protect important natural values.
In each case, these minor adjustments would
incorporate significant wetland resources 3. Committee reports on the authorizing
within the preserve and facilitate boundary legislation for Timucuan clearly indicate the
identification in the field by following more intent that the northern boundary of the
accurately a natural feature. Wonderwood Expressway (when
constructed) would delimit the southern
2. In the vicinity of Naval Station Mayport, boundary of the preserve (Senate Report 100
the adjusted boundary would follow the 247, p. 4). The northern boundary of the
shoreline of the St. Johns River south to Wonderwood Expressway would become the
Sherman Point, and then the east side of SR southern boundary of the preserve, with two
AlA to Sherman Creek. At Sherman Creek, exceptions. The upland area known as the
the adjusted boundary would turn northeast Wonderwood Estates is already intensively
along the mean high water line and continue developed for residential uses and would be
to encompass adjacent wetlands extending excluded from the preserve. Moving east, a
south to the Wonderwood Expressway. This portion of the Greenfield Peninsula that is
adjustment would clarify the intent of the undeveloped and has a high concentration of
original boundary to exclude essentially all archeological sites north of the proposed
of the uplands on the Naval Station Mayport expressway location would remain in the
and include within the boundary the preserve boundary. This area encompasses
wetlands that are an integral part of approximately 300 acres. These adjustments
preserve's natural system. would include resources important to the
purposes of the preserve, exclude lands with
Although the Little Jetties Area is not a little or no natural and cultural values, and
wetland and is largely the result of dredging facilitate administration by having the
activities in the St. Johns River, it provides boundary follow a clearly defined roadway.
an essential breakwater for the wetlands to
the south. Because this area is currently 4. In the vicinity of Fort Caroline, the
leased for recreational use and is considered adjusted boundary crosses the St. Johns
to be an especially important component of River at Shipyard Creek and excludes all of
the St. Johns River system that perpetuates Little Marsh Island south of Heckscher Drive
the wetlands to the south, it would remain (SR 105). The current boundary bisects Little
within the preserve with this adjustment. Marsh Island. This adjustment would
remove the balance of the island that is
This minor adjustment would keep wetlands already heavily developed for residential
under US. Navy jurisdiction within the and other uses, and it would facilitate
preserve. The navy has suggested that these administration and exclude lands that lack
wetlands be deleted from the preserve significant natural or cultural values because
boundary to avoid the potential for future of existing development.
conicts with the mission of Naval Station
Mayport. Because these wetlands are
integrally related to basic purposes of the CONCESSIONS
preserve, an adjustment to remove them
from the boundary would not be minor and Once an alternative is selected, the National
would require action by Congress. Under all Park Service would revise the "Concessions
alternatives, the draft general management Management Plan" (NPS 1994). The revised
plan delineates lands under navy jurisdiction plan would determine the concessions
as a special use-military zone that directly necessary and appropriate to serve visitor
acknowledges the Navy's management needs and visitor use objectives in
responsibilities and still allows for accordance with PL 89-249, in those areas
55
MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION
administered and managed by the National became Denali National Park and Preserve
Park Service. As a part of the concessions in 1980. In 1991, Custer Battlefield National
management plan, an economic feasibility Monument was changed to Little Bighorn
and market study would be completed. This National Battlefield.
study would provide the foundation for
guiding the concessions management plan
under the alternative. MITIGATING MEASURES
56
Elements Common to All Alternatives
Patterns of planting should mimic native presence of rare, threatened, and endangered
growth patterns, where possible. Native species (including their critical habitat) prior
grass seed would be used if available, to implementation of any proposed actions.
although nonnative nurse species (species
that only last one season and stabilize the Clearances from the US. Fish and Wildlife
soil but do not reproduce) could be used Service and the Florida Game and Fresh
until native species return naturally. Other Water Fish Commission would be obtained
plant material used should be as genetically before any actions under this alternative
similar as possible to what is in the preserve. were implemented.
Where development proves to be a visual
intrusion, vegetation buffers would be used Techniques and procedures to mitigate
to screen the development site from view as possible impacts on rare, threatened, or
much as possible. In cases where vegetation endangered species would be developed in
in historic areas and cultural landscapes consultation with the US. Fish and Wildlife
requires replacement, historic vegetation Service and the state of Florida and followed
types would be preferred over native plant during construction activities.
materials.
Parking areas would be constructed using
Spills from construction equipment would be either a permeable, no-fines asphalt or
reduced or prevented from entering permeable, natural substrate (i.e., crushed
waterways through use of barriers in gullies, shells). Both would help mitigate the loss of
ditches, and low drainage areas. Adequate soil resources by reducing erosion and
cross-drains, if needed, would be developed channelization from stormwater runoff.
to ensure proper drainage. Work activities
should be scheduled to accommodate critical If any actions would affect significant
periods of wildlife use within the study cultural sites, development areas would be
areas. Important habitat features would be reconsidered. Compliance procedures would
conserved or enhanced where possible. be followed in the implementation of this
plan. If any cultural resources are found,
If air quality were threatened, water they would be documented and maintained
spraying along roadway/parking lot according to NPS guidelines and standards.
construction would be used to reduce dust. Any actions that affect cultural resources
would be in accordance with the Secretary of
Detailed surveys would be made and the Interior's Standards for Archeology and
appropriate habitats searched for the Historic Preservation.
57
ALTERNATIVE 1: CONTINUATION OF EXISTING MANAGEMENT (NO ACTION)
58
Alternative 1: Existing Management (No Action)
59
MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION
funding could affect how thoroughly all the Service would exert its authority or inuence
themes could be presented. Other NPS over other authorized agencies to enforce
owned areas would be interpreted onsite those regulations strictly. This would be of
only if funding and staffing became special importance when the uses were
available. Cultural resources specifically determined to be environmentally damaging.
cited in the preserve's enabling legislation
would be interpreted to a limited extent at
the Fort Caroline visitor center. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
The total cost of physical development under This alternative includes acquisition of
alternative 1 would be approximately significant uplands and wetlands as outlined
$5 million. Refer to appendix C for a in the 1993 Land Protection Plan. Acquisition
breakdown of estimated development costs. of uplands would be from willing sellers.
Wetlands acquisition may be from willing
sellers or by condemnation, as allowed by
ACCESS AND TRANSPORTATION the enabling legislation. The above plan
would be updated to reect new information
The National Park Service would continue to and opportunities, as it has been in the past.
consult and comment on access and
transportation route proposals by other
entities regarding impacts on preserve JURISDICTION
resources and possible alternative solutions
that may result in fewer impacts. New trails No immediate changes would be considered
may- be developed to serve water and with regard to jurisdiction. Fort Caroline,
upland areas. including Spanish Pond and Ribault
Column, would remain as concurrent, and
the rest of the preserve under NPS
LAND USE AND PROTECTION ownership would remain as proprietary. The
National Park Service would apply to the
Under alternative 1 the National Park state for concurrent jurisdiction on all NPS
Service would have very limited ownership lands within the preserve.
of lands within the preserve (see
Landownership map in the "Affected
Environment" chapter). Thus, it is expected BOUNDARY ADJUSTMENTS AND/OR
that private development would continue to LEGISLATIVE AMENDMENTS
occur although densities would be modified
by the city's new regulations. With these No additional modifications in the preserve
new rules, there is the potential for more boundary would be considered except those
than 1,000 new single family residences to be indicated as common to all alternatives (see
built within preserve boundaries (see the Minor Boundary Adjustments map).
"Affected Environment" chapter, "Existing
Land Use" section).
CONCESSIONS
Where current recreational uses on non-NPS
property violate laws, regulations or policies, A concession-operated tour boat serving
the National Park Service would continue to NPS-owned properties would be added to
inuence authorized agencies to enforce achieve the visitor use objective of providing
those regulations strictly. This would be of the opportunity to experience the preserve
special importance when the uses were from the water.
determined to be environmentally or
culturally damaging.
STAFFING AND OPERATIONS
The Park Service would continue, on an
ongoing basis, to represent the preserve's Staffing and operational costs range from
interests in the city, regional, and state $1.3 to $1.6 million annually and include
planning and regulatory processes as they 3135 positions. Staffing in this alternative
affect lands in and adjacent to the preserve. emphasizes achieving an acceptable level of
The Park Service would seek cooperation on operations centering around the Fort
an ad hoc basis with other regulatory Caroline, the Theodore Roosevelt area, and
authorities with jurisdiction in the preserve. Kingsley Plantation.
61
ALTERNATIVE 2: THE PRESERVE AS A LABORATORY AND CLASSROOM
Under this alternative public education The National Park Service would monitor its
would be the natural resource protection activities to ensure that noise levels would
strategy, especially for non-NPS lands. The not exceed federal noise abatement criteria. If
National Park Service would promote these criteria were approached or exceeded,
natural resource protection through noise abatement measures would be
interpretive and educational programs that considered. These could include techniques
emphasize environmental significance and such as traffic management.
responsibility. The Park Service would
recruit people from the local community and
those individuals, corporations, and agencies CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
owning land within the preserve to
participate in interpretive and educational In this alternative cultural resource
programs regarding natural resource management would be the same as in
protection. As a result, the preserve's natural alternative 1; however, emphasis would be
resources would be protected through placed on public education as a cultural
heightened land stewardship and resource protection strategy. The National
environmental awareness as well as from Park Service would promote cultural
NPS efforts on its lands. resource protection through interpretive and
educational programs emphasizing cultural
As in alternative 1, NPS management of heritage significance and responsibility. The
natural resources would be limited to those Park Service would seek local people and
on NPS lands. The National Park Service those individuals, corporations, and agencies
would cooperate with other agencies, owning land within the preserve to
organizations, or individuals on a case-by participate in interpretive and educational
case (ad hoc) basis to address problems or programs regarding resource protection. As
concerns that might affect natural resources a result, the preserve's cultural resources
preservewide. All other elements of natural would be protected through heightened land
resource management would be the same as stewardship and cultural awareness.
in alternative 1, except that the research
program, in addition to gathering baseline
data, would concentrate more on
development of educational programs as a
62
Alternative 2: Laboratory and Classroom
VISITOR EXPERIENCE AND PUBLIC USE the preserve as well. Preserve visitors would
have the opportunity to examine the effects,
As in alternative 1, the National Park Service both positive and negative, of human use on
would provide for the visitor experience at natural systems in the preserve at sites that
NPS-owned sites, as well as provide an best illustrate the themes. A variety of
introduction to all preserve resources and interpretive and educational methods,
interpretive themes at the Fort Caroline including media and personal services,
visitor center (see "Elements Common to All would be used to present the heritage
Alternatives" section for interpretive themes). education and environmental themes to the
Visitors would be directed to a variety of public. The National Park Service would
interpretive and recreational activities collaborate with individuals or agencies in
available within the preserve. However, the the presentation of heritage education and
emphasis of the visitor experience would be environmental programs.
on environmental and heritage education.
The visitor experience would support the As in alternative 1, the cultural resources
goal of heightened public awareness of the specifically cited in the preserve's enabling
need for protection of fragile resources. All legislation would be interpreted to a limited
planned activities and interpretive programs extent at the Fort Caroline visitor center.
for visitors would emphasize the function, Cultural and natural sites that best illustrate
significance, and protection of the salt environmental damage, or, conversely,
marsh/ estuarine ecosystem, its inuence on harmony between human use and the
human use patterns, and the impacts of natural order, may be the setting for
human use on the resource. Additionally, interpretive and educational programs.
educational opportunities would be
enhanced at different sites throughout the
preserve. Recreation
63
MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION
Extant cultural resources cited in the When NPS ownership of lands or waters is
preserve's enabling legislation that the either lacking or secondary to that of another
National Park Service currently owns (Fort government agency or private party, the
Caroline and Kingsley Plantation) would be special use zone would be applicable. This
in the historic zone except those areas zone would be divided into the following
designated as development zone (see the subzones.
Alternative 3 Development Concept Plan
Fort Caroline and Kingsley Plantation maps Historic This subzone would include
for approximate delineations). All other three extant cultural sites cited in the
cultural sites cited in the preserve's enabling preserve's enabling legislation that are not
legislation are not under NPS ownership NPS-owned (Yellow Bluff Fort, Spanish
and /or have not been located. If future American War Battery, and San Juan del
research confirms the location of these, or Puerto). All other cultural sites cited in the
other important cultural resources on NPS enabling legislation are either placed in the
managed lands are identified, then they historic zone or have not been located. Other
would be placed in the historic zone. cultural resources identified by future
research would be placed in the historic
subzone if not on NPS-owned property.
Development Zone
Transportation This subzone would
This zone would be managed for the include all primary transportation corridors,
provision and maintenance of park including the St. Johns and Nassau Rivers,
development to serve the needs of Mayport Ferry, Intracoastal Waterway, all
management and visitors. Thus, this zone major roads (Interstate 95, Route 17, AlA,
would include lands and waters where Heckscher Drive), and railroads (CSX).
66
Alternative 3: Interagency Cooperation
67
MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION
68
HalfMoon Island
Management Zones
- Natural Environment
[:1 Historic
Development
Special Use Zone:
Subzones:
- Historic
[3 Institutional
- Military
Non-Federal Parkland
Other Federal Parkland
Transportation
Residential
_ Existing Preserve Boundary
- Exclusions
Alternative 3
Downtown
Management Zoning
Jacksonville
Timucuan
Ecological and
Yellow swarm Historic Preserve
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
Pelotes Island Area 006'20008'July 94'DSC
..
I
71
MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION
Cooperative management would formulate ' river and marsh use and impacts on use
protocols for review of existing endangered of riparian and riverine environments
species programs, proposals, and activities,
and would develop a protected species ' fires and the long-term effects of
management plan. In addition, it would suppression of natural fires
develop information and education
programs to enhance public awareness of ' long-term monitoring of natural resources
endangered species issues. especially the use of the estuarine system
as a HUI'SQI'Y area
Cooperative management would develop
guidelines for the identification, control, and ' indicator species and communities
management of exotic species preservewide.
72
Alternative 3: Interagency Cooperation
' air quality and the effects of pollutants on ' exotic species control plan
certain plant species
Because threats to water and air resources in
' the ecology of exotic species and their the preserve are occurring on a regional
impacts, both direct and indirect, on scale, the water resource and air quality
native plants, wildlife, and water quality management plans would need to have a
distinct, regionally based management
' water quantity and the effects of approach.
development on timing, volume, and
spatial distribution of ows
CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
' determining the direct, indirect, and
cumulative effects of continued As with alternatives 1 and 2, the National
proliferation of private docks within the Park Service would manage cultural
preserve resources on NPS-owned lands. However,
the cooperative effort proposed under
' effects of hunting and fishing on fish and alternative 3 would offer increased
wildlife management identification and protection of cultural
resources throughout the preserve.
' landscape management as it relates to all
visual and cultural resources, including Cooperation and agreements among federal,
maintenance and development activities state, and local agencies, private organi
zations, and private landowners would
establish guidelines for management and use
Additional Plans of cultural resources preservewide, would
identify and address potential problems or
The following plans would be completed for concerns preservewide, and would pool
management of all preserve lands and limited funding, staffing, and support
waters as soon as natural resource inven services for increased protection of fragile or
tories and monitoring have accumulated the threatened resources. Cooperative efforts
necessary baseline information. These would would support cultural resource objectives. If
tier to the Resource Management Plan (NPS a significant resource is threatened by new
1993b) and include the following: development and cooperative/ regulatory
techniques are not adequate, acquisition by
' water resource management plan the National Park Service or other agencies
(includes water monitoring program plan) would be considered.
' air quality management plan (includes air Under this alternative the National Park
monitoring program plan) Service would cooperate with the owners/
managers of non-NPS resources (Yellow
' research plan Bluff Fort, Spanish-American War Battery,
San Juan del Puerto mission site) for
' vegetation management plan resource protection purposes. This
cooperation could include technical and
' integrated pest management plan financial assistance.
' rare, threatened, and endangered species The management objectives for Timucuan
management plan Ecological and Historic Preserve state that
the National Park Service would ensure the
' management plan addressing preservation of San Juan del Puerto and the
consumptive uses Spanish-American War Battery. The San Juan
73
MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION
74
Alternative 3: Interagency Cooperation
Service would coordinate the planning of an within the preserve, enhanced / expanded
integrated system of roadway directional opportunities for picnicking at other selected
and site/ area signs identifying Timucuan locations, and new hiking/biking and scenic
Ecological and Historic Preserve and other tour routes.
parks within the preserve. Orientation to the
preserve would be available at the Fort
Caroline visitor center and at other NPS Fort Caroline National Memorial
owned areas. Under this alternative
cooperative efforts would identify additional All of the preserve's primary interpretive
locations in the preserve where orientation themes would be emphasized through media
would take place. The National Park Service and personal services at Fort Caroline (see
and the cooperating agencies would develop "Elements Common to All Alternatives"
an interpretive prospectus that would section for interpretive themes).
describe the stories to be told of the preserve
and the region, and how they interrelate. The visitor experience at Fort Caroline under
Detailed guidelines for the design and alternative 3 would be designed for a wide
construction of exhibits and other media to diversity of people. Visitors would have
be used by cooperating agencies would be educational, cultural, natural, and
included. Funding for visitor use pro recreational opportunities at the site. These
gramming could be shared among potential opportunities would include moving through
cooperators. Interpretation would be native forest and vegetation, seeing
coordinated to complement rather than interpretive media on Timucuan culture as
duplicate programs at other NPS areas. well as the significance and history of the la
Caroline settlement, and viewing the river
The 10 cultural resources cited in the with its wildlife and shipping activities
preserve's enabling legislation would be aboard a tour boat. Visitors would have the
interpreted at the Fort Caroline visitor chance to hike on self-guided trails, visit the
center. The National Park Service would Fort Caroline model, picnic, buy literature or
cooperate with the owners/ managers of the mementos, and participate in ranger-led
other known cultural resources (Yellow Bluff programs and activities.
Fort, Spanish-American War Battery, San
Juan del Puerto mission site) for interpretive Visitors would be encouraged to visit the
and possibly visitor use purposes. Fort Caroline visitor center to learn of the
preserve's interpretive themes, and to plan
Recreation. In this alternative the National their visit throughout the preserve.
Park Service and the cooperating agencies
would have an expanded ability to offer The Fort Caroline visitor center would
recreational opportunities. Additional contain the following:
opportunities throughout the preserve would
be determined through cooperative efforts information area
based on the management objective to ' NPS brochures regarding preserve
provide optimum use without having a resources and visitor use activities
negative impact on the preserve. Traditional ' information on local services, e.g.,
resource-based uses, or uses with similar or lodging, food, attractions
fewer impacts, would be expanded on NPS schedule of preserve interpretive activities
owned sites and sites made available for sales area publications and sales items
public access through the cooperators. relating to preserve themes
orientation map to preserve and region
Other recreational opportunities would restrooms
include concession-operated tour boats from storage space
Fort Caroline to Kingsley and other locations office space
75
MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION
' follow walking trails throughout the Fort Various peoples through time have relied
Caroline area on the resources of the lower St. Johns
River for basic subsistence.
' take a boat ride to the Kingsley
Plantation The Theodore Roosevelt area is a place
where people can leave the everyday
' have a picnic at a formal picnic area pressures and stresses of life behind and
enter a world where the senses can indulge
' take a walking trail across Fort Caroline in the sounds, smells, and sights of "old"
Road to reach Spanish Pond and the Florida. A variety of visitor experiences
Theodore Roosevelt area would be available at the area. Beginning
with an arrival either by vehicle or on foot
Spanish Pond is a freshwater pond offering through native vegetation, visitors could
peace and quiet in an intimate landscape. participate in a variety of educational,
Wildlife, especially birds, abound in the area, cultural, sensory, and recreational activities.
and visitors would take an elevated board Low-key media throughout the area would
walk around a portion of the pond. From the provide orientation/ information and cultural
pond, visitors would have two options and natural history interpretation. Visitors
either return to the Fort Caroline parking lot would hike, bike, picnic, view wildlife, and
or continue on the boardwalk/ trail to the visit cultural sites. Both ranger-led and self
Theodore Roosevelt area. guided activities would be available.
When visitors leave Fort Caroline, they Many sensory experiences would occur.
would have the option of visiting the Ribault People would smell and see the forest and
Column. It was in the early 1560s that the vegetation in both rainy and dry seasons.
French explored St. Johns River, and visitors They would see a variety of wildlife on land,
to Ribault Column today would have the in the water, and in the sky. Occasionally,
opportunity to contemplate French heroism they would observe traditional human use of
Alternative 3: Interagency Cooperation
the land, including crabbing or cast netting. Various peoples through time have relied
Visitors would also participate in activities to on the resources of the lower St. Johns
learn of the Timucuan lifestyle. An River for basic subsistence.
important aspect of the Theodore Roosevelt
area visitor experience would be the oppor The interaction of cultures within the
tunity for solitude in natural surroundings. region, especially colonial French,
Spanish, British, Americans, American
Visitors would have several activity options Indians, and Africans, had a profound
at the Theodore Roosevelt area: impact on American history.
' walk on trails throughout the area; The 1992 Interpretive/Curatorial Plan for the
receive orientation at trailhead Kingsley Plantation identified the following
site-specific interpretive themes:
' participate in education programs led by
teachers/ park staff in the natural setting The people and events associated with
of the Theodore Roosevelt area, Fort George Island represent a
supported by a limited group camping microcosm of US. history from
facility in support of educational efforts, prehistoric days to modern times.
and a screened pavilion for activities
The life and times of Zephaniah Kingsley
' visit a bird viewing platform at the played a significant role in Florida's
marsh overlook transition from a Spanish to a US.
territory and eventually a state.
' picnic at a formal picnic area
Kingsley Plantation was the
The Wil-le-ma Lodge would contain offices, southernmost example of a sea island
an activity room, orientation media (outside plantation in the southeastern United
the lodge), an education deck, and States during the first half of the 19th
restrooms. Any media at the lodge would be century. Its slave-dependent agricultural
minimal or low-key. Environmental and system based on the "task system" of
heritage education would be provided, slavery differed from upland plantations
including group gathering, orientation, and whose slaves were employed in working
activity space in a screened, covered deck. fields in "gangs."
arriving at a special place. Both the boat ride south areas and would be focused on
and the drive through native forest and cooperative efforts and themes.
vegetation would serve as a transition for
people as views of the plantation open If the Cedar Point and Thomas Creek areas
before them. Even though the plantation were acquired by the National Park Service,
does not look as it did in Zephaniah proposed development would be the same
Kingsley's day, it reects a continuum of as described in alternative 1.
both human use and land use patterns. The
plantation also reects a sense of human and Additionally, the National Park Service
cultural survival for visitors to learn about would encourage the managers of Huguenot
and relate to their own life experiences. Memorial Park to improve access, beach use,
picnic areas, comfort stations, and trails in
Visitors would have a variety of activities to relation to resource protection, especially
choose from at the plantation: threatened and endangered species and
visitor safety.
' walk the plantation's grounds
All physical structures or changes to the
' tour the main plantation house, Anna Jai land would conform to the physical
house, and slave quarters development/location criteria in table 1.
78
w
Alternative 3: Interagency Cooperation
porous material. A gate would be used to present offices at Fort Caroline would double
secure the parking area when it was not the current available space. The expansion
needed. A walkway would connect this would enlarge the existing structure to the
parking area with the visitor center. north and west.
79
MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION
groups using this facility. The water and house. The approximately 2,000 feet of
septic system would be rehabilitated. Ten proposed walkways would be constructed of
tent pads and parking spaces would be a porous material and provide access from
developed. A gate would provide the the parking area and boardwalk to the
controlled access to this site. interpretive and recreation areas onsite. A
picnic area would be provided.
Two proposed pods would be constructed
that would connect to the lodge by elevated The 2,000square-foot carriage house would
boardwalks. One pod south of the lodge be converted to a visitor contact station that
would consist of a screened-in, covered, would include restrooms, an information
elevated deck. This deck would provide an desk, interpretive displays, a multipurpose
outdoor gathering space for education room, and a sales area. This station would be
programs. The other pod, an elevated the first stop for orientation to the site.
structure approximately 1,200 square feet in
size, would be used for administrative All other structures on the plantation would
purposes. This pod would have its own remain unchanged.
heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning
system. See the Alternative 3 Development Concept
Plan Kingsley Plantation map for the
Refer to the Alternative 3 Development general locations of all proposed physical
Concept Plan Fort Caroline and Theodore development actions.
Roosevelt Area map for the general locations
of all proposed physical development The total cost of physical development under
actions. alternative 3 would be approximately
$5.1 million. Refer to appendix C for a
Zephaniah Kingsley Plantation. Proposed breakdown of estimated development costs.
physical developments for the Kingsley
Plantation are described below.
ACCESS AND TRANSPORTATION
The 1,100-foot-long Evans Road right-of-way
would be cleared, and a two-way entrance The National Park Service would participate
road leading to a new 4050 vehicle parking in comprehensive, coordinated access and
area north of the slave quarters would be transportation planning with other agencies
constructed. Access to adjoining property for routes within and through the preserve
would not be impeded. Gates would be used to increase efficiency, avoid duplication, and
to allow property owners to have access to minimize negative impacts. New routes and
their property at all times. The service access transportation facilities would serve the
road would lead from the proposed parking visitor experience/public use described in
area and join the existing access road. that section.
To help protect the slave quarters, Palmetto Alternative modes of nonmotorized trans
Avenue would be closed and revegetated at portation, i.e., bicycle and foot, would be
Beatty Avenue to redirect traffic to Evans encouraged and accommodated to maximize
Road and the new parking area. Palmetto opportunities for preserve use while
Avenue between the service access road and minimizing improvement costs and impacts
the slave quarters would be narrowed for on resources. Appropriate access locations
pedestrian use. would be determined using the management
zones in each alternative and the physical
A new boardwalk would be constructed and development/ location criteria in table 1.
integrated into a new bulkhead to direct
visitors from the boat dock to the carriage
80
Fort Caroline
National Men.
1
Proposed l
from boat
Proposed 1
Proposed 2
expansion
Proposed '
expansion
sq. ft.
Proposed .
visitor cen
Proposed \
for 30-40
Developme
Two-wa an
to over 0
Redesign e
for 70 cars
pull-throu)
\ Ft. Caroline Visitor
i :. Center "apart;
an e i
Development New emu-l
m 6
50~ North
Alternative 3
Development Concept
Plan
Fort Caroline and
Theodore Roosevelt Area
Timucuan
~ Ecological and
Theodore Rod Historic Preserve
Development., National Park Service
m I United States Department of the interior
o 15o~ 3oo~ 006200ll-July 94'DSC
_ Development zone
Main House
Bulkhead
Alternative 3
Development Concept
Plan
Kingsley Plantation
Timucuan
Ecological and
Historic Preserve
National Park Service
United States Department of the interior
006-20013'July 94'DSC
Alternative 3: Interagency Cooperation
85
MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION
the Nassau River estuarine system beginning would damage or destroy significant
where SR A1A touches Amelia Island and resources currently within the boundary.
following the Amelia River to Alligator
Creek, and then following the mean high This area also is believed to include
water line west to encompass the area within important natural and archeological values
the boundaries of the State Aquatic Preserve. related to the preserve. For example, an
active rookery provides nesting sites for five
Although this adjustment would expand species of wading birds, including the
substantially the acreage of the preserve, federally endangered wood stork. It also is
virtually all of these lands below mean high very diverse in bird species; a 1987 survey
water are recorded as owned by the state of found 56 species in the area. The salt
Florida. marshes of Pumpkin Hill Creek are valuable
spawning and nursery grounds for sport and
The northern half of the Nassau River commercial fish.
system clearly is integral to the protection
and public use of the southern half currently Archeologically this area contains several
within the boundaries of the preserve. Water, shell middens, a number of archeological
fish, wildlife, and public uses move freely sites identified by the Florida Division of
across the county line in mid-river. The Historic Resources but as yet not investi
adjustment envisioned by this alternative gated, and a St. Johns II habitation site.
would address operational and management
concerns by having the boundary more
easily identified by the natural demarcation CONCESSIONS
between mean high water and uplands
rather than an administrative line in the Through cooperative efforts, a comprehen
water itself. Cooperative management with sive preservewide concessions management
the state may be appropriate, and impacts plan would be developed. In addition to a
from adjacent uplands still would be a concession-operated tour boat for Fort
concern, but adding these wetlands to the Caroline/ Kingsley Plantation, locations for
preserve would help protect wetlands other concessions/ facilities in the preserve
currently within the boundary. would be determined in this plan. Other
public and private concession facilities
2. The area known as Pumpkin Hill, directly would continue to operate on their own.
adjacent to the west central portion of the
preserve, represents a large amount of the
shoreline of Pumpkin Hill Creek, and STAFFING AND OPERATIONS
contains a type of sandhill vegetative
community that is especially significant to Staffing and operational costs range from
the purposes of the preserve. This area is a $2.9 to $3.2 million annually and include
peninsula projecting into the preserve 4566 positions. Staffing in this alternative
between Tiger Point to the north and the would maintain the level of operations in
Buck property, currently scheduled for alternative 1; however, a major cooperative
purchase by the city of Jacksonville, for program would be added. To implement this
environmental protection to the south. The cooperative effort, staffing would emphasize
boundary of this addition could be defined natural and cultural resource specialists and
further by a line connecting Cabbage community planners. The range of staffing
Hammock Swamp in the northwest to Greys and operational costs would depend on the
Swamp in the southeast. By adding this degree of direct NPS management versus the
peninsula to the boundary, the preserve degree of NPS financial and technical
would encompass the uplands with the support to cooperators to manage the
greatest potential for development that preserve's resources under their ownership.
86
Legend
_ Existing Preserve Boundary
_ Proposed Boundary Adjustments
Area of Boundary Expansion*
- Exclusion
l_l__|
0 2.5 Miles North)
Major
Boundary
Downtown
Adjustments
Jacksonville
Timucu an
Ecological and
Historic Preserve
United States Department ofthe lnterior
National Park Service
006- 20007.] uly 94' DSC
ALTERNATIVE 4: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ENHANCEMENT, AND
RESTORATION THROUGH NATIONAL PARK SERVICE MANAGEMENT
89
MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION
comply with the permit requirements of manage as many of the 10 cultural resources
section 404 of the Clean Water Act, chapter cited in the legislation as it can locate and
253 of the Florida Statutes, and chapter 17 of acquire.
the Florida Administrative Code.
The National Park Service would have
The National Park Service would assist primary responsibility for cultural resource
private landowners and cooperative management on a greatly increased land
regulatory agencies in protecting wetlands base under this alternative. The Park Service
outside the preserve boundary whose use would manage significant cultural resources
may affect preserve resources. preservewide and develop management and
use guidelines for those resources. The Park
Management of vegetation, fish and wildlife, Service also would be responsible for
threatened and endangered species, and identifying and addressing problems or
exotic species would be the same as in concerns that may affect cultural resources
alternative 3, except that the National Park preservewide.
Service would have primary responsibility
for either management or coordination of
these resources, and it would have VISITOR EXPERIENCE AND PUBLIC USE
responsibility for developing management
plans for these resources. Recommendations The National Park Service would provide a
for further research and additional plans broad range of recreational and interpretive
would be the same as under alternative 3. activities on an expanded land base under
NPS ownership. It would have primary
The natural vistas and expansive views of responsibility for the visitor experience
the preserve have been identified as a throughout the preserve. Visitors would
significant resource. Thus, the National Park have access to a variety of Iand- and water
Service would initiate a long-term visibility based resources, providing a wide range of
monitoring program that would provide group and solitary experiences. An
valuable information on any changes in introduction to all preserve resources and
visibility. interpretive themes would be provided at
the Fort Caroline visitor center, and visitors
The National Park Service would monitor all would be encouraged to visit sites
activities in the preserve to ensure that noise throughout the preserve. As in alternative 1,
levels would not exceed federal noise the visitor center would be used for more
abatement criteria. This monitoring would traditional purposes i.e., orientation and
establish baseline data for assessing the interpretation and visitor contact needs.
impact of boat/vehicle/ air traffic and other
noise on preserve wildlife and the visitor The Park Service would promote national
experience. If these criteria were approached and international visitation to the preserve
or exceeded, noise abatement measures through an emphasis on significant resources
would be considered. These could include and visitor experiences, stressing 'I'Imucuan's
techniques such as traffic management as uncommon, diverse natural and cultural
well as more stringent measures. resources combined at one place.
The National Park Service would expand The National Park Service would have sole
previous efforts to locate those sites listed in responsibility for placing roadway
the enabling legislation if new information directional and site/area signs to direct
became available. The Park Service would visitors to the Fort Caroline visitor center
90
Alternative 4: NPS Management
and to other visitor use areas. The Park achieve. Optimum use may include an
Service would provide orientation to all expanded trail system that separates user
activities and resources throughout the groups to reduce conicts, overnight ~
preserve, and encourage visitors to enjoy camping facilities, biking trails, accessible
resources throughout the preserve as well. trails, boat docks, ranger-led tours,
Orientation media and personal services concession-operated fishing with rental
would be available not only at Fort Caroline, equipment, and concession-operated tour
but also throughout the preserve. boats from Fort Caroline to Kingsley and
other locations throughout the preserve.
Under this alternative the Park Service Appropriate locations and levels of
would be responsible for interpretive development for these activities would be
programming throughout the preserve, at determined by preserve management using
locations that best support interpretive the guidelines and criteria of this plan.
needs.
A broad spectrum of well-developed
As in the other alternatives, the primary recreational opportunities would appeal to a
interpretive themes would be introduced at national and international audience and
the Fort Caroline visitor center (see likely increase visitor use days significantly.
"Elements Common to All Alternatives"
section for interpretive themes). Interpretive Existing activities that have a damaging
emphasis would be on all the themes, to be effect on the preserve's ecosystem or specific
illustrated by a variety of resources under , resources would be modified and controlled
NPS management throughout the preserve. or eliminated.
Despite NPS emphasis on preserve resources,
interpretation under this alternative would
continue to cover the regional stories of PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
which Timucuan is a part. Timucuan's
significant stories having contextual and The National Park Service would determine
global appeal would be identified and levels and types of improvements preserve
interpreted in several languages. Timucuan's wide. All of the improvements described in
rich history has the potential to attract the development concept plans under
present-day African, British, French, Spanish, alternative 3 would be implemented in this
and American peoples whose ancestors alternative. At a minimum, the following
and/or countrymen and women contributed additional improvements to the preserve
to that history. would be made to support visitor activities,
resource protection, administration, and
The 10 cultural resources cited in the maintenance.
preserve's enabling legislation would
continue to be interpreted at the Fort Cedar Point:
Caroline visitor center; however, under this visitor center and support facilities
alternative the Park Service would pursue maintenance facilities
onsite interpretation of those extant visitor amenities e.g., picnic areas
resources it owns. boat dock
visitor access to uplands
parking
Recreation
91
MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES, INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION
92
Alternative 4: NPS Management
93
of
Provide
broad
intrange
aerpretive base.
land
expanded
primary
Assume
E4: Io-IrAENcEnMoENr, NRAETSrHIORoONATUIGOH.N
ANLVTIERONMAETNIVAEL EPNnAND cCo ordpienartaiotnion of
for
other
especially
entusesities, 20th
of
beginning
the
before
century the
throughout
exprersiervnec.e
ACTION)
D(PROPOSED
(NO
CLASSROOM
PIRSOCTREIPCTION
MANAGWENT
SERVICE
PARK
and
with adjacent
would
upstream
or
areas, all
NPS
through
Protect
resources resources of
restoring
emphasize
to
a the
croepnarea
rdeisteinotantive
Nwould
Park
ArLaieTtsmEeRiurNovcAeTnuwIaiVdElne, be
PThe
TService CONCEPT
lands
the
oonly
for
managed
Nit
lands.
and
enhance,
cbPrprotect,
soSeowns
to manage
n-rstoviawtonirueodn, NPS
by
the
in
preserve
resources and
aIn
cmaqnuaigseimteinot.n
cultural
and
natural
of
quality raectron
and anieavti oineasl
and
acmaqnuaigseimteinot.n alto
other
ctoenrtartaivsets, rvisitor
the
for
esponsibility
conasteciensueary.
development.
address
problems
potential
or
concerns be
the
of
scale
and
experience
visitor
to
nerships local
pastate,
federal,
and
rtamong and
agencies,
private
government iand
protection
dnectrifeiacsteiodn a2,
NPS
a1
under
As
lto
tendrnatives NPS
prersoeusrcersve. for
throughout
of
the gEusmtiandbaelgiesimhnenst for
provide
eat
visitor
xperience dceotscope
efforts,
epremrianetive
IA3:
NL'TrERNAcTEINVcYE CRoEFOR
sroERuARncoEN coloor
and/apbeoratioino,n, Through
offer
efforts,
co perative of
and
identify
ruseesources, and
staffing,
for
ssupport
ervices
preservewide
pursued
be
would preservewide,
funding,
pool
and
Cmoantaigneume nt lands.
NPS
of NPS-onreoswunrecds through
owned
However,
sites.
shared
the
addition,
In
vision,
CTABLE
SUMMARY
M3:
AOLMTNor
PEARGNREAITMSEVONETS and
ombjaencatgievmesn,t for
respornesiobuirlcieties and
protection
management formal
through
agre ments, pirmepslermvenwitded.
ipnrcorteacsteidon.
landowners.
human
affect
couses
ntemporary lands
owned
managed
be
would the
for
Provide
experience
visitor nsteirtporestive arin
other
and
vito evcatrieavltiaboinleasl
PTHE
A2:
LRTERSNEATRIVE eof
and
idnutecraptrieotant,ion policies,
pNPS
and
hilosophies, ahowever,
Same
1;
lteas
rnative
Rthat
NPS
esystem.
sonources by
pstrategy
roretseoucrtceion
role
shaping
its
in
ecosystem, and
how
history,
historic according
laws
and
cur ent
to articipate regarding
asking
others
pto
in edupcartoigornams emphasize
environmental
and
LAsAND
A
As
oRA~roRv epdruecas
asaetrivoenwide
Nsites.
Direct
Pat
S-owned
the
marsh/estuarine
salt emphasis
place
public
on
the
However,
preserve.
proetseoucrtcieon. education.
heritage
trends.
Emphasize
marneasoguercme nt TCohaersoedlvoiernlet,
Rthe
C1:
AOLNT'EIRTNUATIVOEN needs
mpriononcetiemcutmion paffecting
resresrovurecweisde.
MEXISTING
AOF
NAGEMENT pNPS
and
policies,
hilosophies, jurisdictional
other
with
basis funding
managed
proasperties
according
and
laws
cur ent
to Theodore
the
Caroline,
Fort
at PProvide
NPS
other
lantation. /or
and
marnesaoguercme nt problems
address
concerns
or Fort
Provide
inat
terpretation Planarea,
Kingsley
and tation ftheir
private
aciown.
onlities
Kingsley
and
Ro area,
sevelt cCooperate
ason
ae-by-case
ac es of
and
Provide
only.
to NPS
other
interpretation aVlisiotwosr.s parks,
have
would the
city
to
state
ac es
parks,
public
other
and
owned
limited
with
areas for
above
met.
were
areas the
eto
in
ntpirteisesrve
trends.
NATURAL
AND MANAGEMENT
EXPERIENCE PUBLIC
AND
CuLTuRAL REsouRcE
VIsIToR
UsE
I1,
-n - .
and
Redesign
Same
aparking
3.
existing
enlarge
DlEtVeasErLnOaPtMiEvNeT
alternative
3.
Cwith
road.
otwo-way
enstrauncte Pond.
leading
trail
Two-Ponds
lmprove trail
TBrowne
Rthe
in
ohesoedvoerlet parking
Redesign
existing
at
area.
area RTArea:
and
Redesign
ohesoedvoerlet road
of
leg
north
develop
into
entrance Ovbrilesivteorgaest.eate loop.
and
south Cleg
of
existing
oenstrauncte road
and
with
ieto
ntnewerasnecte redesign
existing
structure ;
to
area proposed
and
parking
coarean ect
to by
Expand
visitor
center
center. long)
ft.
1,000
(approx.
road
ac es
new
parking
overow
vehicles)
(3040
of
4,500
ft.
consist
two
to
approx.
sq. and
trail
Browne
Willie
lmprove
area. oand
vcseotnrnewsultcorucrkte Develop cre ned-in, Cfor
smeeting
provide
covered pods
otwo
ngroups.
space
struct bbe
pod
covered,
oato
rone
dwalks used ucpartoigornams; be
re ned-in, for
sbe
elevated
deck
cto eother
pod
dto 1used
,in
size
2to
0 -square-fo t
I3:
ANLTERANGETNICVEY REOURCE
COEoR
PERATION from
boat
planned
Spanish
ardwalk leading
road
20-space
two-way
to
a tlead
and
parking
20-car
rto
ailhead levrted around
eplatform.
viewing existing
camping
group
area
and
elto
with
lodge
ceovnatecdt
Cvfor
7080
oenhareasitcrluecst. expanded
of
npicnic
orareatheast Spanish
expanded
visitor
to
center for
and
staff
parking
area
preserve
oors.
Cocto
trail
nosntreuct and
Pond
Willie
with
con ecting
trail.
oRemove
existing
verlo k
for
Pond
vSpanish
10
ehicles. adminpisutraptiovsees.
for
THE
ALRTEsRNEARTvIVE
P2.- RArea:
Theodore
Same
o sevelt
LAAND
As
BA
ORATORY
a3.
lteas
rnative
CA1:
OLNTEIRNUATIVOEN RArea:
Theodore
Same
o sevelt
ExIsTINc
MAor
NAGEMENT
a3.
lteas
rnative
S,
af(e.g.,
picnic
visitor
mceinlities, MHuguenot
Redevelop
Park:
emorial including
fvisitor
and
aciaccess,
lities
HoANrCEcMnENOT, NREATSHIOROANTUAIGOLHN
ANLVITREONMAETNIVALE EPNRAND
E4: Add
and
Point:
Cedar
visitor
center dock,
boat
bareas),
trails,
oardwalk,
fand
parking;
asupport
center
cilities; boat
trpicnic
ailsarea;
/boardwalks;
CDPARK
ACTION)
P(NO
M(PROPOSED
SERVICE
EARLSNOACTSRGEICPRMTOEINOMT from
including
visitor
I-95;
access, comfort
and
campground
stations.
road
Provide
Creek:
Thomas
new boat
by
(limited
dock
size);
motor
fmasupport
icntleintanices,
PKingsley
Same
Road
Evans
Clear
lHanYastSaItiCoAn:L uplands.
and
visitor
toac es
aSame
2.
lteasrnative
lake
and
ac es .
aand
r3.
DliEttwo-way
cVgeoEhrnLstOna-PtrMoiuEfvcN'teTway
and
PClose
raquarters.
elvmegtetoate of tlermsection rtraffic
Pianat
Drive Beatty
and
Avenue
eto
direct bRoad.
and
CEvans
oanrstdrwuacltk 2house
Convert
carriage
,to
0 0-sq.-ft. with
visitor
station
contact
restro ms, MEncourage
Park:
Huguenot
emorial
IA3:
LNTERNAGTEINVCEY CRESOURCE seawall
direct
into
integrate
to
new from receptacles.
trash
and
tables
include park
of
improve
to
macnaesge,rs
OFOR
PERATION parking
vehicle
slave
of
north
area dock
boat
vto
carriage
isitors n ation displays,
idesk,
sales
inter
nfoarea, mpretive
and
ultipurpose Same
Creek:
aThomas
1.
lteas
mative
and
Cpicnic
house.
onareastruct Same
Point
aCedar
1.
lteas
rnative beach
comfort
picnic
areas,
use, and
trails
relation
in
stations,
to
leading
road
(CONTJ
4050
ennewtrance
to
aSame
2.
lteas
rnative proetseoucrtcieon.
room.
A2:
PRESERVE
THE
LTERNA.ITVE
Add
ein
kiosks
north,
ducation of
central,
the
south
and
areas
LAAND
As
BA
ORATORY
Same
Creek:
Thomas
as
Cedar
Same
Point:
as
a1.
lternative a1.
lternative
preserve.
C1:
AOLNTEIRNUA.TITVOEN Cedar
by
acquired
If
Point:
NPS, acmtarinevsaiotguirecmse nt with
EXISTING
MAor
NAGEMENT deconcept
vprepare
elopment and
soeprevriactesi.ons
visitor limited
Provide
Creek:
Thomas and
public
eqnouipment
plan
basic
address
park
to afcto
oimliotdiaets
ac es .
,
RHOATNEcCTMEINOT, NA110NAL
RETSHTOROAUTIGOHN parking
facility,
visitor/
maintenance RSisters
Marina:
Creek
eto
habilitate cpossible
wohto
impacts
entervoelr
ENVIRONMENTAL EPNAND
ALTERNATIVE
4: preservewide
and
boat,
beach,
trail, lands
revised
the
all
within
Acquire
MPARK
SERVICE
ANAGEMENT sIsland:
Provide
Talbot
Big
atel ite caocqupiesriation.
Negotiate areas, for
and
adjacent
from
upstream and
lands
pirnoastercitmion
teasrnative of
seek
aSame
3,
lexcept land
NPS
aexpansion
cquisition
education
Expand
Island:
Pelotes dland
Prevent
eto
trusesimental boundary
important
to
resource
roadways.
and
kiosk,
area,
new ehabilitate Add
RFort
Island:
George cvisitor
lto
uebnhtoeurs.e
kiosk.
Add
full
marina.
service
through
primarily
resources aintegrity
using
vaiany
lable
cDevelop
omparehensive
fkiosk.
Add
acilities. roadway
plan.
ac es boundary.
the
within maectqhuoidsi.tion
authority.
kiosk.
ad itional
supplement
and
complement
cand
o mraccess
pdrienhaetnesdive, stareasuarine of
wetland
adjacent
the
ein Seek
legal
the
expansion
system.
no
and
Ecsaotgarpbelrimasethnitvse eacquire
agencies
to
xcareaseptional public
that
tValues
hreare
useatened. aSame
1,
lexcept
teas
pursue
rnative
sPEoRUARTIcOEN (ACTION)
NLTERANGETNVCEY RCOEFOR
IA3: PRORTOEPCOTISOEND NPS
cin
poto
arpteiractipvaetley opuotsor
retseoausnrcdeing outlined
authority
the
acquisition
in
for
planning
trroutes
ansportation ipato
land
nrusetunenrcsehips Use
regulation
and
cto
o peration land
CNPS
aocqupiesriation.g
limportant
include
eto
gislation
decisions.
and
policies
throughout
preserve. legislation.
preserve's
Provide
Island:
Pelotes
as istance aSame
1,
give
lexcept
teasrnative
PRESERVE
THE
ALTERNATIVE
2:
emphasis
sto
uapc oersting (from
lands
those
only
Acquire
LAAND
BAs
A
ORATORY and/
the
enhance
support
or the
op porteusneirtvies.
in
expanding
trails.
in
nature eodpucoartiuoniatlies. would
that
sellers)
willing
redeuscaetaironcahl
and
CLAsSRO M
aSame
1.
lteas
rnative aSame
1.
lteas
rnative
C1:
AOLNTEIRNUATIVOEN by
proposals
trroute
ansportation
MEAXOF
NIASGETMIENGT Provide
other
eto
ntaicties. make
Cto
ocnmtienutes rland
plans,
and
eguse
ulations, authority
adcqiutiosniatlion
the
other
and
city
agencies
on be
recnot
ommay
endations sel ers limited
willing
(from
and
only) wetas
basis
alands
on
and
coon
amc enst
any sAcquire
uplands
ignificant follow
ato
djmoreustments and
features
natural
closely
famcainlaigteamtent.
No
Coto
and
consult
ntinue NPS
realizing
proposals, enabling
the
by
allowed
(NO
ACITON)
Seek
boundary
minor
NPSaroewanse.d
legislation.
adopted. required.
,
Emphasizes
i61-66
Mand
positions.
p4566
OnaoPcisEnliRtuAatdTiIeonOdsNns.
3135
41-45
RHOATNECETMEINOTN, NATIONAL
ANLVTIERONAM'EIN'TIAVLE EPNAND
E4:
RETHROUGH
STORATION
MSERVICE
PARK
ANAGEMENT aa1
also
2;
Same
ltendrasnatives m$3.2
and
annually
$29
ito
l ion
of
all
Generally
staffing
level
NPS
direct
achieving
Emphasizes
OmCOSTS
in
apat
iean
nratgatienimseonts
plan.
management
of
adds
acceptable
level
ao1;
however,
major
in
lpterarsnoaurtcievis.eons
corepaseravteiwviedley
pdevelop staffing
of
adds
however,
Range
Cmajor
Fort
caround
centering
1;
oarprogram.
apoelriantei,ve NPS
of
degree
the
Pmlanvteartgsieounms.ent
Kingsley
The
IA3: SPEORUARTICOEN (PROPOSED
NLTERANGETNIVCEY RCOEFOR PAc'noN)
ROTECTION
cFort
for
fbudget
94
FY
ito
support
onmaobpniecnrieadtlors
aaSame
also
1
2;
lteas
ndrnatives and
m$2.9
$6.2
annually
to
il ion depends
NPS
direct
of
degree
Tdohueon
eRthe
and cprogram.
area,
soaetdvioernlaetl the
CpTis
andariemrmanage
ouslceuriucenavse. \s
plan.
cmonacnesagieonmsent
Use
coto
tour
operate
nces ioners
PALRTESRNEARTVE
THE
2:
$1.75
annually
million
$2.1
to
LABAND
As
A
ORATORY
fulfill
boats
that
sites
to of oedbujceactionves
CLAS RO M
alternative.
cotour
Use
operate
to
nces ioners
C1:
AOLNTEIRNUATIVOEN and
annually
million
$1.3
$1.6
to ap ranoximately
with
$872,000
MEAXNor
IASGETMIENGT
NPS
between
boats
sites.
(NO
ACTION)
a18.5
of
FTE
uthorized
employees.
,
IENTHAND
EARPNRCETAMT,EINOT SERVICE
PARK
NAnoNAL
THROUGH would
Rlands
ehnot
aboiclitautrio.n quality
achieve
would
incanrease
in for
raerstpiocnipsaitbiloen
ptotally
in would
done
cbe
anot
son
ae-by-case staffing aapproach
in
lmtearnagtievme nt
be
Naetrivoincael
SThe
Park
would pregulatory
involve
that
roce dings depending
and
buton
basis, be
would
of
level
result
protection
a This athan
in
3.
is
lgreater
ternative with
problems
the
should
overcome
din
of
the
ispatruebsaesdrve proptrecsteirnvge of
and
managing providing
arsesuroaunrces ,
bemaconeagency
naugseme nt
P4:
ARLTOETRENCATIVOEN, dPrivate
evon
perleospemrevnet natural
and
of
quantity
preserve Partpeirsoceuirscpeas.trivoen would
National
The
Service
Park of
long-term
proptrecsteirovne end
the
alexcept
3,
that
ternative
mandates
conicting
could
that
funding,
than
less
be
would
it responsibility
broad
have
for alands
NPS
with
in
c ordance
be
could
lmpacts
similar
to ocvoerpbeurdaetnive
the
'MANAGEMENT
alternative
3. objectives.
resources.
3.
PRoA3:
LTERcNAnTIOVEN, IEN'HANo.EARPNECI,AMIE'NOT, nmpositive
impacts
oadtoneuratle cwould
and
improve
oment
rdination ecological
mapreserve
annagement
as
devon
Private
land
perleospemrevnet would
land
adjacent
the
but
continue,
erin
that
alter
setdoveriumacted
of
rThe
a2.
neagusetnduilvaetsory and
1 psauthority
etranfdoarmdasnce eunit,
of
goal
the
with
liminating marnesaogurecme nt and
would
Natural conot
but
piecemeal
berdinated,
rcin
with
private
eodmubcitnieodn through
of
co manage
useperative as ociated
risks
reduce
would
with the
of
protection
ecpreserve
osystem.
eand
snevnion
srointmievnetal y deamount
of
be
would
velopment Capouelthroamrti tioensing
of bresult
through
positive
in
enefits
(MACn...
APNRAOGPEOMESNETD casresporwe
basis.
a
on
e-by-case Cwould
omapneargaetmievnet fragmentation.
habitat
of
problem
COTPHERAOIU'GVHE be
would
effects
preservewide.
result
din
would
evelopment effect
Ultimate
the
be
would
TABLE
ESUMMARY
IMPACTS
4:
NVOF
IRONMENTAL
resources.
PA2:
THE
LRTAsERSNEARTIVE CLAA
AND
BOSRARTORMY development
the
be
would
trends adverse
slightly
be
would
impacts
Cprivate
of
ocntuirnuaetinotn a1;
however,
ltesame
asmative emphasis
the
of
because
less
on
eduas
public
rceastoiurocne
a
pstrategy.
rotection a1.
Same
lteas
mative Same
a1.
lteasrnative a1.
Same
lteasrnative
CA1:
oLNTnENRuATIoVNE would
National
The
Service
Park nin
matrneusaroguaerclme nt jin
the
with
agencies
urisdiction would
be
piece
cto
oon
natinue cmeal protected
beroveresources
may
of
Cprivate
ocntuirnuaetinotn and be
would
marnesaoguercme nt lacking
basis,
o rdination
MEAxor
NIAsGTEMIENGT preserve dcresult
development would
within
trends adjacent
the
to in
oengtrianduaetdion quality
aof
and
twater
endant
cparsoon
aecebyd-icnasges and
would
basis
be
expensive rthe
other
elon
piraenscerve; Natural
marneasoguercme nt
short-term,
the
long-term
but
regulatory
Pin
articipating control
minimal
have
over natural
direct
for
preserve leaas
and
result,
adership;
might
be
pnot
rotection
ACTION)
(No
biota.
impacts
on time-consuming.
problematic.
adequate.
TOPIC
IMPACT
REsouRcEs
NATURAL
,,
IENTAND
EHRAPNRECTAMTIEONT, SERVICE
NPARK
ATI RONUGAIL
PALRTOETRENCAIT OvEN,
4:
(No
ACTION)
M(CLAuPNAND
BA
tRAOsGRPEARMTOoESNREMTYD
a3.
Same
lteas
rnative aSame
3.
lteas
rnative aSame
1.
lteas
rnative
IENTAND
HERAPNRECTEAMTIEONT, pendangered
species
reon
a
servewide only
with
of
loss
0.96
0.16
acre,
acre
staff
small
plan,
(CONT.)
of
lack
plan
well
size,
maas
rnesaogurecme nt emphasis
More
rpersoeursces.rve
on would
knowledge
for
basis
serve
a
as dwould
there
Kingsley,
At
isturbance.
result
would
This
basis.
long-term
in
of
sphnot
rorets-eotucertemis,on 1.46acres of
totaling
loss
habitat
Minor with
Caroline,
Fort
0.42
at
acre
new hammock
habitat
Minor
com unity.
adasioveretlioinael
bknowledge rwould
offset
be
ehto
abnewilitated
PA3:
RLOTERENCATIVOEN, About
land
of
Ro acre
0.16
sevelt. acres, About
about
with
of
1.46
acres
new dof
0.5
land
istuacrerbance.
COTPHEROATUIGVHE of
absence
pThe
CNATURAL
would
romea
aspneargvaetwmiedvnet natural
Rpdevelop
EmrSaerOasneUaRorgCuverEcmSweindte for
other
plans
iwater
mportant slong-ten~n
impacts
igonnificant
have
Resprogram
would
earch elong-range
cfoenctinvueing be
loss
habitat
minor
2.36
totaling
a rehto
be
would
help
abilitated dthe
threastoeurnceds
and dhiato
the srtudrwboancde diat
Theodore
stnew
urbance mitigate
istnewurbance.
amdonititonrailng.
This
aSame
1.
lteas
rnative
management.
benefits.
A21
PRESERVE
THE
LTAs
ERNATIVE
aSame
1.
lteas
rnative a3.
Same
lteas
rnative aSame
1.
lteas
rnative
CA1:
OLNTEIRNUATIOVNE
impacts
positive
maonnagement Ro sevelt
Theodore
the
Caroline, the
be
awould
ltesame
as
rnative
closses
of
leading
size,
rto
itical Pdisturb
would
about
lantation
EMxAor
NIAsGTEIMENGT authority
limited
and
funding, and
stability,
population
range have
would
Resprogram
earch
resprogram
this
because mited Ndata
earch lwould
obtaining
be
ito bPaSson-emlainaeged
natural
Impacts
ronesources and
Plaarea,
Kingsley
ntation Cboat
of
docks
oat
nstruction
chdin
oeancbdlitniaeotsn, habitat, and
fragmen
population local
etation,
xtirpations.
natural
of
NPS
atresources bpraeselrivnewide
data Caroline
Fort
Kingsley
and of
0.17
bottom
rivacreerine
result
cwould
in
ontinued managed
However,
areas. dFort
from
eat
velopment
useful,
of
lack
the
areas,
would
continue.
habitat.
3.
IMPACT
TOPIC
>I
"IENTAND
EHRAPNRECTEAMTEIONT, SERVICE
NPARK
ATHIRONUAGLH fTalbot
Island
SBig
action
eliltietse of
mimpacts
because
mainly
oderate
l-. a DPoint
Cedar
would
eat
velopment disturb
about
Thomas
45
at
acres; Fort
acres NPS
and
120
disturb
would
Marina These
r5
esnewpacres,
ectively. dof
magnitude
the
evelopments.
PI O'I4:
ALETCERIN.AITONIAVE;~ about
Creek
and
23
at
acres; rand
0.1-0.2
espacre,
acresectively.
0.5-0.7
about
Island
George
acre. disturb
would
Island
Pelotes
and
23 and
Creek
Memorial
Park
Sisters
bemore future
would
clearly
Impacts ddefined
in
evelopment plans/
enconcept
vironmental
Redevelopment
Huguenot
of din
result
would
evelopments
MANAGEMENT these
for
sites.
as es ments
aSame
3.
lteasrnative
iENTHAND
ERAPNRECrAM'nEoNT, would
Memcauseorial
Huguenot
Park
(MPANRAOGPEOMSENETD
ACTION) rvisitor
fof
aeat
cdielvietlioepsment dImpacts
minimal
would
isturbance. of
the
south
and
central,
north,
areas
defined
future
be
clearly
inmorea
PA3:
RLOTERNCATIOVNE, kAdding
the
initoesrlprcestive
in
COTPHEROATUIGVHE would
minimal
preserve
cause
pPin
NPS
aorteinctipaltion
velopment enavsireosnmenta.l
deconcept
plan/
aSame
1.
lteas
rnative
disturbance.
PRESERVE
THE
ALAS
2:TERNATIVE Authority
expanding
public
its
on
CLAAND
BA
OSRARTORYM interpretive central,
Adding
kiosks
the
in north,
south
and
ofareas JElectric
ato
sckisotnavciel e
Pelotes
edat
ucprogram
ational isturbance. future
dImpacts
be
would defined
clearly
in
more
a
should
Island
minimal
cause envaisroensmenmteanlt,
if
the
providing
and
preserve,
deconcept
plan/
velopment
aSame
1.
lteas
rnative
neces ary.
CA1:
OLNTETRNUATIVOEN and
Dat
Point
Cedar
evelopment urbance. future
dImpacts
would
istnew defined
be
clearly
in
more
MAOF
EXISTING
NAGEMENT however,
limited
be
would
this envaisreosnmentasl
for
disturb
would
Creek
Thomas
34
plans/
dconcept
evelopment
of
and
land
water;
acres
ACnON)
(No
the
sites.
TOPIC
IMPACT
RESOURCES
NATURAL
(CONT.)
[,
CAIE1:
OLNTAND
HERAIPNRCUEATEAMITEVONT, funding.
of
result
swould
This
lands.
iin
and
prdegntocasnitef ifcacvtiteoinaontn
AMEPARK
SNC2:
PLXOATEor
THE RNAs
ITARPHSGIENVRTAOEMINRTUCAVGTELH
depending
high
others
Cpidroto
enhance
would
aefforts
nmon
ciotprneiraoscintaetislroeinsv,;e I
I.
9"
It
I!
I\0Q
p.
!\
III
!I\A
q
l\
na;pQa1~1Rasp\.. L
P4:
ARLOT"ERCNTAITOINVE, Cunder
NPS
best
that
would
receive
UuLlrTtesUuoRruAarcLels iwould
eRthat
the
theme
pclnEto
in OrstUneaimRregnCsaceEtuatmSeldinotn of
mvorSicaunoover iwould
funding
and
staff
level
the
r3
proposed
aareceive
2.
in
1letcepsamendrenfaietvisevsrve ICSwould
under
aand
Reprndcufenot
be talschoretarsoucipelrotcnaegtdliescoavnle
aimpacts
bfunding
celunleon
long-term,
the
throughout
rotfwsiuoceruidac.els suffer
NPS
might
by
aemphasize
of
the
throughout
funding
would
vmamount
apinrlaeogbselrmeavmnest
iPublic
of
lack
cfrom
and
eheritage.
level
the
by
preceive
dnurtype
cltorictfeaiuctarcsiateodilnon.
TOPIC
ACI1ON)
IMPACT
L(NO
MCACTION)
(ALPA
BNAND
AR'OSGAPERTMOESORNEMTYD
caSame
All
NPS
under
1.
lutleras
tsnuoartiacvels DC1.
aSame
Fort
leaat
tvreasonlaotipnvme,nt
of
cregardless
ownership.
ulrpetrsuoerscaeslr.ve,
local
might
pcrioamong
mtaewiasezrucrnets.ion
aespecially
rto
chresoulrocegsi.cal
PALRTOETRENCATIVOEN,
32 of
ad
between
presult
because
the
cin
roaegsmay
preroevgamrteainomtngs but
lead
also
might
to
resources,
hoc
landdpriorevorsiweodnuseraclesr,ve and
approach
neighbors,
iagencies
the
anto pIPark
SNadopting
vrnaeioctrsiveotiacnstareisl.don.
proactive
iwillful
damage,
nador
vertent
result
impacts
positive
inon
Ro area,
Theodore
the
andsevelt
Kingsley
P(e.g.,
roads,
lantation eological Atesting
affect
arextant
chany rcrhesoulrcoegs.ical reshtarbucitluirteas.ting
historic
and
house
carriage
Jai
Anna Kingsley
Phouse
lat
antation gstuaindearldisnes
and
for
parking
trails,
would
areas)
eand
cvatleugaotreidzed Rin
work
the
ehabilitation follow
would
ap ropriate
be
should
management according
for
cto
riteria
performed.
be
would
significance.
Z,
IENTAND
EHRAPRNECTEATMIEONT, PARK
SERVICE
NATIONAL
THROUGH and
would
the
bthis
edue
visitor
asNPS
impacts
expansion
PUBLIC
lhxtto
noapAND
on
ernftdir-acitreadvrnlsemc,;e cblong-term
be
would
in
due
lack
result
Tportation
impacts
exist
oeto
RmnApeNrfSeiPhceOinRas-live of rAmitigated
land
future
public
acquired.
be
would
aefcsEqiCeudOciNetsOnMeitIdstCion smbenefit
would
local
the
have
positive
ioto
gdencirofanitcoeamnyt.
rand
cplanning
direct
the
scale
land
impacts
eoswater
TATION
pron
doinsaitbiolnity NPS
the
result
end
The
mitigate.
tto
agencies.
systems.
ranamong
sportation A1,000
from
homes
aSame
the
base
private
impacts
Negative
1.
Impacts
SOCIO-
pltax
teron
asonxaitmiavte ly for
and
homes
their
of
would
regulation
possible
value
market
rceopayments-
qnutirneuments
P4:
ARLOTERNCATIOVEN, provide
would
CeAlthough
efforts
NPS
have
Visitor
and
sVISITOR
dmouexacmore
rpnavteigroceainmteslinvcte be
bishould
encean
rfeiacsiaeld rdue
Other
bthese
long-term
and
short-
impacts
eto
snionedfnits. would
Same
c1.
aNPS
olcntseas
itrvniuatcievosen
minimum
blong-term
slikely
would
under
and
short-
Eexist
oeiXpnnot
meet
gPeEnofRriItcfEuiNnaCcilEtainets and
Caimpacts
The
design
planning
mnegative
Direct,
Same
1.
ACCESS
trans
oltAND
aredon
asceinraetistevd
fair
crand
be
would
for
enin
by
EoNedfmVgoIua
Law
provision
service prlRceOitNngmiMseEoanNbtTled. inegative
smwould
cnhouedfrmieptsrc-lditaeitcnraemt.,ieodn
jand
have eiimpacts
and
the
be
would
lower
nfcosameasrisecatsie.dncy local
the
impacts
eonconomy.
would
iin
rChanges
resulting
be
ncecosts,
-to
loiuencrt-oaif-tneiaunxoestn.
MC(LlMrACr
ACTION)
(No
TOPIC
APNAND
ABA
ROSGREPARMTOESNORETMYD
Mpositive
Same
local
athe
3.
Minor
1.
impacts
lotdeas
onrenratitve Marsh
Little
and
Creek
Sherman
aSame
1.
Minor
lteasrnative
cavisitor
better
of
and
be
sthe
impacts
negative
USE
1.
oletreas
dsame
on
vinacteisvo.en
alternative
3.
impact.
IENTAND
HERAPNRECTEAMTIEONT, local
from
result
would
inceconomy
reases
PA3:
LRTOETRENCATIVOEN, staffing.
and
incexpenses
operating
in erxepasens es
COTHROUGH
PERATIVE
public
would
oepxuseporectruinret.niecse.
PRESERVE
THE
ALAs
2:TERNATIVE
C1:
AOLNTEIRNUATIVOEN iuplands
pnosigsneisficiangt
EMXAOF
NIASGTEMIENGT
of
about
exclude
260
acres
Island
would
aAdjustments natural
values.
cultural
or
staffing.
and
ADlUSTMENTS
BOUNDARY
>1
IENTAND
EHRAPRNECTEATMIEONT, SERVICE
PARK
NATIONAL
THROUGH
P4:
ARLOTETRENCAnTIOVNE,
MANAGEMENT
aSame
1.
lteas
rnative aSame
1.
lteas
rnative aSame
3.
lteasrnative aSame
3.
lteas
rnative aSame
3.
lteas
rnative
IENTAND
HERAPNRCETAMTEIONT, by
better
provide
pecosystem
rotection of
boundary
the
moving
outpreserve boundary
the
within
curesroeurnctes
ebe
without
sicannot
tncirmeatsed aThe
Hill
would
Pumpkin
djustment Athe
uplands
dto
iptrieosnearlvye,. potential
be
the
have
that
to
greatest
ACTION)
(MAPNRAOGPEOMESNETD the
in
preserve;
acreage significant
of
4,000
about
add
acres
would
aNassau
County
djustment wetland ailed would
high
detmean
the
of surveys adwater
This
line.
justment could
aThese
boundary
djustments three
of
aresult
in
to
cup
quisition
P3:
ARLOTERENCATIOVEN, singcnriefiacsaently
the aprivate
dby
efvelcotpemdnt.
COTPHEROATUIGVHE River.
Nassau
of
middle
the
athis
would
protect
djustment
aSame
1.
lteas
rnative a1.
Same
lteas
rnative
rprivate
esidences.
PRESERVE
THE
A2:
LAs
TERNATIVE
CLAAND
BA
OsRARTORMY
aSame
1.
lteas
rnative aSame
1.
lteas
rnative
impacts.
No
C1:
AOLNTEIRNUATIVOEN about
by
the
inpacreage
reserve ahDrainage
edajduwsatmernts
MEAXOF
NIASGETMIENGT WEThe
oxnpderewso dway acres. natural
the
have
lands
These
300 significant
for
potential spirgontiefictainotn
for
plant
swould
ingcnoirfpiocrante
aidnjcruesatsme nt
would provide
could
thatpreserve teand
hnrdeantegnerded,
the
winto
ertelsoaurncdes
ACTION)
(NO and
comrare,
unities
culortural
Values.
No
impacts.
species.
TOPIC
IMPACT
Adjustments Adjustments
Minor Major
(cont.)
IV,
TIMUCUAN
E( ()H )( il( Al AND HISTi )RNI PRESERVF.
AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
1;
.~ , ~'
. --TDF
1' ~ II"
~4 __
t.. .9 -
.- x - .
a I
- ,.- q ~
. ..
.~
"2'" a .. v
*0 .-
om- :i ..ll.
h: _ -
. -_-~''
. .
-~_-
L's, . . .
. . e _
.. . s ~ .
Ci- . -
7 .
\
- '.\
..-u~\-:\:
J.
- ,-el- . -~ ,... ,
.
-
7
-
;..
INTRODUCTION
The section that follows is intended to serve The second function for this section is to
two purposes. An exhaustive search for describe the environment to be affected by
existing, current information was conducted the proposed management strategies as
by the project team. The first function of this required by the National Environment Policy
section, therefore, is to provide a Act. Because this environmental impact
comprehensive summary of existing data statement is programmatic, the information
obtained from all sources and to act as presented is as comprehensive as possible,
"finding guide" for information. As such it yet broadly based.
will be a resource for the park and for others
who manage the lands and waters in and
around the preserve.
107
AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
108
Natural Environment
protection of preserve resources from ridges, and relict spits and bars with
adverse air pollution impacts through more intervening valleys.
stringent increments and other air quality
permit requirements. The preserve lies mainly within the St.
Marys Meander Plain, a subdivision of the
Timucuan is located in the Jacksonville, Atlantic Coastal Plain, except for the area
Florida-Brunswick, Georgia, Interstate Air immediately south of St. Johns River called
Quality Control Region. As of July 1, 1993, the Eastern Valley. At Jacksonville the St.
the US. Environmental Protection Agency Johns River turns eastward to the sea, and
classified all Of Duval County as immediately north of the river the terrain
nonattainment (i.e., does not meet the changes. To the south the dominant geomor
primary national ambient air quality phic factors have been marine, but to the
standards) for ozone. north of this rather sharp boundary, the
dominant factor seems to have been the
There are 14 air monitoring sites in Duval meandering of a plexus of muddy, sediment
County including several near the western laden streams.
edge of the preserve. Among the pollutants
being monitored are total suspended Within the confines of the Meander Plain are
particulates, PM-1O, carbon monoxide, sulfur the Nassau and St. Marys Rivers and their
dioxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and lead. network of abandoned channels and
tributaries. In a regional way the St. Marys
No resource inventory has been conducted Meander Plain is the southern end of a large
in the preserve to identify air pollution section of the coast known as the Sea
sensitive resources such as visibility, plants, Islands, which extend from the north bank of
animals, soils, water quality, or historic and the St. Johns River to the Santee River in
cultural Objects and structures. However, South Carolina. The name Sea Islands
past inventories of plant species at Pelotes derives from a barrier chain that is separated
and Fort George Islands have identified from the mainland by meandering tidal
several species that are sensitive to ozone creeks that apparently resulted from a
and / or sulfur dioxide. These include certain mixture of uvial and tidal sedimentation in
pines and hardwoods, orchids and other air salt marshes between beach ridges. Fort
breathing plants, grapes, and poison ivy. George and Big and Little Talbot Islands are
typical Sea Islands, and the meandering tidal
While odors may not pose a physical health creeks that connect the Nassau and St. Johns
risk to humans, they unquestionably have an Rivers in a zone immediately landward of
effect on the human environment. these islands are typical of the sediment
Objectionable odors have been and continue dominated estuaries of the entire Sea Island
to be a problem in the Jacksonville area. coastal section to the north. The islands
However, the city of Jacksonville has absorb much of the energy from tides and
adopted a comprehensive city ordinance waves and allow sediments from the
providing guidelines and enforcement tools mainland rivers to be deposited in the
to identify facilities, such as pulp mills, that sheltered areas behind the islands.
emit objectionable odors.
Other islands (e.g., Burton Island, Broward
Islands, and Pelotes Island), in addition to
PHYSIOGRAPI-IY the barrier islands, are scattered throughout
the estuarine systems. These islands are of
Northeast Florida lies in the lower part of various origins. Some of the hammock
the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Land forms in the (forested) islands are remnants of old barrier
Coastal Plain include barrier islands, islands formed in the past during periods of
lagoons, estuaries, coastal ridges, sand dune higher sea level. Others may have been
109
AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
separated from larger islands by erosion. is about 90 feet in elevation and is probably
Most of the marsh islands are alluvial the highest point in the preserve.
deposits dissected and shaped by estuarine
drainage systems.
GEOLOGY
The preserve is geologically young and has
been changed by deposition and erosion. Duval County is underlain by Pleistocene
Topographically, northeast Florida is (11,000 to 2,000,000 years old) to recent
composed of ancient marine terraces, parallel undifferentiated sediments comprising
to the coast, which were formed during the quartz sands and scattered clay lenses
Pleistocene Epoch when the sea level rose holding shells and soft clay marl. The
and fell several times. The marine terraces Pleistocene sediments of northern Florida are
corresponding to these Pleistocene shorelines of marine origin and occur as a series of
are named Wicomico (100 feet above sea terraces (as described above) overlain by
level {asl}), Penholoway (70 feet asl), Talbot sediments of freshwater. Below these soils,
(42 feet asl), and Pamlico (25 feet asl). The Pliocene (2 million years to 13 million years
Pamlico terrace water shoreline is the most old) and Late Miocene (1325 million years
extensive plain in Florida. Between these old) unconsolidated sand shell, clay, and
ridges are poorly drained swales through limestone are present. The limestone at the
which present day rivers and streams course. base of these deposits is the major water
yielding zone of the surficial aquifer.
One of the causes of sea level oscillations
must have been the alternate withdrawal Beneath the surficial aquifer, the Hawthorne
from and return to the sea of great quantities Formation, of Middle Miocene age, consists
of water during the Pleistocene Epoch or of gray to olive-green clay, sandy clay, and
Great Ice Age. Although the Pleistocene ice sandy limestone containing abundant
sheets stopped far north of Florida, the interbeded phosphatic sand, limestone, and
oscillations of sea level induced by their dolomites. This formation ranges between
advances and retreats profoundly inuenced 300 and 500 feet in thickness and functions
the topography of Florida, as evidenced by as an aquatard (confining bed) between the
the marine terraces. Each time the sea level surficial aquifer and the underlying Floridan
dropped, a part of the sea oor was left aquifer. The Hawthorne Formation is
exposed as a level plain or terrace. Over underlain by Eocene (650 million years old)
time, the level plains of the terraces were limestone.
modified or destroyed by stream erosion.
Sand dunes on the barrier islands were
formed by sand deposits and shaped by a MINERAL RESOURCES
combination of wind, waves, and tidal
currents. As the wind-blown sand was Ancient beach sands contain commercial
trapped by vegetation, dune ridges formed. quantities of rutile, ilemite, zircon, and
The dunes eventually became stabilized by staurolite. In the past years, strip mining
salt-tolerant vegetation. operations for these heavy minerals occurred
in the south beaches area near the Duval-St.
The preserve is at predominately at sea Johns County boundary and along the
level or below 5 feet in elevation and salt ridgeline generally followed by Southside
marsh comprises most of the area. The Boulevard and Alternate US. Highway 1.
majority of the uplands are 1020 feet with These deposits are no longer worked.
30-40 feet elevations on small areas of
Pelotes Island and Fort George Island. St. Deposits of fuller's earth are known to exist
Johns Bluff, a relict dune near Fort Caroline, in northeast Florida, generally along the
alignment of the St. Johns River. However,
110
Natural Environment
111
AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
limitations for dwellings, commercial and marine and brackish waters. Some of the
buildings, roads and streets, and septic tank salt marsh habitat is among the least
absorption fields. disturbed remaining on the Atlantic Coast.
The Aquic Quartizipsammets-Fripp soil type Estuaries are vital ecological links between
(not shown on Preserve Soil Classification inland freshwater habitats and the oceans.
map because of limited extent) occurs only However, many of these estuaries and
along the Atlantic beaches and contains associated habitats (especially salt marshes)
excessively drained and moderately well have been poorly studied. Timucuan is no
drained soils that are sandy throughout; exception. Available data have not been
some have been modified by dredging and widely disseminated nor, in many cases,
earth-moving operations. It is made up of a synthesized into a coherent body of
series of long ridges and nearly level areas knowledge available to other scientists or to
that have been reworked by man. Natural decision makers. This seems counter
vegetation is mostly sea oats, scrub oak, and productive since about one-half of the
cabbage palm on the ridges and side slopes nation's fisheries catch comes from the
and wax myrtle in the swales. Vegetation is southeastern region of the Atlantic Coast.
mostly sparse. The water table for this soil is
less than 40 inches below the surface. Surface An estuary may be defined as a semi
texture is fine sand to sand, and it has a enclosed body of water that has a free
permeability of 6.0 to 20.0 inches per hour. connection with the sea, and within which
Although this soil type is only slightly seawater is measurably diluted by fresh
limited for dwellings, roads and streets, and water from land drainage. The freshwater
septic tank absorption fields, there is inuence differentiates an estuary from a
minimal development on this soil type lagoon, which is simply a coastal zone
within Duval County. depression connected with the sea but
protected by some type of barrier. Estuaries
Through coordination with the US. and lagoons occupy 8090% of the Atlantic
Department of Agriculture, Soil and Gulf coasts of the United States.
Conservation Service, it has been determined
that the preserve is located within the Estuaries serve several functions that are
urbanized area of Jacksonville, which does economically and socially important to this
not satisfy the definition of farmland as nation.
defined in 7 CFR 658; therefore, the
provisions of the Farmland Protection Policy ' They provide important spawning and
Act of 1984 relative to prime and unique nursery habitat for many species of fish
farmlands do not apply to this project. and invertebrates; these species are a
significant portion of the economically
important commercial fishery and coastal
ESTUARIES recreational industries.
[The information presented in this section The majority of sport and commercially
and in the subsequent sections on "Water valuable marine fish and shellfish species
Resources" and "Water Quality" relied are directly dependent on estuarine
heavily on the information contained in wetlands for their survival as a species.
Durako et al. (1988)]. Approximately 72% of the commercial and
74% of the sport species of fish and
Timucuan includes the seaward conuence shellfish must spend all or part of their
of the Nassau and St. Johns Rivers, which lives in or associated with the estuarine
forms an extensive estuarine system of system.
predominately salt marsh, coastal hammock,
112
Preserve Soil
Downtown
Associations
Jacksonville
Timucuan
Ecological and
Historic Preserve
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
006'20015'July 94'DSC
Natural Environment
The area of nursery grounds usually contaminants, that ow from the land and
represents only a small portion of the total human activities, catching these materials
estuarine system. For example, of the before they reach the ocean.
approximately 2.3 million acres of
estuaries in North Carolina, only about ' They serve as important pathways of
75,000 acres have been designated primary transportation to connect inland commerce
nursery grounds. Also not all primary to ocean shipping.
nursery areas provide the same levels of
productivity. Major questions still remain ' They are aesthetic mixing pots, attracting
regarding the specific functional aspects of people who support a burgeoning recrea
these shallow zones. Moreover, the tional and tourism industry.
primary nursery areas usually lie at the
downstream end of small tributaries and Estuarine communities are often
are, thus, vulnerable to changes in land characterized by high productivity, low
use patterns and water quality species richness and diversity, and high
degradation. dominance. It is this productivity, the ability
to capture enough energy to produce a great
From 1987 through 1989 commercial volume of living tissue and to pass that
landings for Duval and Nassau Counties energy along to organisms that humans find
combined were about 4% of the state of useful, that makes an estuary so
Florida's Overall commercial landings for economically valuable. In fact, estuaries are
each year. Total landings per year were among the most productive ecosystems on
approximately 7.47.8 million pounds over earth. The high primary production of
this time period. Whiting, mullet, and estuaries reects their nutrient-rich
shad ranked highest in finfish landings, conditions and the presence of several
blue crab was most important in classes of primary producers, including
invertebrate landings, and white and rock submerged vascular plants, macro- and
shrimp were most in shrimp total micro-algae and emergent grasses, shrubs,
landings. From a different perspective, and trees.
over the same time period, Duval County
ranked 4th, 5th, and 6th, respectively, out Along the northeast Florida coast most
of 37 counties for total landings. estuaries are probably well mixed because
Comparing landings of Duval County to average tidal ow exerts a greater force than
Nassau County, Duval's total landings does freshwater inow, resulting in a fairly
were about seven times that of Nassau homogeneous salinity throughout the water
over the time period. It is possible that the column. However, the St. Johns River
greater landings in counties with large between Jacksonville and the ocean may be
estuarine areas, such as Duval County, classified as a slightly stratified estuary with
reect to some extent the high some vertical stratification and some vertical
productivity of estuarine environments mixing. Numerous salt springs that drain
there. into the St. Johns River result in locally
elevated salinities in some upstream areas.
They serve as a buffer zone between the These Springs and the far-reaching tidal
oceans and the land, providing an inuence appear to be responsible for the
important ameliorating zone for storms, presence of a number of oceanic fish species
oods, etc. For example, a fringe of salt in the river's upper reaches. The St. Johns is
marsh only 8 feet wide can reduce wave also unusual in that it discharges directly
energy by over 50%. into the Atlantic Ocean rather than into an
embayment as is typical of most estuaries.
They serve as important sinks for
materials, both nutrients and
115
AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
The interaction between tidal and river marsh must be able to tolerate abrupt
ows, which are the dominant physical changes in these parameters whereas many
processes in an estuary, results not only in of the animals have evolved mechanisms,
salinity uctuations, but also in water level such as burrowing, to avoid them. However,
uctuations. The latter exposes intertidal salt marshes, like the estuaries they
areas to alternating periods of inundation surround, are among the most productive
and drying and to relatively wide natural ecosystems in the world.
temperature uctuations. Estuarine
organisms have adopted physiological and The optimum development of salt marsh in
behavioral mechanisms to minimize stress the United States is found on the Atlantic
induced by alternate ooding and exposure. Coast from Cape Lookout, North Carolina,
south to the Jacksonville area, with the most
The St. Johns River estuary has a much extensive and well developed from Myrtle
greater concentration of nitrate than found in Beach, South Carolina, to Jacksonville. This
other East Coast estuaries. This high latter area includes some of the most
concentration is apparently due to a productive salt marshes in the world. These
combination of factors involving prolonged marshes, often called low marshes, form
retention time in the lower river. Some of behind narrow barrier islands in areas
this nutrient loading is due to municipal and inuenced by heavy silt deposition from
industrial input. However, much of the large rivers. There is a relatively small
nitrogen comes from black water drainage. amount of open water behind the barrier
This swamp drainage is high in organic islands.
nitrogen but relatively low in phosphorus.
Phosphorus appears to be the limiting To the casual observer, a salt marsh looks
nutrient in the St. Johns River estuary. Most like a monotonous expanse of grass and
East Coast estuaries studied have been water. However, it is a highly complex and
limited in nitrate. intricately balanced ecosystem, sometimes
fragile, sometimes very resilient, depending
on which environmental parameter has been
Salt Marsh Habitat altered and for how long. The complex
pattern of plant and animal distribution
Estuaries can be considered ecosystems within the salt marsh ecosystem is based on
because they are composed of numerous differences in elevation, depth of tidal
subsystems or habitats. The most important ooding, and salinity. These differences
of these habitats is the salt marsh. Salt result in a variety of subhabitats in northeast
marshes are beds of rooted vegetation that Florida salt marshes (see illustration on
develop along the shorelines of estuaries Subhabitats of the North Florida Salt March
where wave energy is low. The vegetation Ecosystem). All of these subhabitats may be
on higher ground develops a complex present at a given site; more frequently,
network of branching water channels however, some are missing due to
through which water, minerals, plankton, topographical differences.
and fishes ow with the tides. This
vegetation consists of a number of species in The characteristic feature of these marshes is
the grass (Poaceae), sedge (Cyperaceae), and the vast expanse of smooth cordgrass
rush (Juncaceae) families. Salt marshes are (Spartina alterniora), which covers the soft,
typically intertidal, occurring from near low grey sediments between mean sea level and
water to mean high water and consequently approximately mean high water. These
can withstand rapid changes in salinity, broad, nearly level expanses of grass and
drainage, and temperature. This rigorous soft sediment develop, under the inuence of
environment restricts the number of species high tidal amplitudes, dendritic creeks, and
that can inhabit marshes. The plants of a salt deep tidal channels in vast number, giving
116
Natural Environment
the marshes a dissected pattern when factors such as increased salinity and
viewed from the air. decreased nitrogen availability.
Smooth cordgrass is well adapted to sea The high marsh is dominated by black
strength salinity and attains its tallest growth needlerush (Juncus roemerianus), interspersed
(more than 3 feet) on levees adjacent to creek at the lower edge with the short form of
bank zones. Inland from this zone, plant smooth cordgrass and at the upper edge or
height decreases to a medium size (0.50.6 transition zone with a variety of salt-tolerant
feet) and then to the inland short form (less terrestrial plants, such as glasswort
than 0.5 feet). The reduction in plant height (Salicornia virginica) and Salt grass (Distichlis
from stream side to inland seems to occur spicata). It is generally considered a less
because of changes in a number of substrate productive zone than the low marsh.
Embankment
Strand Line
Levee
High Marsh
Low Marsh
Tidal Flat
Creek Side
_M_an_ L_ow_Wnter.
Spring Tide
Creek Bottom Salt Marsh
Cliff
117
AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
Another important feature of the salt marsh about 1 foot in the last 100 years and is
is the intimate relationship that exists predicted to rise another foot within the next
between the marsh and the adjacent waters 30 to 40 years. Coastal wetlands hemmed in
of the estuary. Energy fixed in the marsh is by development cannot expand and will
washed out by the tide, in the form of tiny diminish in size due to erosion and ooding.
particles of organic matter called detritus.
These form the food for many animals in the
estuary. The importance of salt marshes to Other Estuarine Habitats
fisheries production results, for the most
part, from the marshes' high rates of primary In northeast Florida, unvegetated subtidal
production and their interaction with the bottom underlies most open estuarine water
estuary. Other nutrients, such as phosphorus that is too deep for seagrasses but lacking
and nitrogen are exchanged between the seagrass cover. Intertidal unvegetated bottom
marsh and the estuary. areas that lie between the extreme spring
high and low tide lines in estuaries are
Habitat loss, especially of wetlands such as called intertidal ats or mud ats. Mud ats
salt marshes, is a national problem. Data have been considered relatively unimportant
from the National Marine Fisheries Service because of one structural characteristic: no
indicate that commercial harvests in the macrophytes (rooted vegetation) exist there.
southeastern United States have fallen 42% However, mud ats are inhabited by
since 1982. The decline is largely attributed microscopic, bottom-living algae and green
to wetland losses, especially in Florida. algae, such as Ulva Iactuca, which may
Wetland destruction is thought to be the contribute as much as one-third of the total
most significant factor related to catch estuarine productivity. This environment is a
declines for this area. major site of conversion of plant biomass
into invertebrate animals, which ultimately
The extent of habitat losses has not been serve as prey for larger estuarine predators.
evaluated for the lower St. Johns Diurnal uctuations in use of mud ats also
River/Nassau River basins. However, the occur with numerous species of birds
Florida Department of Natural Resources has feeding there during the day and shrimp,
documented a 36% loss (4,253 acres) of salt crabs, and fish becoming major consumers at
marsh habitat in the Jacksonville/ St. Johns night.
Inlet area from 1943 to 1984 because of spoil
disposal from channel dredging. Continued Oyster reefs or mounds represent another
dredging for navigational purposes has community that provides habitat for a wide
probably contributed to the filling or variety of organisms. Oysters (Crassostraca
siltation of habitats and the alteration of virginica) are filter feeders, taking in
circulation patterns. suspended algae, detritus, bacteria, and other
particulate matter. Their feeding behavior
Prior to 1943, extensive losses occurred but and sedentary nature make them vulnerable
no records are available. In the early 1900s to a variety of man-induced stresses.
major impacts resulted from development of
the Intracoastal Waterway and the St. Johns Oyster reef communities are composed of a
River navigational channel. Large, once variety of marine plants and animals. Oyster
productive wetlands areas are now filled and and clam shells provide hard substrate for
developed or vegetated and are assumed to attachment in otherwise soft-sediment
be natural by the casual observer. environments. Oyster reefs also affect the
physiography and hydrology of estuaries by
Rising sea levels will further limit marsh modifying current velocities, passively
areas. Along the Atlantic Coast the relative changing sedimentation patterns, and
height of average sea level has increased by actually augmenting sedimentation through
118
Natural Environment
biodeposition. Thus oyster reefs have a In 1980 about 640 million gallons of water
stabilizing inuence on erosional processes per day, mostly from industrial use, were
while providing a stable island of hard withdrawn from the coastal strip of
substrate. southeast Georgia/northeast Florida. As a
result, long-term water-level declines of
more than 20 feet occurred from Jacksonville
WATER RESOURCES north to Hilton Head. As artesian pressure
drops in these areas saltwater intrusion
Groundwater Hydrology becomes pronounced. Saltwater intrusion is
an ever-increasing problem in areas of
The Floridan Aquifer is the principal artificial discharge. Of a total discharge of
groundwater source in the coastal lowlands approximately 70,620 cubic feet per second
of northeast Florida. This aquifer, one of the (cfs) from the Floridan Aquifer, about 75%
major sources of groundwater supplies in the goes to springs and rivers, 0.7% is seepage,
US, underlies all of Florida, southeast and 18% is pumpage.
Georgia, and small parts of Alabama and
South Carolina. In northeast Florida it Groundwater development has reduced
consists of a series of hydrologically spring ow and discharge to rivers by
connected, water-bearing zones composed of almost 5% and discharge by seepage in
soft porous limestone, dolomite, and sand coastal areas by about 30%. Approximately
beds. Aquifer thickness ranges from 490 feet 20% of the groundwater pumped originates
to more than 9,800 feet with depths of 50 from spring ow and river discharge, 20% is
feet below mean sea level to greater than 550 from seepage in coastal areas, and the
feet below mean sea level in Duval County. remaining 60% is from additional recharge
that is induced by the lower water levels in
Overlying the water-bearing zones of the the aquifer.
Floridan Aquifer in many areas are relatively
impermeable confining beds of sandy clay Recharge to the Floridan Aquifer comes
and shell, called aquicludes. Vertical almost entirely from rainfall within the state.
movement of water is restricted in these Most recharge to the Floridan Aquifer in
areas. Where aquicludes occur, the water is Duval County comes from the southwestern
under sufficient pressure to rise above the part of the county. Additional recharge areas
top of the aquifer through tightly cased in Duval County have been identified by the
wells, and it often ows freely at the land US. Geological Survey as existing in the
surface. These are known as artesian center of the county southeast of the St.
conditions. The height to which water rises Johns River in the Arlington area, in the Fort
in wells that penetrate the Floridan Aquifer Caroline area, and along the western side of
is known as the piezometric surface. This the Intracoastal Waterway. A downward
surface uctuates in response to aquifer hydraulic gradient exists in these areas, but
recharge and discharge. Cones of depression recharge is limited by the thickness and
have developed in farming and urban permeability of confining beds.
industrial areas of northeast Florida because
discharge has exceeded recharge. Recharge The Floridan Aquifer in Duval County has a
to the Floridan Aquifer occurs mainly in the normal seasonal uctuation in water level of
western portions of the coastal counties. 3 to 4 feet from a low in May to a high in
However, increased urban and industrial September. However, average water levels
development with accompanying have been steadily declining due to
impermeable buildings, streets, and parking increasing rates of pump out. Levels
areas reduce the natural recharge area. dropped from 10 to 25 feet in northeast
Florida from 1940 to 1962. In Jacksonville
119
AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
levels dropped more than 20 feet from 1948 mouth of less than 30 feet, making it one of
to 1972. the "attest" rivers in the world.
In addition to tapping into the Floridan The St. Johns is the only major river in the
Aquifer, some small municipalities and rural United States that does not freeze over.
domestic users obtain groundwater from Average monthly water temperatures usually
shallow sand or sand and shell aquifers that range between lows of 57F and 51F in
occur above the Floridan Aquifer. The January and February and highs to 91F in
thickness of this water table aquifer ranges June and July.
from less than 3 feet in the interior to over
396 feet. Shallow aquifers are recharged The average discharge of the St. Johns River
directly by local rainfall and percolation at its mouth is estimated at 8,300 cfs. At the
from surface water. river's entrance, ood tides (incoming tides)
with average velocities of 1.9 knots and ebb
tides (outgoing tides) with average velocities
Surface Water Hydrology of 2.3 knots occur. Mean tidal range at the
river's mouth is 4.9 feet and falls to 1.2 feet
The Nassau River originates in Duval 20 miles upstream at the Main Street Bridge.
County draining 400 square miles (54.8 river
miles) of Duval and Nassau Counties and The river is perennially tidal as far upstream
eventually discharging into the Atlantic as 106 miles (Lake George) and under
Ocean via a 10-square-mile estuary (see combined conditions of drought and high
Surface Water map). Average annual runoff tide, tidal effects (ow reversal) occur farther
for the Nassau River drainage is 1520 upstream. At Jacksonville, 21 miles upstream
inches. Mean discharge of Thomas Creek, an from the ocean, average tidal ow volumes
upstream tributary near Crawford, is 42.7 are more than seven times greater than the
cfs. The estimated mean discharge at the average freshwater ow.
mouth of the Nassau River is 500 cfs. Mean
tidal range at the mouth of the Nassau River The river channel has changed slowly
is 5.4 feet. The Nassau River is not because of natural erosion and deposition
maintained as a navigable river by the US. except in cases where it has been dredged
Army Corps of Engineers; however, Fort for navigation and development. Human
George River, part of the Nassau River dredging activities have accelerated the
drainage, is maintained. Both rivers have movement of sediment, which is carried by
been subject to significant shoaling problems prevailing currents and deposited in
and are navigable only by small craft. locations with relatively little ow. Dredging
of channels and spoil deposition can cause
The St. Johns River basin is the largest radical changes in natural progression of
watershed entirely within the state of sediment movement, which can affect water
Florida, the third largest drainage basin in quality, bottom habitats, and wetlands.
Florida, and one of the few northward
owing rivers in the western hemisphere. The St. Johns River is dependent on rainfall
The drainage area of the St. Johns is 9,430 for its ow (average annual runoff for the
square miles, nearly one-sixth of the land lower St. Johns River drainage is 1015
area of Florida. The St. Johns River is 318 inches). It is navigable nearly to its source
miles long with a gradient of 0.11 feet/ mile except in times of drought when the upper
and an average ow of 5,515 cfs (60,000 cfs section often goes nearly dry. Flooding is
maximum ow at river mouth). It is the rare; low water usually occurs between the
longest river lying completely within the months of March and June, and high water
boundaries of Florida. The gradient equates from October to December.
to a total drop of the river from source to
120
_ Thomas Creek
|Nassau River
26?
\ , - Uplands
Wetlands
Open Water
i Preserve Boundary
l:lNon-preserve Land
m.
0 2.5 Miles North
Downtown
Surface Water
Jacksonville
. ~ Timucuan
Broward River J Dunn Cl't Historic Preserve
The capacity of the main stem of the St. Generally, the drainage area of the St. Johns
Johns River to store water is tremendous River between Jacksonville and the ocean is
owing to (1) the great width of the channel notably deficient of stream gauges. Current
in the reach between Palatka and USGS data are available from only two
Jacksonville, (2) low hydraulic gradients, (3) areas, the Ortega River and the St. Johns
several large lakes upstream from Palatka, River at Jacksonville. The limited number of
and (4) the low oodplain, which in places is gauging stations, especially in this polluted
more than 10 miles wide. Stormwater is held urban region, has made water quality and
in storage for long periods before being ow data analysis impossible.
discharged to the sea.
Most land surface in the coastal zone The largest known freshwater wetland in
segment of this basin has less than 1% slope, preserve is Spanish Pond. Freshwater
which inhibits drainage and aggravates wetlands are primarily limited to upland
localized ooding. Drainage patterns are areas on islands and thus represent a Small
generally dendritic except where modified percentage of wet areas in the preserve.
by man-made construction. Freshwater wetlands include seasonally or
tidally ooded, palustrine areas with
The St. Johns River entrance is a major persistent, emergent vegetation; seasonally or
navigation channel between the ocean and temporarily ooded, palustrine forested
port facilities situated along both banks of (either broad-leaved deciduous or needle
the lower 24 miles of the river. The leaved evergreen) areas; and palustrine open
maintained depth of 40 feet (natural depth of waters, e.g., Spanish Pond.
the river is approximately 15 feet) permits a
variety of deep draft vessels, particularly
associated with petroleum products, Floodplains
phosphate shipments, and naval activities at
Mayport, to use the river extensively. Two The preserve experiences its most severe
jetties, 2.7 and 2.1 miles long, north to south, ooding when heavy rainfall is accompanied
respectively, were created to stabilize the by a rise in sea level due to a storm surge or
inlet. Because of the jetties, Little Talbot wind and wave setup. Hurricanes and
Island is being eroded by the northward prolonged or severe northeasters are primary
movement of Fort George Inlet. causes of such ooding that can be greatly
exaggerated when they coincide with one or
more periods of high tide.
123
AFFECTED ENVIRONM ENT
Extensive oodplain areas exist in the the Duval County portion of the basin. This
preserve because of the slight elevations of section of the basin is the most industrialized
land above sea level and the relatively at region in the state and one of the largest
topographic relief of the land surface. residential centers. Duval County has more
Information on 100-year oodplain areas in than three times the regulated surface water
the preserve has been obtained from federal discharges (total of 379) of any other county
ood insurance rate maps developed by the in Florida and many of the discharges
Federal Emergency Management Agency as (approximately 35%) are in violation of
presented in the Comprehensive Plan - 2010: permit criteria (St. Johns River Management
Conservation/Coastal Management Element (City District 1989).
of Jacksonville 1990b); see 100-Year Flood
Hazard Areas map. These maps identify Many factors may contribute to the poor
areas that would be inundated by a storm water quality of the lower river, and may be
event of a magnitude that statistically would related to the kinds and extent of
be met or exceeded once every 100 years. development in the county (e.g., pulp and
paper production, electric power generation,
chemical production, food processing,
Coastal High Hazard Areas general manufacturing, increased residential
growth, and port and maritime activities).
Coastal high hazard areas are defined as Pollutants resulting from these activities
those areas within the Federal Emergency include heavy metals, biocides, oils, grease,
Management Agency (velocity) zones, as PCBs, and other toxic substances. Both
delineated on August 15, 1989, and areas domestic and industrial point sources are
seaward of the Florida Department of major contributors to the problem.
Natural Resources' coastal construction
control line. For the preserve, areas of high Contamination of groundwater by failing
hazard are depicted on the Coastal High septic tank systems has been identified by
Hazard Areas map (City of Jacksonville the city of Jacksonville as one of the primary
1990b). Lands within the coastal high hazard causes of surface water quality standards
area are subject to storm surge, high winds, violations in Duval County. Recent surveys
waves, and rain in the event of a severe found an areawide average septic tank
storm. Roads are subject to ooding. failure rate of 14% in the county (St. Johns
River Management District 1989). Within the
city, 21 specific septic tank failure areas have
WATER QUALITY been recommended for priority utility
service connection 14 of these areas
Water quality in the St. Johns River varies potentially affect the St. Johns River and/or
greatly; overall, the long-term trend appears its tributaries.
to be towards the general degradation of
water quality despite improvements in Probably the largest pollution source but not
certain segments. The entire river is nearly as visible as the discharges is
designated class III, which means that its stormwater runoff. The runoff commonly
intended use is for recreation, propagation, contains fertilizers with nitrogen and
and maintenance of a healthy, well-balanced phosphorous that can cause algal blooms,
population of fish and wildlife. However, which in turn deplete oxygen levels. It also
only 29 of the 52 river segments making up carries oils and grease loaded with heavy
the St. Johns River meet their intended use metals that are toxic to aquatic organisms, as
requirements. well as sediment from erosion that can
increase turbidity levels and literally smother
The most concentrated area of water quality aquatic insects and fish eggs and/ or interfere
problems in the lower St. Johns River is in with the functions of fish gills. Stormwater
124
Half Moon Island
l . f m 4}
0 2.5 Miles North
135
AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
136
Half Moon Island
I Florida Department of
.. Environmental Protection
Northeast District
I City of Jacksonville
monitoring stations
m
0 2.5 Miles
6}
North
Water Quality
Monitoring Stations
Downtown
Jacksonville
Timucuan
Yellow BluffFc Ecological and
~ Historic Preserve
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
006-200l8'July 94-DSC
Natural Environment
Thirteen plant communities have been transition zone shrub of the preserve,
identified within the preserve boundary. The occurring from Fort George Island to the
delineation of these communities is a northwestern boundary. Black needlerush
product of a geographic information system occurred in large pure stands in the high
(GIS) database, based on LANDSAT satellite marshes of the central part of the preserve.
imagery, and provided by the Florida Game In contrast, zone patterns at Inconstantion
and Fresh Water Fish Commission. Table 5 Creek and Horseshoe Creek (Black
shows the percent occurrence and acreage Hammock Island) show the variability of salt
per plant community based on the GIS marsh plant zones within the preserve (see
database. These acreages are rough estimates Salt Marsh Profiles and Plant Zones
not groundtruthed and should only be illustration). Table 6 lists the most frequently
considered approximate. However, the encountered salt marsh plant species of the -
relative proportions of each plant community 55 species of vascular plants identified from
in the preserve should be fairly accurate. the salt marsh system of the preserve. See
These acreages also do not include the appendix E for a complete list of salt marsh
exclusions as defined by the enabling plant species.
legislation. See appendix D for a description
of these plant communities and their The 1984 study further identified four marsh
habitats. community associations in the preserve:
(1) Spartina marsh - pure stand of smooth
The most prevalent plant community is the cordgrass; (2) Spartina/Iimcus marsh - Iuncus
coastal salt marsh. Within the preserve, the dominant (e.g., Hannah Mills Creek); (3)
vegetation zone nearest the tidal creeks is short Juncus marsh - Salicornia virginica, the
typically dominated by smooth cordgrass dominant in density but limited in scope
forming a nearly pure stand; black needle (e.g., Pelotes Island); and (4) transition zone -
rush dominates on land that is slightly Borrichia frutescens, the dominant with
higher and less ooded than that occupied Salicornia virginia, Spartina alterniom, and
by smooth cordgrass. These dominants and Simedn linearis (e.g., Horseshoe Creek).
associated species are inundated by daily
ooding at high tides. After the salt marsh plant community, the
pinelands and hardwood hammock upland
In the Georgia salt marshes there are plant communities are the other major
typically three growth forms of smooth vegetation types (see appendix F for a list of
cordgrass: (1) tall (4.28.1 feet) found along plant species that occur within these plant
creek banks; (2) medium (2.04.2 feet) found communities). The western portion of the
on the top of natural levees; and (3) short preserve associated with Browns and
(1.0 foot) found back from the levees, where Clapboard Creeks is comprised generally of
surface is level and grading into the needle pine atwood forests. Hardwood hammocks,
rush zone. There appears to be no tall form a climax forest dominated by broad-leaved
within the preserve. trees, are prevalent on Fort George Island.
This plant community provides more
A study by the city of Jacksonville (1984) suitable habitat for a wide variety of notable
looked at the zoning of salt marsh plants in plants than any other plant community. Also
the preserve (21 locations) and how it varied shell deposits within hammocks also provide
by location. The zones typically seen during special habitat for certain notable plants,
this study are delineated on the General especially those that prefer calcareous soils.
Zones of Salt Marsh Plants illustration. Salt
meadow hay (Spartina patens) was most
abundant in the marshes along the Nassau
River and its tributaries. Groundsel trees
(Baccharis halimifolia) were the most abundant
139
AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
140
v - Mean High
Sea Oxeye Daisy Smooth Cordgass _\ Wat" Spring Tide
Mesic Hammock
\ fimgog Cirigrisi. _ _ _ - - .1 . .. ' - Mean High Water
. Alma Lettuce
Salt Marsh CH" Horseshoe Creek
Oysters _ - - - - _ Mean Low Water
High Marsh Salt pan with diatom cover Tidal Creek Levee Low Marsh
Marsh Elder
/ Saltwort and Sea Blite
/ Groundsel Tree
Salt Grass
a Sea Daisy Smooth Cordgrass
Black Needlebrush
_ _ _ _ _ _ - _ --- MeanHigh
Water Spring Tide
141
AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
Shell mound G3 52
Scrub G2 52
Coastal strand G3? 52
Maritime hammock G4 53
Dry prairie G2 52
Beach dune G4? 82
Key: G2 = Important globally because of rarity or because of vulnerability to extinction due to some
biological or man-made factor.
G3 = Either very rare and local.throughout its range or found locally in a restricted range or
vulnerable to extinction because of other factors.
Git? = Tentatively ranked at a specific priority.
52 = Important in state because of rarity or because of vulnerability to extinction due to some
biological or man-made factor.
53 = See G3.
Shell mounds are Indian middens with shell Maritime hammocks are stabilized coastal dunes
substrate under xeric-mesic conditions. These are with sand substrate that are xeTic-mesic in nature.
subtropical or temperate climate communities of This community may be found in either temperate
mixed hardwoods. Fires are rare or nonexistent. or subtropical climates. Fires are rare or nonexistent.
Scrub communities are found on old dunes with Dry prairies are atlands with sand substrate and
deep sand substrate. They are xeric and may be mesic-seric conditions. This community is either
found in temperate on subtropical climates. Fires are found in subtropical or temperate climates where
occasional or rare. fires are annual or frequent.
Coastal strand communities are stabilized coastal Beach dunes are identified as active coastal dunes
dunes with sand substrate. This community is xeric with sand substrate. They are xeric communities and
and may be found in subtropical or temperate may be found in temperate or subtropical climates.
climates. Fires are occasional or rare. Fires are occasional or rare.
Natural Environment
143
AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
periwinkle snails, and oysters. The largest Appendix I contains a list of birds commonly
oyster reef communities in the Jacksonville sighted or known to frequent the preserve
area are found in the preserve. Their during migration, in the winter or for
locations correspond to the last available feeding. The marshes and the coastal
class II waters in Duval County, along the hammocks on the uplands are a part of the
Fort George River, Sisters Creek (Intracoastal Atlantic yway providing wintering and
Waterway), Sawpit Creek, and the Nassau stopover areas for many migratory bird
River area. species. North Florida is an especially
important region from an avian habitat
No amphibians and few reptiles are found in perspective because it has a greater diversity
the salt marsh as regular residents; most are of bird species than central Florida and is
residents of the upland areas. The American considered the lower breeding limit of many
alligator, spotted turtle, and the diamond northeastern bird species.
back terrapin have all been of considerable
commercial importance in the past, but are The Fort George Critical Wildlife Area is
not so today because of scarcity or protection near the mouth of the St. Johns River at
by law. Appendix H contains a list of Huguenot Memorial Park. This wading bird
amphibians and reptiles found on Fort concentration area is managed by the Florida
George and Pelotes Islands. These Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission,
amphibians and reptiles are sensitive to the who prohibits human trespass during critical
desiccating osmotic conditions of marine or seasons. The mouth of the river is also a
brackish water environments, and do not concentration area for wintering waterfowl,
survive well in waters or areas of high gulls, terns, and shorebirds. The Florida
salinity. The diamondback terrapin is one of Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission has
the few native reptiles adapted to estuarine a database of species observations and
life, although others (glass lizard, anole numbers for this area from 1978 to the
lizard, diamondback rattlesnake) are present.
frequent foragers in the salt marsh. These
species of reptiles have special adaptive According to the city of Jacksonville and the
mechanisms which allow them to maintain Duval Audubon Society there are four
the necessary osmotic balance within their wading bird rookeries within the preserve:
body uids. Theodore Roosevelt area, Cedar Point, Big
Talbot Island, and Fort George Island (City
Estuaries provide an important food source of Jacksonville 1990b). These rookeries are
for many mammals and birds. The large used by some or all of the following species:
majority of mammals observed in the marsh anhinga, black-crowned night-heron, cattle
ats are actually residents of the large egret, great blue heron, great egret, little blue
hammocks, islands, and areas surrounding heron, snowy egret, tricolored heron, white
the salt marsh. Appendix H also contains a ibis, and wood stork. In addition, the Verdie
list of mammalian species observed within Forest and San Carlos Creek area, both
the preserve in 1984. A few species are adjacent to the preserve, and south of the
permanent residents of the at itself, and Broward Islands and west of Browns Creek,
during high tide ooding these animals take respectively, have wading bird rookeries.
refuge in the emergent vegetation, on small
hammocks, or on other patches of dry Wetland areas are important for wading
ground. Some species, like the round-tailed birds for both nesting and feeding purposes.
muskrat, construct oating mats of Wading birds travel 1015 miles from
vegetation to den in and to ride out the high rookeries to feeding grounds. Therefore,
tide ooding. None of the preserve wetlands outside the immediate rookery site
mammals is of major commercial are important. In addition, rookeries are
importance. known to thrive in areas where the wading
144
Natural Environment
birds are isolated from external noise and The Florida Department of Environmental
other disturbances. Protection oversees shellfish harvesting
activities in Duval County. Areas specified
for shellfish harvesting are monitored
SHELLFISH AND SHELLFISH regularly to ensure that shellfish are safe for
HARVESTING AREAS human consumption. Harvesting areas may
be downgraded or closed on a permanent or
There are two species of shellfish harvested temporary basis when bacteria populations
within the preserve, the eastern oyster become elevated or when other water quality
(Crassostrea virginica) and the hard clam or factors make closure necessary.
quahog (Mercenaria spp.). Oysters inhabit
both the subtidal and intertidal portions of Shellfish harvesting areas are classified as
the estuarine system. The oysters are approved, conditionally approved, restricted,
harvested in the intertidal areas by conditionally restricted, or prohibited on the
"hogging, the practice of gathering oyster basis of comprehensive shellfish harvesting
clumps from exposed tidal bars during low area surveys. The last one done for Duval
tides. The harvesting season for public beds County was 1987 (see Preserve Shellfish
runs from September 1 through May 31. Harvesting Areas map). This classification is
Oysters on privately leased bottoms may be based on the presence and concentration of
harvested year-round by the lessee. Clams fecal material, pathogenic microorganisms,
are found on the shallow subtidal ats with and poisonous or deleterious substances in
hard sandy to shallow muddy bottoms. growing waters. Areas that have not
Quahogs are harvested by digging or undergone a comprehensive shellfish
"treading." There is no closed season for harvesting area survey are unclassified.
clams. Commercial landings for oysters are Shellfish harvesting for direct market is
available. Clams are harvested primarily for permitted only from approved or
recreational use; therefore, commercial conditionally approved areas. Shellfish
landings are not available. harvesting for relaying or controlled
purification is permitted in restricted and
Shellfish are filter-feeding mollusks found in conditionally restricted areas.
coastal areas. While feeding, shellfish may
filter up to 400 gallons of water per day,
retaining much of the suspended and EXOTIC SPECIES
dissolved material, including micro
organisms and chemical contaminants. Several of the islands are suspected of
Bacteria and viruses may be bioconcen having populations of free-ranging hogs. On
trated up to a hundredfold while chemical many of the islands the hogs probably are in
bioaccumulation may exceed a thousand a semiwild or feral state. Free-ranging hogs
fold. Shellfish are important aquatic species appear to compete for food with many
with high economic value; however, if desirable wildlife species, including deer and
contaminated, they present a potential health wild turkey. Some may even interfere with
hazard to the consumer. reproduction of ground-nesting birds such as
quail and turkey. Hogs also may be
The largest oyster beds in the preserve are inuencing small vertebrate populations on
found throughout the salt marsh area some islands.
surrounding the Intracoastal Waterway, an
area representing Jacksonville's last available Nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus
class II waters. Currently only eight shellfish novemicinctus) are present in several areas of
leases exist in Duval County. These leases the preserve. There is considerable dispute
range from 5 acres to 58 acres and represent as to how damaging their foraging activities
a total of approximately 222 acres.
145
AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
are to native wildlife. They invaded from the (Eubaleana glacialis), sei whale (Balaenoptera
western US. over the past 60 years. borealis), and sperm whale (Physeter catodon);
two threatened turtles green sea turtle
Local residents of Pelotes Island have told of (Chelonia mydas) and loggerhead sea turtle
seeing large catlike animals. These were (Caretta caretta); three endangered turtles
most likely wandering domestic dogs and hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata),
cats seen in poor light or from odd angles, Kemp's ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys kempi),
but jaguarundis are a distinct possibility. and leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys
These secretive, long-tailed, dark cats have coriacea); and one fish shortnose sturgeon
naturalized in many areas of Florida. (Acipenser brevirostrum). Given the location of
the preserve, the National Marine Fisheries
At present, little is known about exotic plant Service suggested that only the shortnose
species except on state of Florida owned sturgeon is likely to be affected by preserve
(past or present ownership) lands on Fort activities.
George Island or Little Talbot Island. Three
exotic plant species elephant ear, alligator The shortnose sturgeon is restricted to the
weed, and water hyacinth grow within East Coast. It has been recorded from the St.
the Nassau River corridor. An extensive Johns River, Canada, to the Indian River in
plant survey was conducted for Pelotes Florida. Throughout its range, the majority
Island; exotic species included coinwort of sturgeon populations have their greatest
(Centella asiatica), mimosa (Albizia julibrassia), abundance in the estuaries of their respective
chinaberry (Melia azedarach), Chinese tallow rivers. The Shortnose Sturgeon Recovery
tree (Sapium seviferum), Oleander (Nerium Team established by the National Marine
oleander), English ivy (Hedera helix), common Fisheries Service has documented only five
ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), and white known occurrences of the species in the St.
sweet clover (Melilotus alba). At the Kingsley Johns River of Florida since 1949.
Plantation, the following species have been
found: air-potato (Dioscorea bulbifera), The US. Fish and VVIldlife Service listed the
bamboo (Bambusa sp.), wild taro (Colocasia following species under its jurisdiction that
esculenta), lantana (Lantana camara), may be found within the preserve: eastern
Sprenger's asparagus-fem (Asparagus indigo snake (Drymarchon corals couperr),
densiorus), rose (Rosa sp.), tree privet West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus),
(Ligustrum lucidum), crepe myrtle wood stork (Mycteria americana), bald eagle
(Iagerstroemia indica), azalea (Rhodendron sp.), (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), and red-cockaded
Chinese wisteria (Wisteria sinensis), English woodpecker (Picoides borealis) see table 8
ivy (Hedera helix), and Turk's-cap mallow and appendix J. There is no record of active
(Malvaviscus arboreus). or inactive red-cockaded woodpecker
colonies within the boundary of the
preserve; however, if mature pine stands
THREATENED AND ENDANGERED occur, there is the potential for this species.
SPECIES The US. Fish and Wildlife Service also noted
that several species of marine turtles are
The National Marine Fisheries Service observed from time to time in the waters of
provided a list of species under its the preserve, perhaps using the Intracoastal
jurisdiction that may occur in the preserve Waterway.
and /or the marine environment off the
Florida coast near Jacksonville (see table 8 Of the protected marine turtles, only the
and appendix J). The list includes the threatened loggerhead sea turtle is expected
following: five endangered whales - finback to nest in the vicinity of the preserve. Known
whale (Balaenoptera physalus), humpback nesting occurs on the Atlantic beaches of
whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), right whale Little Talbot Island, just outside the preserve
Conditionally Approved
\ Restricted
Unclassified (unapproved)
Including all 0 en water
not designate
Prohibited
Not to Scale
4)
North
Preserve Shellfish
Harvesting Areas
Timucuan
Ecological and
Historic Preserve
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
006-20019'July 94'DSC
Natural Environment
boundary, and on the critical wildlife area An active bald eagle nest is present on
portion of Huguenot Memorial Park, within Pearson Island, a legislated exclusion not
the preserve. Another possible nesting area part of the preserve but within the overall
within the preserve could be on the northern boundary of the preserve. The Florida Game
tip of Big Talbot Island. and Fresh Water Fish Commission monitors
Florida bald eagle nests on an annual basis.
Among the most publicized of the protected
species is the manatee. Manatees are known The list of state-protected plant and animal
to occupy large activity ranges in the St. species contained in table 8 is derived
Johns River, but these are upstream of the mainly from the only major ecological
preserve's waters. Manatees occupy the studies done on Pelotes Island and Fort
Intracoastal Waterway during the warm George Island. The Florida Natural Areas
months, and individuals have been recorded Inventory responded to our request for
adjacent to Fort George Island. The manatee information on listed species in the preserve.
is the only federally listed species that occurs It provided all computerized data on
in the preserve with a critical habitat occurrence of listed species in the preserve
designation. All preserve waters are within (see table 8 and appendix J). The differences
the critical habitat for the manatee. The between the listed species in the studies
northeastern stretch of the Intracoastal versus that in the Florida Natural Areas
Waterway is used primarily by manatees as Inventory computer files is surprising.
a migratory route along the east coast of Perhaps the results of these studies have not
Florida and southern Georgia during the late been entered into the inventory's computer
autumn and early spring. Heavy mortality database.
occurs from accidental collisions with boats
and barges, and from canal lock operations. One state-listed species of particular
Northeastern Florida has the highest importance is the gopher tortoise. Burrows
manatee mortality in the state, including the of the gopher tortoise provide shelter for
highest incidence of deaths due to collisions other state-listed species including the
with boats, particularly in the St. Johns eastern indigo snake, Florida pine snake,
River. Another closely related factor in the gopher frog, and Florida mouse.
decline has been the loss of suitable habitat
through incompatible coast development,
particularly boating facilities. A Recovery Plan
was published in 1989 by the Fish and
Wildlife Service.
149
AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
Designated Status
Common Name w FGFWFC FDA USFWS NMFS
Fish
Shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum E E
Birds
American oystercatcher Haematopus palliatus SSC
Arctic peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus tundrius E T
Bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus T E
Brown pelican Pelecanus occidentalis SSC
Florida scrub jay Aphelecona coerulescens coerulescens T T
Least tern Sterna antillarum T
Little blue heron Egretta caerulea SSC
Migrant loggerhead shrike lanius ludavicianus migrans C2
Piping plover Charadrius melodus T T
Red-cockaded woodpecker Picoides borealis T E
Reddish egret Egretta refescens SSC C2
Smyra seaside sparrow Ammodramus maritimus pelonotus C3A
Snowy egret Egretta thula SSC
Southeastern kestrel Falco sparverius paulus T C2
Tricolored heron Egretta tricolor SSC
Wood stork Mycteria americana E E
Worthington's marsh wren Cistothorus palustris griseus SSC
Mammals
Finback whale Balaenoptera physalus E
Florida black bear Urus americanus oridanus T C2
Florida mink Mustela vison lutensis C2
Florida panther Felis concolor corvi E E
Florida mouse Peromyscus oridanus SSC C2
Humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae E
Right whale Eubaleana glacialis E
Round-tailed muskrat Neober alleni C2
Sei whale Balaenoptera borealis E
Sherman's fox squirrel Sciurus niger shermani SSC
Southeastern weasel Mustela frenata olivacea C2
Sperm whale Physeter catodon E
West Indian manatee Trichechus manatus latirostris E E
150
Natural Environment
Designated Status
Common Name Scientic Name FGFWFC FDA USFWS NMFS
Plants
IQP-lr l'- !*-lr' -l ' r-ivl' I 1r-l'! i-lheIriPQl mt-ilrIPt-lr iht-l
Abrupt-tip maiden fern Thelypteris augescens
Adder's tongue fern Ophioglossum nudicaule
American holly llex opnca var. opaca
Aspidium fern Thelypteris hispidula
Aspidium fern Thelypteris kunlhii
Aspidium fern Thelypteris ovata
Bartram's moss Tillandsia bartramii
Bartram's ixic Sphenostigma coelesiinum
Bearded marsh pink Calopogum barlmtus
Bulbous adder's tongue Ophioglossum crotalophoroides
Blue palmetto Saba! minor
Blunt-lobed woodsia Woodsia obtusa
Brake fern (unnamed) Pteris vittata
Carolina holly llex ambigua
Catesby lily Lillium cntesbaei
Crested coralroot Hexalectris spicata
Downy shield fern 'l'heoypteris dentata
Dutchman's pipes Arislolochia tomentosa
Eastcoast cootie Zamia umbrosa
Ebony spleenwort Asplenium platyneuron
Florida adder's mouth Malaxis spicata
Florida shield fern Dryopteris ludoviciana
Florida ladies-tresses Spiranthes brevilabris. var. oridana
Foxtail clubmoss Lycupidium clopecuroides
Fragrant ladies-tresses Spiranthes cernus var. odomta
Golden polypody Phlebodium aurem
Grass pink Calopugum pulchellus
Grass pink Calopugum tuberosus
Grassleaf ladies-tresses Spiranthes pracox
Green ladies-tresses' Spiranthes polyantha C2
Green cross orchid Habenaria odontopetala
Greeny orchid Epidendrum conopseum
Gulf spikemoss Selaginella Iudoviciana
Hairy maiden fern Thelypteris qundrnngularis var. versicolor
Hooded pitcher plant Sa'ocenia minor
Jackson vine Smilax smallii
Lace-lip ladies-tresses Spiranthes laciniata
Lanceleaf greenbrier Smilax smallii
Little ladies-tresses 5piranthes grayi
Long-lip ladies-tresses Spiranthes longilabris
Many-owered grass pink Calopugum multiorus
Marsh fern Thelypteris palustris
Meadow spikemoss Selaginella apoda
Michaux's orchid Habenaria q. var. quinquieseta
Mixed spleenwort Asplenium heteroresiliens
Mosquito fern Azolla carolinensis
Netted chain fern Woodwardia ureolata
Nodding club moss Lycopodium cernum
Oval ladies-tresses Spiranthes ovalis
Polypody fern (unnamed) Polypodium pIumuIa
Robust spikemoss Selaginella plana
Rosebud Orchid Cleistes divaricata
Royal fern Osmunda regalis
151
AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
Designated Status
Common Name Scientic Name FG FWFC FDA USFWS NMFS
Plants (cont.)
Hl Il lm- Il tHl il
Rufed spleenwort Asplenium plenum
Shadow-witch orchid Ponthieva r. var. racemosa
Shoestring fern Vittaria lineata
Slender club moss Lycopodium cnrolinanum
Slender Iadies-tresses Spiranthes gracilis
Southern club moss Lycopodium appressum
Southern grape fern Botrychium bilernatum
Southern lady fern Athyrium asplenioides
Southern lip fern Cheilanthes microphylla
Southern twayblade orchid Listeria austmlis
Southern tubercled orchid Platanthera ava
Spring coralroot orchid Corallorhiza wisteriana
Spring ladies-tresses Spiranthes vernalis
Terrestrial peperomia Peperomia obtusifolia
Texas ladies-tresses Spiranthes brevilabris. var. brevilabris
Netted chain fern Woodwordia aerolnta
Virginia chain fern Woodwardia virginica
Water spider orchid Habenaria repens
Water fern Salvinia rotundifolia
Water sundew Drusera intermedia
Whisk fern Psilotum nudum
Wild pine Tillandsia bartmmii
Woods fern Thelypteris normalis
Yellow fringe orchid Platonthera cilinris
Keys:
' = Species that occur within the preserve boundary as provided by the Florida Natural Areas Inventory
city of Jacksonville, and Florida Island Navigation District.
E = Endangered
T = Threatened
T(S/ A) = Threatened due to similarity of appearance
C2 = A candidate for listing, with some evidence of vulnerability, but for which not enough data exist to
support listing. This designation provides no protection under the Endangered Species Act. However, it is
NPS policy to treat such taxa as threatened or endangered until additional data on their population sizes and
distributions show otherwise.
C3A = Species no longer being considered for listing (probably extinct)
SSC = Species of special concern
CE = Commercially exploited
FGFWFC = Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission
FDA = Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services
NMFS = National Marine Fisheries Service
USFWS = United States Fish and Mldlife Service
152
CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT
153
AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
Total 270 59
TIMU-OOl Grand Site Sand Mound and Shell Midden St. Johns Il
TIMU-097 San Juan del Puerto Spanish Mission and Associated 16th, 17th, and 18th
Village
TlMU-095 Kingsley Plantation Plantation 18th, 19th
TIMU-120 St. Johns Bluff Work Camp/ Town 18th
TIMU-096 Yellow Bluff Fort Military Fortifications 19th (Civil War)
FOCA-0O1 Fort Caroline Military 16th
FOCA-002 Spanish-American Military Earthworks 19th (Spanish
War Earthworks American War)
These sites are administratively listed on the National Register of Historic Places, having been determined
eligible for inclusion on the register.
One shell ring midden the Grand Site on national register, while two surveyed sites of
Big Talbot Island is listed on the National great regional importance may be eligible.
Register of Historic Places, as is the San Juan The numbers of shell middens are significant
del Puerto mission site. All sites discussed in because they are direct evidence of human
the NPS (1992a) report are considered interaction with the productive wetlands.
significant to understanding the region's
prehistoric and historic record. Even Based on the nearly 200 archeological
knowledge of unknown locations, such as resources identified in the preserve, the
San Estaban and San Gabriel, contributes to following themes, subthemes, and facets, as
understanding the region's history. classified in History and Prehistory in the
However, for management purposes, over 20 National Park System and the National Historic
surveyed sites of great significance are landmarks Program (NPS 1987), are
considered eligible for nomination to the represented:
154
Cultural Environment
155
AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
156
Cultural Environment
157
AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
Zephaniah Kingsley Plantation Jai house has both selected furnishings and
artifacts. Until recently, approximately 900
The Zephaniah Kingsley Plantation on objects and artifacts were in both houses.
Palmetto Avenue, Fort George Island, was The furnishings and artifacts represented a
donated to the National Park Service on wide range of periods and styles, but few
October 1, 1991, by the Florida Department were directly associated with the Kingsley
of Natural Resources, Division of Recreation period. Most of the household contents
and Parks. The 23-acre site is listed on the dated to the late 19th and early 20th century
National Register of Historic Places and is era. All of the objects were owned by four
one of the most intact remaining examples of Florida state agencies, with the majority
the plantation system in Florida. The being owned by the state of Florida. The
plantation ourished under Zephaniah objects were on temporary loan until
Kingsley (leased 1813-1817, owned March 31, 1993. Since that date, the National
18171839) who used slave labor to raise Park Service has returned most of these
cotton, corn, black-eyed peas, sugar cane, items to the state agencies, while keeping
and sweet potatoes. Since October 1991 the 20%, or approximately 180 objects.
National Park Service has acquired
approximately 15 additional acres
surrounding the site. Dos Hermanas
The plantation contains 27 historic structures, Dos Hermanas was a fort built by Spanish
including the main plantation house, the forces during the second Spanish Period
Anna Madgigine Jai house, a carriage (17841821) in Florida as protection against
house/barn, a resort lodge, and the remains enemy ships entering the St. Johns River
of 23 of the original 32 slave cabins. The from the north via Two Sisters Creek. Recent
buildings are in good physical condition archeological attempts to find this fort at or
with few exceptions. General areas of near Sisters Island were unsuccessful.
concern are the instability of the slave
cabins' tabby walls, rain damage, and
encroaching vegetation, as well as the Fort St. George
historical integrity of several of the buildings
that have been architecturally modified over Built during the 1730s by Georgia Governor
the years. One slave cabin has been roofed, James Oglethorpe, Fort St. George's primary
but all the walls of the others are exposed to use was as a watch for Spanish activities. It
weather and are deteriorating. The also served as a visible claim for Great
plantation house and resort lodge are Britain's assertion that its southern boundary
currently being subjected to some water was the St. Johns River. Thought to be on
damage. Insect and pest problems are also a Fort George Island, recent archeological
concern. Modifications, including but not attempts to locate the site were unsuccessful.
limited to room additions, replacement of
wood ooring and saveboards, adaptive
reuse of rooms, introduction of electrical and St. Johns Town
heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning
systems, and reconfiguration of doors and A British town built on St. Johns Bluff and
openings, have been made to the plantation known as St. Johns Town existed from 1765
house, Anna Jai house, carriage house/barn, to 1783. During the American Revolution,
resort lodge, and one slave cabin. the town was occupied by many Loyalists
who ed the colonies. A British fort (Fort St.
The slave quarters and carriage house/barn George) was built on top of St. Johns Bluff to
do not have furnishings. The main plantation protect the town, which was of commercial,
house has selected furnishings, and the Anna rather than military, orientation. The town's
158
Cultural Environment
precise location is not known, although war-house, would have been nearby.
archeologists have uncovered sherds, bottle Archeological excavations were conducted in
glass, axes, weapon parts, fish hooks and 1955, 1961, and early 1980s. There are
sinkers, knives, and other artifacts from sites extensive cultural deposits, including
believed to be manufacturing locations. The Spanish and Indian material, faunal remains,
site is administratively listed on the National and human remains. The presence of pre
Register of Historic Places. historic ceramic types indicates that San Juan
del Puerto is a multicomponent site. It is
listed on the National Register of Historic
San Estaban Places and is significant to the under
standing of acculturative processes at historic
The Spanish-built San Estaban, a small contact. The site is threatened by road and
blockhouse, is on the south bank of the St. drainage maintenance.
Johns River at or near its mouth. The
blockhouse served as a guard post for Fort
San Mateo (Caroline) several miles upriver. Spanish-American War Battery
It was captured and destroyed by Dominic
de Gourges' French forces in April 1568. The Spanish-American War Battery, on Fort
Recent archeological attempts to find the Caroline Road, is in private ownership and
blockhouse site were unsuccessful and it is is not identified or accessible for visitor
doubtful that remains still exist. appreciation. Remnants include the concrete
gun emplacement, which is overgrown with
underbrush and trees. The view of the river
San Gabriel is obscured. An observed threat is vanda
lism. The site is administratively listed on
The Spanish-built San Gabriel, a small the National Register of Historic Places.
blockhouse, is on the north bank of the St.
Johns River, at or near its mouth. The
blockhouse served as a guard post for Fort Thomas Creek Battlefield
San Mateo (Caroline) several miles upriver.
It was captured and destroyed by Dominic Thomas Creek Battlefield was the scene of a
de Gourges' French forces in April 1568. revolutionary war clash in Duval County.
Recent archeological attempts to find the The skirmish occurred on May 17, 1777,
blockhouse site were unsuccessful and it is between American colonial soldiers and a
doubtful that remains still exist. mixed force of British and loyalist soldiers.
The battlefield site is believed to be northeast
of the intersection of Thomas Creek and
San Juan Del Puerto Kings Road, but recent archeological
attempts to find a portion of the site within
The known site of the San Juan Del Puerto the boundaries of the preserve were
mission is not marked or interpreted. On unsuccessful.
Fort George Island and owned by the state
of Florida, the site is currently in heavily
wooded live oak hammock and planted Yellow Bluff Fort
pines. Palmetto Avenue bisects the site,
roughly following original roads. At the time Yellow Bluff Fort, a Florida state historic site,
of the mission (ca. 15781763) the site is listed on the National Register of Historic
probably held a church, a priest's house, a Places. Confederates built the fort in 1862 on
kitchen, and a cemetery enclosed by a wattle high land rising steeply from the St. Johns
and daub palisade. A palisaded Indian River, where guns could command control of
village with garden plots, com-houses, and a the waterway. Fortifications consisted of
159
AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
160
VISITOR USE AND RECREATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES
VISITOR USE DATA Monthly public use report figures are based
on traffic counter records.
Limited visitor use data is available for
Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve Beginning January 1, 1987, a different
because it is a new unit of the national park counting system was implemented, which
system. Statistics concerning numbers of resulted in lower traffic counts. Visitation
visitors are available for Fort Caroline totals in the Fort Caroline visitor center (by
National Memorial (see table 11). The hand counter) remained about the same. In
average annual visitation at Fort Caroline 1990-91, figures for the Theodore Roosevelt
over the 198593 period was approximately area, and in 1991, figures for Kingsley
122,000. A 10-year average of visitation Plantation were reported to the National
through the Fort Caroline visitor center Park Service's Denver Service Center as a
(hand count) yielded 30,000 to 35,000. Recent part of Fort Caroline (however, these figures
numbers of visitors for the Timucuan are shown separately in table 11). Beginning
Ecological and Historic Preserve (specifically, in January 1992, statistics for these
Theodore Roosevelt area and Kingsley operational areas of the Timucuan Preserve
Plantation) are shown in table 11. were reported separately to the Denver
Service Center.
SOURCES: Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve and Denver Service Center.
" Visitation counts began in October 1990.
'" Transferred to NPS ownership 10/ 1/91.
' Visitation through December 1993.
161
AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
A total of 11,203 people signed the guest Mobility impaired visitors are offered a tour
register at Kingsley Plantation in 1992. Of of Fort Caroline via an electric cart. A
these, 868 were from other countries, 4,858 wheelchair is also available. The Ribault
were from states other than Florida, 2,226 Column is accessible, as is the visitor center.
were from Florida outside Duval County, In the preserve, visitors with disabilities
and 3,233 were from Duval County. need to make arrangements with park staff,
and accommodations are made for access
In 1993, of the 5,634 people who signed the within the Theodore Roosevelt area. An
guest register at Fort Caroline, 364 were electric cart is available for use at Kingsley
from other countries, 1,915 were from states Plantation.
other than Florida, 941 were from Florida
outside Duval County, and 2,414 were from A disability access survey was done in the
Duval County. spring of 1988 to bring Fort Caroline into
compliance with requirements of Section 502
A total of 13,849 people signed the guest of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. A similar
register at Kingsley Plantation in 1993. Of survey of Kingsley Plantation was conducted
these, 878 were from other countries, 5,531 in spring 1992. All NPS facilities need to be
were from states other than Florida, 2,990 evaluated for compliance with the 1990
were from Florida outside Duval County, Americans with Disabilities Act.
and 4,435 were from Duval County.
162
Visitor Use and Recreational Opportunities
highway/directional signs on FL 9A and on the visitor center has provided some interior
major arterial roads near Fort Caroline and open space for special events, large groups,
the Kingsley Plantation, in addition to and temporary exhibits. However, there is
site/ area identification signs. The Fort no room for additional interpretive media
Caroline visitor center, 15 miles east of focusing on themes and resources of the
downtown Jacksonville, is the primary place preserve. The visitor center is currently open
where visitors receive information about the 9:00 AM. to 5:00 PM. daily except Christmas.
preserve.
Ribault Column and Spanish Pond. The
Orientation, information, and interpretation Ribault Column, commemorating French
are lacking throughout the Timucuan exploration, is a five-minute drive (0.5-mile)
Preserve, with the exception of services to the east on Fort Caroline Road. Visitors
offered at sites under NPS management. may walk on a boardwalk to the column,
When visitors arrive they are often unaware high on St. Johns Bluff, and see an open
they have entered the preserve, and do not vista of the preserve and St. Johns River. The
know what to see or how to get around. Spanish Pond, across Fort Caroline Road
from the visitor center, is a freshwater pond.
Fort Caroline. Directional signs currently Visitors may walk on a trail to view wildlife
lead visitors to Fort Caroline where a variety and read interpretive signs. This trail, when
of visitor services are in place, including not ooded, provides access to the Theodore
restrooms, drinking water, and visitor center. Roosevelt area.
Visitor activities are available at the visitor
center, Fort Caroline model, Spanish Pond, Theodore Roosevelt Area. From the Fort
and the 1.25-mile self-guided walking trail Caroline visitor center, people interested in
looping through the site. An informal picnic spending a few hours in the preserve are
area is available for use. The visitor center directed to the Theodore Roosevelt area,
interior was remodeled in spring 1993; it has where the National Park Service offers
an information desk, a sales area, an guided tours on weekends. These tours
audiovisual room, and exhibits mentioning originate at the existing trailhead parking
the Timucuan people and describing the area. Visitors may also take self-guided hikes
colony of la Caroline. An orientation exhibit or ride bicycles on designated trails, view
on the Timucuan Preserve is in place. A wildlife, fish, visit a private cemetery, and
variety of publications are also available. enjoy the sights and sounds of a natural
Personal services at Fort Caroline include a area. Rangers also offer environmental
0.25-mile ranger-guided walk to the fort education programs on weekdays during the
model. Special programs include living school year for local school groups. Onsite
history weekends, demonstrating the visits include both teacher-guided fieldwork
clothing, weapons, cooking, and culture of and ranger-led discussions. Park staff offer
lower St. Johns River residents in 156465, several teacher workshops each year to
and holiday programs at the end of the prepare teachers planning to have their
calendar year. students participate in the education
program. Picnic tables are available, in
Teachers are provided instructional guides addition to restroom facilities. The lodge is
before Fort Caroline site visits and are available for meetings, special presentations,
encouraged to lead their groups on walks to and school group use.
the fort model or on the trails.
Zephaniah Kingsley Plantation. Current
The visitor center at Fort Caroline does not visitor activities at the Zephaniah Kingsley
meet the short- or long-range needs for Plantation include tours provided by NPS
orientation/ information to the preserve. It staff. These tours, offered on a scheduled
has no auditorium. The recent remodeling of basis, focus on the plantation's historical
163
AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
164
Visitor Use and Recreational Opportunities
such as springs, streams, rivers, and lakes Jacksonville. These islands provide beach
are present. These water features often afford oriented active/passive recreation that
recreational opportunities such as swimming, includes camping, picnicking, boat launching
boating, canoeing, and fishing. Water facilities, ocean beach, nature trails, and an
resources also serve other functions, expanse of open space.
including oodplain management and
provision of visually appealing aesthetic Fort George Island is a 563-acre open space
amenities. For these reasons the city purchased by the Florida Department of
determined it is important that these Natural Resources in 1989. The site contains
resources be protected and considered as wetlands, historic and archeological sites.
prospective sites for future recreation.
Huguenot Memorial Park, on SR A1A at
From the survey information and an analysis Fort George Inlet, offers camping, fishing,
of existing recreational opportunities and beach driving, beach walking, swimming,
open spaces, the city has developed and windsurng.
recreation goals, objectives, and policies for
recreation and open space (City of E. Dale Joyner Nature Preserve at Pelotes
Jacksonville 1990h). Those that specifically Island contains 350 acres of maritime
address issues or opportunities within the hammocks. The Jacksonville Electric
Timucuan Preserve boundary are listed in Authority and the Florida Power and Light
Appendix K. Company acquired the preserve property as
a buffer zone for a coal-fired generating
plant. The preserve offers hiking trails and
REGIONAL RECREATION environmental education programs and
OPPORTUNITIES activities for schoolchildren and adults.
Reservations are required for the programs.
The following is a selected list and brief
description of the major open space and Mayport Ferry, on north SR A1A from
large parks in the city of Jacksonville, and Atlantic Boulevard, is an automobile ferry
federal and state parks within a two-hour connecting Mayport with Fanning Island.
drive of the Timucuan Preserve. These parks The ferry operates daily.
offer visitors recreational activities comple
menting those offered at Timucuan, or in Naval Station Mayport, on north SR A1A
several instances, activities not available at from Atlantic Blvd, is a naval base for
Timucuan. In addition, many of these parks support vessels, destroyer escorts and
offer stories thematically related to the frigates, and home base of the 11.5.5.
Timucuan Preserve. Visitors to these areas Saratoga. Free tours are available on
would be able to learn more about northeast weekends.
Florida/southeast Georgia history and
ecology and use a variety of recreational Little Jetties Park, on north SR A1A, is a city
facilities. recreation area offering informal picnicking
and beach walking.
Recreation Areas, Parks, and Facilities in The areas listed below are outside the
and Adjacent to the Preserve preserve boundary:
The following areas are either partially or Amelia Island State Recreation Area, on SR
entirely within the preserve boundary: AlA, is a unit of the Talbot Island State
Parks. The recreation area contains 215 acres
Little Talbot/Big Talbot Island State Park of uplands and 500 acres of salt marsh
Complex is a 2,500-acre park serving all of wetlands. The southern tip of the area is the
165
AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
protected home for several species of special Jacksonville Beach Fishing Pier, at South
concern, such as American oystercatchers, 6th Street, is a long pier with shaded rest
least tern, and marine turtles. areas, an observation deck, and a bait and
tackle shop. The pier is open daily.
Cary State Forest is a 3,411-acre forest
preserve located in western Jacksonville and
Nassau County. A total of 1,140 acres lie in Other State and Federal Park Areas within
Jacksonville, of which 100 acres are open for Two Hours of Jacksonville
environmental education, camping, hiking,
and other outdoor recreation pursuits. Florida State Parks
Anastasia Recreation Area, St. Augustine
University of North Florida is a four-year, Beach
upper-level institution. The university is Bulow Plantation Ruins Historical Site,
constructed on a 1,000-acre site in Interpretive Center, Bunnell
southeastern Jacksonville and contains a Flagler Beach Recreation Area, Flagler Beach
system of nature trails (some specifically Gold Head Branch Park, Keystone Heights
designed for use by visitors with disabilities) Ichetucknee Springs Park, Fort White
12 miles in length, which has been desig Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings Historical Site,
nated as a national recreation trail. The Interpretive Center, Cross Creek
campus is also dedicated as a bird sanctuary Paynes Prairie Preserve, Interpretive Center,
and wildlife refuge. The university's campus Micanopy
and trail system are open to the public, Stephen Foster State Folk Culture Center
providing a major recreational opportunity Historical Site, Interpretive Center, White
for Jacksonville. Springs
Suwannee River Park, Live Oak
Tree Hill Nature Center, operated by a Tomoka Park, Interpretive Center, Ormond
nonprofit organization, has received Beach
assistance from the state and city to provide
environmental education to schoolchildren Florida National Parks
and the public on a 40-acre pristine site in Castillo de San Marcos National Monument,
the Arlington area of the city. This site St. Augustine
provides an extensive elevated nature trail, Fort Matanzas National Monument, St.
exhibits, and demonstration facilities. Augustine
Canaveral National Seashore, Ttusville
Fort Clinch State Park, in Fernandina Beach
off SR A1A, features a restored Civil War Georgia State Parks
fort. A small garrison of "soldiers" give tours Crooked River State Park, Kingsland
of the fort. Also available are over 1,000 Stephen C. Foster State Park, Fargo
acres of beach, campsites, picnic grounds, Hofwyl-Broadfield Plantation State Historic
nature trails, and pier fishing. Site, Brunswick
Laura S. Walker State Park, Waycross
Kathryn Abbey Hanna Park, south of
Mayport off SR A1A, is a 450-acre ocean Georgia National Parks
front city park with 1.5 miles of beach, Cumberland Island National Seashore,
nature trails, and picnic areas. The park also St. Mary's
has 60 acres of freshwater fishing lakes and Fort Frederica National Monument,
300 campsites with facilities. St. Simons Island
166
SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
167
AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
Duval County has a total area of 850 square Land uses within the preserve are greatly
miles. It is composed of the city of inuenced by the fact that approximately
Jacksonville, 836 square miles in area, and 35,672 acres (see table 12) are marshland and
four other smaller incorporated areas: open water, which not only limits acceptable
building areas, but also restricts access.
168
Half Moon Island
Landownership Categories
- Federal
State/City/County
E Private
U Excluded Land
Preserve Boundary
m
0 2.5 Miles North 6
Landownership*
*Based upon best available information in May
of I994. Sources: City oflacksonville, NPS -
Land Resources Division, Timucuan Park Staff.
Map scale does not allow for illustration of
individual tracts ofland.
Downtown
J acksonville
Timucu an
Ecological and
Yellow BluffFort
Historic Preserve
United States Department ofthe Interior
National Park Service
Pelotes Island Area J 006- 20021-J uly 94' DSC
Socioeconomic Environment
Current uses are predominately agricultural and all resource-based uses. Uses to be
and conservation and are zoned as such. allowed by exception include radio and
television transmission towers, churches, bed
TABLE 12: EXISTING LAND UsES WITHIN THE PRESERVE and breakfast establishments, bait and tackle
shops, and commercial hunting and fishing
Categog Acres
camps.
Urban 696.6
Military 1,212.7 This zone district may also be used for
Pastures 67.2 residential units at the rate of up to one unit
Vacant Uplands 6545.0
Tree plantations 416.3
per 2.5 acres, varying with the size of the lot.
Open Water 10,4670 Larger lots in single ownership would have
Reservoirs/other water 81.6 more stringent subdivision restrictions.
Wetlands/ Marshes /Swamps 25,2052 Nonconforming lots of less than 2.5 acres
Sand / beaches 371.2
Spoil areas 438.0
would still be eligible for a single family
Roads 47.1 home if certain conditions are met.
Port facilities 4.1
Power transmission lines 22.2 Given anticipated residential zoning within
Total 45,0763
the preserve's special management area and
respective maximum densities an additional
SOURCE: City of Jacksonville, Special Management Areas Plan 270 acres would be eligible for densities of
(1993) and Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish 1.5 dwelling units per acre.
Commission (1991b).
NPS uses within the preserve include the Land use planning in the state of Florida is
Fort Caroline visitor center and maintenance subject to a statewide comprehensive
area, the Theodore Roosevelt area with park framework. The Florida State and Regional
headquarters, and Kingsley Plantation. Other Planning Act of 1984 requires that the state
state and city parks in the preserve are Big adopt land use goals and policies, that the
Talbot Island State Park, Little Jetties Park, state's eleven regions write policy plans that
Huguenot Memorial Park, and the Sisters conform to those goals and policies, and that
Creek Park and boat ramp. Jacksonville the cities/ counties adopt plans whose
Electric Authority operates the E. Dale elements reect the state and regional goals
Joyner Nature Preserve at Pelotes Island. and policies. The state of Florida must
review local plans for conformance and
accept them or require modification.
FUTURE LAND USE
The following plans, written to fulfill this
Land use plans, zoning and other forms of state mandate, are germane to the Timucuan
regulation, and fee simple or limited Preserve:
acquisition are the legal techniques for
intervening on the control and management Chapter 187, State Comprehensive Plan,
of land uses. Florida Statutes, which provides policy
guidance for the orderly social, economic,
It is the role of land use plans to state and physical growth of the state. It also
development policies for the community, provides specific policy direction to state
and not to regulate. A land use plan is made and regional agencies.
legally effective through local regulations
such as zoning adopted by the local Northeast Florida Comprehensive
legislative body to bring regulations into Regional Policy Plan (July 1, 1987),
conformance with plan policies. This may be which translates state policy to regional
done parcel by parcel at the initiative of planning issues. Excerpts from this plan
individual land owners, or uniformly by the especially important to resource
local government. At any time, a landowner protection in the preserve are found in
may petition the local governing authority to appendix B.
change zoning. That body may grant or deny
changes based upon the current land use Comprehensive Plan - 2010, City of
plan, subsequent revised plans, prevailing Jacksonville (1990), which applies state
trends, and/or changed conditions. Because and regional policies to actual land use
zoning decisions are not permanent, this decisions in the city.
control technique requires vigilance by those
who seek protection of the land from As part of the city's effort to comply with
development impacts. Because the law state land use policies, Timucuan Ecological
requires "reasonable use" of private property and Historic Preserve has been designated as
be allowed no matter what the zoning, a special management area for the
impacts even from controlled development Comprehensive Plan - 2010 (City of
may be a resource protection issue. Jacksonville 1990a-h). This designation grants
the preserve special status in land use
The city of Jacksonville has jurisdiction over decision making. However, policies and
zoning and land use decisions within the regulations governing uses in the preserve
preserve. Changes in zoning and land use have not been adopted at the time of this
must comply with the city's land use plan in printing.
place at the time of the decision.
Decisions for the interim period are being
made by the city based on current zoning
172
Socioeconomic Environment
and a preliminary future land use map. Mayport complex. With 1990 total
These decisions may be challenged and employment of 46,764 military and civilian
reversed by the state if they violate adopted personnel, and a payroll of $1.3 billion, the
state or regional policies. US. Navy is the largest single employer in
the city. Of these facilities, only the Naval
Station Mayport is in the immediate area of
POPULATION TRENDS AND the preserve. Its 1990 total employment was
PROJECTIONS 19,500 military and civilian personnel.
The city of Jacksonville and Duval County Jacksonville is also a major hub of
had a combined 1990 population of 672,971 transportation and distribution, most of
residents. Of these, 635,230 people live in which is directly related to the Port of
Jacksonville, with the remainder living in Jacksonville and three railroads serving the
other municipalities within the county. Since region: CSX, Norfolk Southern, and Florida
1980 the population of Duval County has East Coast railroads. A major deepwater port
increased by 101,968 residents or 17.8%. In along the southern US. coast, the port
contrast, the preceding decade saw a facilities extend along a 10- to 12-mile stretch
cumulative increase in population for Duval of the St. Johns River along its western and
County of only 42,138 persons, or an 8% northern shoreline from the Mathews Bridge
increase. During the 1980s, Duval County in the downtown area to Blount Island,
gained population over two times as fast as immediately east of SR 9A at Dames Point,
it did during the 1970s. The population of in northeast Jacksonville.
Duval County is projected to be 847,104 by
the year 2015, an increase of 25.9%. Major economic base activities include the
Population projections for the Jacksonville government, services, transportation,
area are presented in table 13. wholesale and retail sales, distribution,
finance, insurance, real estate, and
As of 1990 the US. Navy has a group manufacturing. Jacksonville is a major center
quarters population (enlisted barracks and of banking and insurance in the southeastern
on-base housing) in Jacksonville of 10,662 United States. Several large banks and
residents, an increase of 110% from 1980. insurance companies have either home
offices or regional offices in the city. These
include Independent Life, Barnett Bank, and
ECONOMY AND EMPLOYMENT Prudential Insurance. Jacksonville is the
second largest center of banking and finance
Jacksonville has a diversified and relatively in the state. The area east and south of the
stable economy that is not heavily dependent St. Johns River (Greater Arlington and
on tourism or other cyclical industries. The Southeast Planning Districts) is the fastest
city's economy has a history related closely growing section of the city in terms of
to water activities because of its geographical commercial and residential development.
location on the east coast of Florida along
the St. Johns River with easy access both to Table 14 presents statistical information on
the Atlantic Ocean and the Intracoastal employment. Services and trade are the most
Waterway. The US. Navy and the Port of dominant sectors of employment, accounting
Jacksonville provide two major centers of for almost 50% in the city, followed by
such activity. nonmilitary government, the military,
manufacturing, and transportation.
The US. Navy has three major bases in
Jacksonville the Jacksonville naval air
station; Cecil Field naval air station,
scheduled for closure; and the Naval Station
173
AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
Agriculture and similar activities account for 5.1%. According to the 1990 census, the
just under 1% of the total employment in the median personal income for Duval County
city; the April 1994 unemployment rate was was $16,074.
% Increase % Increase
1990 2000 1990 2000 2015 1990 2015
SOURCE: Jacksonville Planning Department, 1992 Annual Statistical Package, October 15, 1992.
SOURCE: Jacksonville Planning Department, 1992 Annual Statistical Package, October 15, 1992.
174
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT ON NPS-OWNED LANDS
175
AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
grade and is accessed by a wooden ladder. A pedestrian trail parallels the main entry
Two-Ponds trail intersects the Willie Browne road to the parking area. It is the only
trail near the overlook and connects to the pedestrian trail to the slave quarters. This
Spanish Pond and Fort Caroline areas. All entrance road / trail system contributes to
trails are unimproved dirt trails and in some congestion and confusion caused by vehicle,
areas provide barrier-free access. pedestrian, and park operations traffic.
176
Fort Carolii
National
Memorial
i
l
l
l
_ Visitor cl
and offid
Fort Caroline
Visitor Center 50~
Development
Existing Development
Fort Caroline and
Theodore Roosevelt Area
Timucuan
Ecological and
Historic Preserve
Main House
Bulkhead
Parking Area
Carriage House
|__.l_|
0 60' 120' North$
Existing Development
Kingsley Plantation
Timucuan
Ecological and
Historic Preserve
National Park Service
United States Department of the Interior
006'20012'July 94'DSC
TIMUGUAN
E( It )L( )( |l( LAL AND HIST( )Rl( PRESERVE
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
INTRODUCTION
The alternatives presented in this document Thus, this environmental impact statement is
establish broad, overarching management programmatic and presents an overview of
guidelines. The general nature of the potential impacts relating to the proposed
alternatives, along with the high level of program for each alternative. However, for
uncertainty about what actions would be the development concept plans more specific
taken by other agencies, requires that the information is given that allows for a more
analysis of impacts also be general. This detailed impact analysis. Any NEPA
means that the National Park Service can documents prepared to assess potential
make some reasonable projections of likely impacts associated with future NPS
impacts, but these are based on assumptions development or management actions would
that may not prove to be accurate in the be tiered to this programmatic
future. environmental impact statement.
183
IMPACTS COMMON TO ALL ALTERNATIVES
184
Impacts Common to All Alternatives
disturbance from the boardwalk construction oodplains, and endangered species. All
would be about 0.2 acre. The proximity to possible sites for the placement of these
adjacent wetlands would require an facilities have been previously impacted by
application for a 404 permit. human use, and with the exception of
facilities providing for water-based
Boat dock/landing facilities for public use recreation, all are on upland areas within the
would be at least partially sited in areas that preserve. To determine the net impact of
are within the 100-year oodplain. The each proposed action, it would be necessary
National Park Service has determined that to subtract existing development disturbance
activities of this type are acceptable uses of from the total amount of disturbance.
oodplains. These facilities must be in
proximity to the water in order to provide NPS development activities would result in
access to water recreation activities. These temporary elevated levels of particulate
actions are excepted from compliance with matter and other pollutants. Appropriate
E0 11988 ("Floodplain Management"). These control measures would be used to ensure
docks are not excepted actions under EO minimal impacts from air pollution. Section
11990 ("Protection of Wetlands"). A 118 of the Clean Air Act requires federal
statement of findings, pursuant to NPS agencies to meet all federal, state, and local
regulations for compliance with this air pollution control requirements. No air
executive order, would be attached to the quality standards would be exceeded.
final general management plan/environ
mental impact statement. Most of the NPS construction activities
would be located adjacent to estuarine
At each area, the boat dock facility would waters. The potential impacts of these
disturb about 0.17 acre of riverine bottom. activities on water quality is high, especially
This figure includes potential dredging to in terms of accelerated erosion, increased
accommodate larger boats. Wetland disturb delivery of sediment and silt, and increased
ance should be minimal and limited to direct turbidity. Strict erosion and sediment
impacts associated with connecting the dock controls would be instituted as part of any
to the shoreline. NPS construction activity in accordance with
both federal and state laws. No water quality
Consultation with the state and US. Army standards would be exceeded.
Corps of Engineers regarding sections 401
and 404 of the Clean Water Act would result Most of the NPS facilities proposed would
in the need for permits for construction of be placed in previously disturbed areas.
the NPS docks at Fort Caroline and Kingsley Thus, impacts on rare, threatened, and
Plantation. endangered species would be minimal.
However, a site-specific survey would be
required at each site as part of the
Other NPS Development development concept plan/ environmental
assessment process to further define impacts
The general impacts of the proposed NPS on threatened and endangered species.
development are outlined below. At this
time, it is not possible to identify the specific Animals in construction areas would be
sites for NPS development other than for temporarily disturbed by equipment and
Fort Caroline, the Theodore Roosevelt area, personnel. Migration and use patterns would
and Kingsley Plantation; thus, the impacts be expected to reestablish following
are not site specific. Actual site layouts and development. Some mortality of resident
subsequent impacts would be determined by individuals could occur during construction,
site characteristics such as slope, soils, although this should not adversely affect
vegetation cover, and proximity to wetlands, populations.
185
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
Potential impacts on soils as a result of NPS Increased visitation to the preserve and
development would be minimal, especially increased knowledge of the preserve's
in relation to existing disturbance. If archeological resources could lead to willful
construction at any of the sites extends into or inadvertent disturbance and/or
less-disturbed areas, impacts would include destruction of both submerged and above
reduction of direct ow of water to soil. ground archeological resources.
Compaction of soils would occur as
necessary to develop access roads or as a There may be known or unknown
result of settling due to the weight of archeological resources that may be affected
structures. Site preparation would result in by new construction anywhere within the
either removal or addition of earth, preserve.
destroying the soil structure. Rehabilitation
of severely impacted areas would be Determining the carrying capacity for all
attempted where possible. historic structures open to the public
(regardless of ownership) would result in
When specific NPS development sites are visitation levels that would not adversely
selected, a wetland determination would be affect the stability or integrity of the cultural
done. If necessary, further analysis of resources.
potential impacts on wetlands would be
provided in the development concept The various studies conducted on historic
plan/environmental assessment done for sites and structures (regardless of ownership)
each site. would provide data to be used to ensure
resource preservation.
Impacts on vegetation would include
clearing vegetation to construct NPS Making all structures (regardless of
facilities. Until exact locations are ownership) accessible to visitors and
determined for facilities, it is difficult to employees with disabilities would result in
quantify accurately impacts on vegetation. some adverse visual impact on the historic
This would be done in future site-specific structures. Efforts would be made to design
development concept plans/environmental such access with as little physical and visual
assessments. impact on historic fabric as possible.
186
Impacts Common to All Alternatives
the site as data is retrieved, and there is the IMPACTS ON VISITOR EXPERIENCE
risk that significant information would be AND PUBLIC USE
overlooked or lost during the investigation
process. Archeological resources would be There would be increased visitation to the
left undisturbed unless removal of artifacts preserve because of the establishment of an
or intervention into fabric is justified by NPS area, accompanied by increased
resource preservation, research, or demands on support services, infrastructure,
development requirements. and transportation. The degree of impact
would vary with each alternative.
Overall, no alternative is expected to have an
adverse effect on the cultural resources of
the preserve (in NPS ownership) as outlined IMPACTS ON SOCIOECONOMIC
in the Advisory Council on Historic ENVIRONMENT
Preservation's "Regulations for the Protection
of Historic and Cultural Properties." All As information about the preserve is
impacts can be mitigated to some degree by publicized, more visitors are expected to stop
archeological, historical, and architectural in Jacksonville en route to other Florida
investigations. attractions, or extend their visits thereby
supporting local businesses. The direct
Archeological resources in the preserve beneficial impacts on the local economy
would be of increased educational and brought about by having a national historic
scientific value as similar resources outside and ecological preserve in the community
preserve boundaries are destroyed by can be estimated using the Money Genera
continuing development. tion Model (MGM), developed in December
1990 by the National Park Service's Office of
Cultural resource sites on or eligible for the Social Science, Socioeconomic Studies
national register within the preserve would Division, in Denver. The MGM enables the
be protected from vandalism through National Park Service to estimate benefits to
inspections and patrols only if NPS staffing the local area economy through (1) new
is increased. Current staffing is not adequate sales, as measured by increased purchases of
to provide this level of protection. goods and services, (2) increased sales tax
revenues, and (3) number of new jobs
Impacts on ethnographic resources cannot be created in the retail and service sector (see
assessed until ethnographic studies and table 15). The MGM applies only to impacts
consultation with traditionally associated on the local area around the preserve, and is
groups identify ethnographic resources. not designed to be used on a regional basis.
187
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
TABLE 15: ESTIMATES OF ECONOMIC BENEFITS FROM Timucuan and the other protected lands in
TIMUCUAN PRESERVE VISITORS - ALL ALTERNATIVES
the area.
Annual Retail Sales
Recreation visitor days 14,489 Indirect beneficial impacts on the residents
Spending/ person $74.00 in the local area would occur under all
Direct sales $675,477 alternatives due to improved recreational
1 6: I multiplier 2
Vlsitor sales $1,350,954
and cultural opportunities.
188
Impacts Common to All Alternatives
the preserve by about 300 acres. This projects would continue over time but would
increase is for lands with the potential for be minimized.
significant natural and cultural resource
values. This increase in upland acreage An increase in visitation to Timucuan
effectively compensates for the acreage loss Ecological and Historic Preserve would have
from the Sherman Creek and Little Marsh a positive cumulative effect on the local
Island adjustments. economy through the expenditure of visitor
dollars.
189
ALTERNATIVE 1: CONTINUATION OF EXISTING MANAGEMENT (NO ACTION)
190
Impacts of Alternative 1: Existing Management (No Action)
191
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
regulations appear to have the potential to species control would have detrimental
provide a strong level of protection against effects on federal and state listed species and
major disruption of land and water in and their habitats and unique plant community
adjacent to the preserve. However, recent types within the preserve; and lack of a
experience in enforcement and administra comprehensive and regionally oriented water
tion suggests deficiencies in the ability of management plan would result in failure to
current regulations to ensure long-term maintain currently good water quality.
protection of the preserve's resources. For
example, regulatory authorities are often Under this alternative, actions that are
designed for specific objectives and not initiated to maintain or enhance wildlife
always corresponding to NPS management species and habitats would be handled on a
objectives and regulatory agencies at all case-by-case basis. Generally, there have
levels of government do not have adequate been few special programs to maintain or
staff and funds to carry out responsibilities enhance wildlife resources. As such, wildlife
to the maximum extent possible. Water management uctuates and is dependent on
quality regulations include provisions for a decisions of managers from various agencies.
variety of exceptions and variances that In spite of some positive efforts, this
could allow industrial or residential alternative would have an overall negative
dischargers that would adversely affect impact on wildlife resources. The absence of
preserve resources. a preservewide plan, small staff size, lack of
funding, and limited authority would result
If used to the maximum extent possible in continued declines in habitat condition,
under law, regulatory authorities can and in population stability and range size,
provide a substantial level of protection leading to losses of critical habitat, severe
against immediate damage to preserve population fragmentation, and local
resources. The ability of regulations to stop, extirpations.
delay, or modify major development
proposals would not, however, achieve NPS The research program would have direct
management objectives of ensuring long positive impacts on management of natural
term protection of the resources or making resources at NPS-owned areas. In addition,
areas available for public use. Political information on species obtained from these
pressures and funding shortages are the areas could be used to aid species
most significant obstacles to use of current management by other agencies in other parts
regulatory authorities to the maximum of the preserve. However, because this
extent possible under law. research program would be limited to
obtaining baseline data on NPS-owned areas,
Under alternative 1, natural resource the lack of useful, preservewide baseline
management would continue to be on a data would continue. What baseline data
piecemeal basis, lacking coordination and exist or that would be collected in the future
leadership. As a result, natural resources would continue to aid natural resources
may be protected from short-term preservewide on a limited basis. The
disturbances; however, long-term protection continued lack of adequate, preservewide
might not be adequate, resulting in negative data would have a long-term, potentially
impacts. These negative impacts would adverse impact on natural resources.
primarily result from the lack of a consistent Management programs, either by the
and implementable preservewide manage National Park Service or other
ment plan. For example, lack of a formal air agencies/ organizations, would not be
quality management plan would result in the adequately grounded with basic and
preserve failing to detect threats to preserve important data. As a result, any management
resources and to protect resources and actions implemented without adequate
visitor safety; lack of a program on exotic knowledge about the particular resource(s)
Impacts of Alternative 1: Existing Management (No Action)
could often have detrimental effects on those Specific impacts for development at Fort
targeted for protection. Additionally, while Caroline, the Theodore Roosevelt area, and
short-term protection of threatened and Kingsley Plantation would be the same as
endangered species would continue, lack of those presented under alternative 3.
baseline data and coordinated management
would not allow a high probability for long General impacts of other NPS development
term protection. are discussed under the "Impacts Common
to All Alternatives" section. The small
The wetlands in the preserve would continue storage facility in the Thomas Creek area
to be protected under existing federal and and the satellite facility at Cedar Point
state regulations. Some areas without the would involve minimal disturbance of
extra emphasis that a preservewide plan approximately 34 acres to land and water
would provide might be lost by draining or resources. These developments would mostly
filling for development activities. The involve no new disturbance because old
survival of some wetlands, such as those that disturbance, such as existing roads, would be
function as nursery areas, could be used. Impacts would be more clearly defined
jeopardized. in future development concept
plans/ environmental assessments for these
Perhaps more of a concern than the total sites.
amount of habitat lost each year in the
preserve would be the loss of habitat
diversity, or the number of different habitats IMPACTS ON CULTURAL RESOURCES
and their relative abundance in a
community. Lack of a preservewide plan and Cultural resources in the preserve under
a small NPS staff would continue the loss of NPS management would receive the same
habitat diversity. protection as under current conditions,
depending on funding. To assist NPS
Growth in commercial, industrial, and / or managers in making decisions about the
recreational activity could affect sensitive treatment and use of cultural resources, all
species in two ways. First, resources might resources would be evaluated and
be directly affected by development activities categorized according to criteria of
such as facility construction. Second, the significance. Significance is established and
additional related traffic in the preserve documented through eligibility and listing
could affect threatened and endangered on the National Register of Historic Places,
species and their habitats. Increased boating as well as through consultation and
would insignificantly add to the recognizable documentation of ethnographic resources.
negative effects of boat wake erosion, noise, Protection priorities would be based on the
and physical disturbances. significance of the resource, its condition, its
interpretive value, its research potential, and
Certain types and densities of recreational the availability of data would all be
boating activities would continue to degrade weighted in determining the appropriate
water quality, increase erosion along treatment.
shorelines, resuspend sediments, degrade
wildlife and fisheries habitat, and cause Cultural resources throughout the preserve
other impacts on the estuarine environment. not under NPS management may suffer from
However, these impacts would be minimal lack of identification and preservation
compared to other existing nonpoint source because of the ad hoc approach (NPS
pollution, industrial discharges, and other cooperation with other agencies, organi
land use activities that degrade water quality zations, and individuals) to resource
in the rivers and estuary. protection.
193
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
Under this alternative the amount and Under this alternative future land acquisition
diversity of visitor use opportunities would be minor and subject to NPS funding;
throughout the rest of the preserve would therefore, impacts on the tax base due to lost
not change from present conditions. property tax revenue would be negligible.
CUMULATIVE IMPACTS
IMPACTS ON ACCESS AND
TRANSPORTATION The impacts that result from additional
private development when added to those
Under this alternative there would be a from existing private development would
direct, moderate, negative impact on access, result in significant cumulative impacts.
both from the perspective of providing These include a continued loss of upland
enhanced access and precluding and wetland habitat , the potential for a
inappropriate access. Transportation likewise concomitant decrease in the preserve of rare,
would suffer direct, moderate, negative threatened, and endangered species, and
impacts due to lack of coordination and continued degradation of water quality,
planning among the affected entities. The which would directly affect the health of the
National Park would continue to consult ecosystem and indirectly affect important
with other entities on access/ transportation species of shellfish and commercially
proposals that would affect preserve important fish. The continued loss of habitat
resources. would in general reduce the amount of
194
Impacts of Alternative 1: Existing Management (No Action)
195
ALTERNATIVE 2: THE PRESERVE AS A LABORATORY AND CLASSROOM
196
Impacts of Alternative 2: laboratory and Classroom
Under this alternative the emphasis of the Under this alternative, the impacts would be
NPS interpretive program would be limited the same as alternative 1.
to illustrating the primary interpretive
themes involving environment, ecology, and
human use. Other themes and resources CUMULATIVE IMPACTS
would receive limited interpretation.
The National Park Service would aggres
Visitors to the preserve would have access to sively promote understanding, appreciation,
NPS media and personal services that focus and protection of preserve resources,
on environmental and heritage education especially estuarine and wetland ecology and
appreciation and responsibility; other visitor threatened and endangered species. Because
interests may be addressed to a limited of this heightened emphasis on resource
degree or not at all. protection among neighbors, local
schoolchildren, and landowners, as well as
Individuals and agencies owning or preserve visitors, it is reasonable to assume
managing land within the preserve, who that individual efforts to protect and
otherwise might not be involved in any NPS preserve resources inside and outside the
activities, would be encouraged to be active preserve would increase, resulting in a
participants in a diversity of public minor, positive cumulative impact on natural
education programs. This could have a resources. For example, fewer amounts of
moderate, beneficial impact on the wetland and upland habitat could be lost;
community. However, the overall impact of rare, threatened, and endangered species
pursuing this alternative would be the same. might be affected less by human disturbance;
and some water quality improvements might
The scale of visitor use opportunities be realized, i.e., reduction in the use of
throughout the rest of the preserve would fertilizers/biocides and improvement in
not change from current conditions, and the placement/ design of septic tank/leachfields.
type of opportunities would be different.
Expanding the Fort Caroline visitor center, Under alternative 2, cumulative impacts on
developing an interpretive canoe trail at natural resources would be less than those
Pelotes Island, and adding information/ under alternative 1; however, the cumulative
education kiosks in the north, central, and impacts of alternative 2 would still be
south areas of the preserve would increase significant because of continued private
interpretive opportunities, and would development in and adjacent to the preserve.
support and enhance visitor understanding
of the preserve's environmental and heritage Cumulative impacts from development at
education themes. No significant increase in Fort Caroline, the Theodore Roosevelt area,
visitation would be expected. and Kingsley Plantation would be the same
as those under alternative 3.
197
ALTERNATIVE 3: INTERAGENCY COOPERATION FOR RESOURCE PROTECTION
(PROPOSED ACTION)
198
Impacts of Alternative 3: Interagency Cooperation
199
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
The cooperative water management plan for by educating boaters about proper waste
the preserve would minimize threats to the disposal, boating ethics, and potential for
preserve's ecosystem from disruptive factors damage to benthic resources, and by
caused by human activities outside the enforcing, through concurrent jurisdiction,
preserve. This cooperative effort, for federal, state, and local boating regulations.
example, could create an ecological
protection area along the west boundary of Specific impacts from development at Fort
the preserve to minimize adverse effects on Caroline, the Theodore Roosevelt area, and
water and scenic values. Kingsley Plantation are discussed below.
General impacts of NPS developments other
Most pollutants affecting water quality than Fort Caroline, the Theodore Roosevelt
would continue to come from sources Area, and Kingsley are discussed in the
outside the preserve. The National Park "Impacts Common to All Alternatives"
Service in coordination with regulatory section. Additional development in alter
agencies could reduce outside pollution native 3 over that presented in alternatives 1
threats. Under this alternative, regulatory and 2 includes potential NPS participation in
requirements would be attained and polluted redevelopment of visitor facilities at
runoff would be reduced, resulting in Huguenot Memorial Park. Impacts would be
improved water quality, a healthier aquatic more clearly defined in a future
community, and improved fishing development concept plan/ environmental
conditions. assessment for this site. This development
should involve no new disturbance, and
Actions under alternative 3 would not be access would be on existing roads. Because
expected to result in significant long- or this development would probably be limited,
short-term adverse effects associated with the impacts of NPS development under
occupancy or modification of oodplains or alternative 3 would be similar to those under
wetlands. Rather, oodplain and wetland alternative 2.
values would be enhanced by cooperative
efforts with other agencies and landowners
to protect salt marshes, by interpretive Fort Caroline National Memorial
programs and recreational activities to
further the public's appreciation of There would be a minor, localized, and
oodplains and wetlands, and by continued short-term decrease in air quality caused by
ecological research in wetland processes. dust, particulates, fumes, and noise
produced by construction equipment. This
The cooperative planning effort under this impact would be minor because the
alternative could determine that commercial disturbed area would be relatively small.
and/ or sport fishing, in some areas, is not in Volatile hydrocarbons and other organic
harmony with maintenance of ecological compounds in road asphalt would enter the
productivity and diversity. This could cause air for a short time after completion of
changes in location and/ or management of construction.
sport and commercial fishing areas. Simi
larly, proposed research projects to describe Improvements would likely lead to increased
the patterns and extent of the use of the visitor use and thus increased motor vehicle
preserve's estuarine waters by boaters and emissions. Hauling trucks associated with
fishermen would enable the identification of new construction activity would also
areas where further restrictions of access and contribute to increased emissions. However,
methods of fishing may be desirable. it is expected that state and federal air
quality standards would not be exceeded.
Cooperators could control water pollution
from recreational and commercial boat use
200
Impacts of Alternative 3: Interagency Cooperation
The soil profile within the limits of result in elevated but temporary
construction would be permanently concentrations of these substances for short
destroyed; large cuts might be necessary in distances downstream. Post-construction
some places. Soils in the construction zone water quality changes would be small.
would be trampled and compacted by
construction equipment and personnel. Rock State water quality standards would be met.
material and soil might be redistributed, The Florida Department of Environmental
compacted, and covered with asphalt or Protection would be consulted, and that
other coverings. Nonnative plants would department's nonpoint source coordinator
have the opportunity to become established might be needed to determine whether a
in the disturbed soil. sediment and erosion control plan would be
required.
Construction of the parking area would
require grading and leveling and possibly Construction at the site would result in
fill. Borrow material sources and fill material minor habitat loss (total disturbance of 1.46
disposal would be approved by NPS staff. acres) and alteration of remaining habitat.
Only about 0.42 acre of the 1.46 acres would
Erosion and subsequent runoff of disturbed be new disturbance to vegetation. Almost all
soils would increase until natural and of the new disturbance would be hardwood
assisted revegetation occurred. Erosion, hammock and forest, except for wetland
coupled with increased soil compaction, grasses along the riverbank where the dock
would lead to effects on vegetation, is proposed. This new disturbance involves
including potential root damage, tree loss, primarily the overow parking area, its
and exposure of bare ground. entrance road, and the various trails to and
from the parking area. All other develop
The primary water quality concerns ment would occur on previously disturbed
associated with road and parking area ground. Although vegetation removal and
construction are erosion and increased reduction in oral species diversity would
sedimentation into streams and rivers. occur, the hardwood hammock and forest
Minor, temporary decreases in water quality system would not be destroyed or
would be caused by runoff from bare soils significantly altered.
into the St. Johns River. Such impacts on
water quality would generally be short term. Revegetation would be enhanced by
No long-term impacts on water quality conserving and using existing topsoil. There
would be anticipated under this alternative. would be an increased potential for
introduction of exotic plant species on, for
Road and parking area surfacing would not example, road shoulders and road banks
increase the amount of stormwater runoff because of a lack of competition with native
because of the use of porous materials. species in disturbed areas.
However, even if an impervious surface
were used, compared to the size of the There would be a minor, indirect effect on
drainage basin the amount of impervious overall habitat capacity with a new loss of
surface would be small, as would the approximately 0.42 acre of forest vegetation
increase in runoff. and food source plants, but this effect would
be negligible in terms of the larger amount
The operation of heavy equipment in of habitat available in the area. Forage
proximity to and upslope from the river would be lost during clearing for road and
would increase the potential for toxic organic parking area construction. Areas that are
compounds to enter the river. Accidental disturbed but unobstructed would revegetate
spills of diesel fuel, gasoline, hydraulic uid, eventually and be used by wildlife. Some
or other petroleum-based products could habitat for ground- and tree-dwelling small
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
mammals and birds would be permanently Actions under this alternative would not
eliminated, causing a decrease in Size of the modify or encourage, directly or indirectly,
local wildlife population that would be permanent occupation in the oodplain or
proportional to the habitat lost. Long-term coastal high hazard area. No new
impacts would include habitat fragmentation development would be in the 100-year
and increasing development on and human oodplain of either the St. Johns River or
use of habitats, especially in previously Nassau River or their tributaries.
undeveloped areas.
202
Impacts of Alternative 3: Interagency Cooperation
203
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
204
Impacts of Alternative 3: Interagency Cooperation
The visual quality of the area would be lands. Concurrent jurisdiction would
enhanced by using native plant material for simplify long-term enforcement. As a result,
revegetation along the new parking area and response times to all crimes would be faster,
road options. and there would be little to no risk of
inappropriate responses to jurisdictional
areas. Local / state and NPS enforcement
IMPACTS ON ACCESS AND officials would not have to be know
TRANSPORTATION ledgeable of several jurisdictions in the
preserve and their locations.
Under this alternative there would be an
increase of water access due to the
cooperative participation of the various IMPACTS OF MAJOR BOUNDARY
entities. The cooperative management plan ADJUSTMENTS
for the preserve would minimize the adverse
effects on the water resource and scenic It is not possible to estimate the additional
values from these impacts. wetland acreage from the Nassau County
adjustment without adequate surveys of the
mean high water. However, this adjustment
IMPACTS ON SOCIOECONOMIC would have the potential for the greatest
ENVIRONMENT positive impacts on natural resources.
Foremost would be the increase in wetland
In this alternative the cooperators would acreage from an area included in the Nassau
seek to acquire any property in the preserve River drainage. With the potential nonpoint
important to resource protection, especially source pollution impacts from this area, this
lands under imminent threat of develop adjustment would facilitate active manage
ment. Compensation to private landowners ment and discussion on improving nonpoint
would be fair market value, which takes into source pollution impacts into the preserve.
account possible future uses of the land This adjustment also would move the
under state, regional, and local policy plans preserve boundary out of the middle of the
and local land development regulations, as Nassau River a move that makes sense
well as market conditions. Losses to the local from the standpoint of ecosystem protection
economy would be through lost property tax and conservation.
revenue. The acreage acquired and removed
for tax rolls in this alternative would have a The Pumpkin Hill adjustment would add
negligible impact on revenues. The city may about 4,000 acres of uplands to the preserve.
be eligible to collect payments-in-lieu-of This acreage would add uplands significant
taxes from the federal government. in natural and cultural resources. In
addition, this adjustment would add uplands
Impacts from NPS construction activities with the greatest potential for development
would be the same as those for alternative 1. that could damage or destroy resources
within the current boundary.
Increases in NPS staffing and annual
operating expenses under alternative 3 over Both adjustments, large in nature, would
that in alternatives 1 and 2 would result in significantly affect the ability of natural
moderate positive impacts on the area's resource management to manage/ protect
economy. these additional resources.
205
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
of their property and relocation costs. The additional NPS development under
Estimates of these costs would be alternative 3 (over that common with
determined at a later date. alternative 1) would have minor cumulative
impacts on natural resources. Any
cumulative impacts from NPS development
CUMULATIVE IMPACTS under alternative 3 would be more than
offset by the reduction in private
Under this alternative, there would be a development. NPS development would
positive cumulative impact from potential follow the physical development/ location
activities of cooperative management the criteria in table 1, thereby avoiding or
combination over time of funds, staff, and mitigating potential impacts.
operations/ services on water quality;
wetlands and estuarine ecology; rare, There would be a positive cumulative impact
threatened, and endangered species; and of greater than 4,000 acres of uplands from
other important species (e.g., shellfish). both minor and major boundary adjust
Adverse impacts on the preserve from ments. There would also be a positive
private development possibly could continue cumulative impact on wetland acreage, but
within and adjacent to the preserve, but due to the nature of the adjustments, the
these impacts would be fewer than the acreage is not known.
private development estimated under
alternatives 1 and 2. Cooperative manage
ment should forestall the extent and UNAVOIDABLE ADVERSE EFFECTS
magnitude of these impacts in the long term,
especially the accumulation of upstream At Fort Caroline National Memorial, the
pollutants. The end result would be Theodore Roosevelt area, and Kingsley
moderate cumulative impacts on natural Plantation, development would result in a
resources under alternative 3. new loss of about 2 acres of forest, primarily
hardwood hammock. However, 0.7 acre of
There would be a positive cumulative impact previously disturbed ground would be
on the visitor experience from cooperative rehabilitated, resulting in an effective new
management. Coordinated planning, staffing, loss of only 1.3 acres of forest.
funding, and programming would offer
visitors a variety of recreational and Even though the proposed action is expected
interpretive opportunities appealing to a to improve overall conditions for rare,
wide range of interests. Intricate and threatened, and endangered species, human
complex aspects of wetlands ecology, activity in known or potentially critical
together with human use, would be offered habitat would continue. Some risk of adverse
to visitors through formal and informal impact is unavoidable if the recreational
experiences, self-discovery, and other purposes of the preserve are to be met and
techniques to support understanding and the right of access to non-NPS lands upheld.
appreciation.
206
Impacts of Alternative 3: Interagency Cooperation
removed from natural productivity for NPS Adaptive rehabilitation, such as at Kingsley
development projects for public education Plantation, nearly always requires removal of
and enjoyment. About 0.7 acre of existing deteriorated historic fabric and replacement
roads and parking would no longer be with newer materials of like quality,
needed and would be replaced with grass or appearance, and workmanship. Often it is
appropriate native plants, thus contributing necessary to remove historic fabric and
to the long-term enhancement of biological replace it with modern materials to meet
resources. new requirements brought about by the
building's proposed use. For example, a
Proposed actions to improve management of building could require a new heating,
water quality, fire, and exotic species and to ventilation, and air-conditioning system that
enhance research within the preserve would could result in a loss of historic fabric. This
contribute to the long-term production of all would be an irreversible and irretrievable
biological resources considered in this impact on the structure.
document. Proposed actions are intended to
support regionwide, multiagency actions to Under the proposed action, the National
maintain and enhance the long-term Park Service would protect all archeological
productivity of the lower St. Johns River and resources to the extent practicable. Some
Nassau River systems. sites could be subjected to damage from
vandalism or inappropriate activity resulting
in irreversible and irretrievable losses of
IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE artifacts and cultural information of regional
COMMITMENTS OF RESOURCES or local significance.
Proposed developments at Fort Caroline, the Many rare, threatened, and endangered
Theodore Roosevelt area, and Kingsley species apparently use the preserve and its
Plantation would result in an irretrievable resources. Any action that led to losses of
commitment of about $5.1 million. individuals, the prey base, or the quality of
habitat would contribute to the loss of a
Excavating at the above three sites would species as an ecological and genetic resource.
result in an irreversible loss of the The proposed action is designed to protect
archeological resource because excavation rare, threatened, and endangered species.
destroys the resource as data are recovered However, human activity and continued
from the site. Because new archeological development of private lands could occur.
techniques are constantly being developed, it Although unlikely, it is conceivable that the
is likely that better future excavation proposed actions would be inadequate for
methods would recover significant protecting these species and would
archeological data. Once a site has been inadvertently contribute to their decline. It is
excavated, it is unlikely that further research expected that proposed, cooperatively based
would be profitable because of the strati research and monitoring would avoid this
graphy of the site and the site's context and situation.
makeup have been altered.
207
ALTERNATIVE 4: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ENHANCEMENT, AND
RESTORATION THROUGH NATIONAL PARK SERVICE MANAGEMENT
208
Impacts of Alternative 4: NPS Management
The National Park Service, under this The habitat for fish and wildlife would be
alternative, would have broad responsibili analyzed and monitored more rigorously
ties for protecting the preserve ecosystem. A than in the other alternatives to determine
single agency with broad responsibilities for the quality of habitat in the preserve. Once
resource management (including research) habitat quality is determined, more intensive
and protection would overcome the inherent programs would be developed to ensure
difficulties of cooperative management under maintenance of habitat at the highest
alternative 3. There would be the assurance attainable level. Threatened and endangered
of long-term management of preserve lands species would be more extensively inven
and waters in accordance with NPS toried and monitored in cooperation with the
objectives and restoration of currently state and the US. Fish and Wildlife Service
disturbed areas to enhance natural functions to determine the extent of critical habitat in
and wildlife habitat. The end result would be the preserve. Access to critical habitat areas
an increased level of resource protection would be limited, which would preserve the
over that considered under alternative 3. areas for wildlife habitat.
209
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
Under this alternative the overall impacts on Scattered archeological resources throughout
preserve natural resources would be minor. the preserve would receive increased
Long-term protection of the environment protection under this alternative. Any future
would continue to have a beneficial effect on alteration of a site or construction of a
native wildlife. Elimination of the adverse facility by the National Park Service would
effects of potential future development and be analyzed to ensure that cultural resources
other uses incompatible with protection of (including archeological) would not be
wildlife is a significant beneficial long-term adversely affected.
effect of this alternative.
210
Impacts of Alternative 4: NPS Management
result would be an increased level of expenses would be the same as those under
resource protection over the other three alternative 3.
alternatives.
Impacts from a jurisdictional change would
be the same as in alternative 3.
IMPACTS ON SOCIOECONOMIC
ENVIRONMENT
IMPACTS OF MAJOR BOUNDARY
In this alternative the National Park Service ADJUSTMENTS
would seek the authority and the means to
acquire all property deemed important to Impacts from the major boundary
resource protection in the preserve. adjustments would be the same as those
Compensation to landowners would be fair discussed under alternative 3.
market value, which takes into account
possible future uses of the land under the
state, regional, and local policy plans and CUMULATIVE IMPACTS
local land development regulations, as well
as market conditions. The indirect, negative Alternative 4 would have positive
impacts on the local economy would minor cumulative impacts on natural resources.
due to lost property tax revenue from Because further private development would
removing approximately 8,000 additional be limited by NPS acquisition, there would
acres from very low density residential be no negative impacts as there would with
development potential, or agricultural the other alternatives. In fact, restoration of
activities. The city may be eligible to collect previous development disturbance would
payments-in-lieu-of-taxes from the federal result in positive cumulative impacts for
government. natural resources of the preserve e.g.,
increased in water quality, wetlands
Because of the estimated cost of NPS preservation, increased in upland habitat,
development, construction activities would increases in rare, threatened, and endangered
have a moderate to significant benefit to species habitat, overall improvements in the
local/ regional contractors and their general health of the estuarine ecosystem.
employees. Local businesses also would One major cumulative impact would be the
experience moderate to significant benefits potential increase of class II waters in the
from the presence of construction crews. preserve, which implies increases in shellfish
and commercially important fish production.
Impacts that would result from increases in
preserve staffing and annual operating
211
COMPLIANCE WITH FEDERAL AND STATE LAWS,
EXECUTIVE ORDERS, AND REGULATIONS
The draft environmental impact statement Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve is
for the general management plan will be on designated as a class II clean air area.
public review for 60 days. A final environ Maximum allowable increases of sulfur
mental impact statement (or abbreviated one dioxide, particular matter, and nitrogen
if comments are not substantive) will be oxides beyond baseline concentrations
prepared that will respond to or incorporate established for class II areas cannot be
the public comments on the draft document. exceeded. These class II increments would
After a 30-day no-action period, a record of allow modest industrial activities in the
decision will be prepared to document the vicinity of the preserve. Section 118 of the
selected alternative and set forth any Clean Air Act requires all federal facilities to
stipulations for implementation of the comply with existing federal, state, and local
general management plan, thus completing air pollution control laws and regulations.
the NEPA process. Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve
would work with the Florida Department of
This environmental impact statement is Environmental Protection to ensure that all
essentially a programmatic statement, activities within the preserve meet the
presenting an overview of potential impacts requirements of the state air quality
relating to the proposed program for each implementation plan.
alternative. A more detailed development
concept plan/ environmental assessment will
be done for each NPS-owned site at which Endangered Species Act of 1973, as
future development would occur. These amended (16 USC 1531 et seq.)
documents would be tiered to this
programmatic statement. Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act
requires all federal agencies to consult with
the US. Fish and Wildlife Service to ensure
NATURAL RESOURCE COMPLIANCE that any action authorized, funded, or
carried out by the agency does not
Analysis of Impacts on Prime and Unique jeopardize the continued existence of listed
Agricultural Lands in Implementing the species or critical habitat. Consultations with
National Environmental Policy Act (45 FR the US. Fish and Wildlife Service, National
59189) Marine Fisheries Service, and the Florida
Natural Areas Inventory has revealed that
Federal agencies are required to analyze the there are numerous federally and state listed
impacts of federal actions on agricultural plant and animal species either within or
lands, in accordance with the National believed to live in the preserve.
Environmental Policy Act. This policy was
212
Compliance
Most of the development proposed under determination would be done and further
each alternative would be primarily in analysis of potential impacts on wetlands
previously disturbed areas. Thus, potential would be provided in the development
impacts on federally listed threatened and concept plan/environmental assessment
endangered species would be minimal. done for each site. The proposed boat docks
However, a site-specific survey would be at Fort Caroline and Kingsley Plantation
done at each site as part of the development probably would involve wetland impacts. A
concept plan/environmental assessment statement of findings, pursuant to NPS
process to further define the impacts on regulations for compliance with this
endangered and threatened species. This executive order, would be attached to the
would include further consultation with the final general management
US. Fish and Wildlife Service and the state plan/environmental impact statement.
of Florida.
214
Compliance
freedom to believe, express, and exercise or tribal lands would be assigned to lineal
traditional religions. This policy includes the descendants of cultural affiliated Native
right to access sites, use and possession of American groups. Criminal penalties were
sacred objects, and the freedom to worship established for trafficking in remains or
through ceremonial and traditional rites. objects obtained in violation of the act.
Federal agencies, and museums receiving
federal funding, would inventory Native
Architectural Barriers Act of 1969 (42 USC American human remains and associated
4151 et seq.); Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (29 funerary objects they hold; identify their
USC 701 et seq.); and as appropriate, cultural and geographical affiliations within
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 five years; and prepare summaries of
(Public Law 101-336, 104 Stat. 327) information about Native American
unassociated objects.
All facilities and programs developed would
be accessible to visitors with disabilities.
Section 106 of the National Historic
Public Law 90-480 established standards for Preservation Act of 1966, as amended (16
physical access. Any new facilities would be USC 470, et. seq.)
designed for accessibility by visitors and
staff with disabilities. Historic structures Section 106 required that federal agencies
require special treatment, and any having direct or indirect jurisdiction over
modifications must be done with the undertakings take into account the effect of
participation of a historic architect and with those undertakings on national register
the appropriate clearances. Alternative properties and allow the Advisory Council
methods of accessibility must be considered, on Historic Preservation an opportunity to
and the alternative providing the most comment. Toward that end, the National
accessibility should be the preferred. Park Service would work with the Florida
Inaccessible areas should be made available state historic preservation officer (SHPO) and
through other means. the advisory council to meet the require
ments of the August 1990 programmatic
Interpretive media must be accessible. All agreement among the National Conference
video and films should be close-captioned. of State Historic Preservation Officers, the
Basic information brochures should be 'taped Advisory Council on Historic Preservation,
for the visually impaired. Major exhibit areas and National Park Service. This agreement
should contain touchable items, with taped requires the Park Service to work closely
descriptions of exhibits. Wayside exhibits with the SHPO and the advisory council in
should be designed with special populations planning for new and existing NPS areas.
in mind, regarding type size, angle, contrast, Also, this agreement provides for a number
etc. Aspects of the visitor experience may be of "programmatic exclusions" or actions that
affected by compliance with the Americans are not likely to have an adverse effect on
with Disabilities Act. cultural resources. These actions may be
implemented without further review by the
SHPO or the advisory council, reducing
Native American Grave Protection and required consultations with the state historic
Repatriation Act (PL. 101-601; 104 Stat. preservation officers. Actions not specifically
3049) excluded in the programmatic agreement
must be reviewed by the SHPO and the
Ownership or control of Native American Advisory Council during the planning and
human remains, funerary objects, sacred design stages, prior to implementation.
objects, and objects of cultural patrimony
that are excavated or discovered on federal
215
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
The Florida SHPO has reviewed the Draft however, must be determined mutually and
General Management Plan / Development must be fully documented.
Concept Plans / Environmental Impact Statement
and has determined that all alternatives, as
they relate to cultural resources, meet the Fort Caroline National Memorial
historic preservation goals of the state (see
appendix L). Visitor Center Area. The following actions
require further SHPO/ACHP review:
Internally, the National Park Service would
complete an "Assessment of Effect on Enlarging visitor center
Cultural Resources" form prior to implemen Site landscaping and walkways
tation of any proposed actions. This form is Construction of picnic area
necessary to document any project effects, Enlarging/ moving parking area
outline actions proposed to mitigate any Dock / deck construction
effects, and document that the proposed New trail development
action ows from the general management
plan. All implementing actions for cultural The following actions are programmatic
resources would be reviewed, using the exclusions:
"Assessment of Effect" form, and certified by
regional office cultural resource specialists Rehabilitation or widening of paths/
specified in NPS-28. trails within previously disturbed areas
Listed below are actions that are either Theodore Roosevelt Area
programmatic exclusions under the
programmatic agreement between the The following actions require further
National Conference of State Historic SHPO/ACHP review:
Preservation Officers, the Advisory Council
on Historic Preservation, and the National Site landscaping
Park Service or are subject to further Construction of parking areas and roads
consultation with the Florida SHPO and the Construction of primitive camping area
Advisory Council to ensure adequate Construction of viewing platform
mitigation of any effects. Should the Park
Service, the SHPO, and the advisory council The following actions are programmatic
so decide, other actions not meeting the exclusions:
programmatic exclusion definition may be
determined to need no further review under Rehabilitation or widening of paths/
section 106 of the National Historic trails within previously disturbed areas
Preservation Act. Any such agreement,
Compliance
Jill). and
Historical, archeological and Rehabilitation of carriage house, limited
architectural investigations to document to actions consistent with the Secretary of
structures and grounds the Interior's Standards for Archeology and
Historic Preservation
ittions
Zephaniah Kingsley Plantation Erection of signs and wayside exhibits
Modification of structures to allow access The National Park Service does not currently
to visitors and staff with disabilities possess rights to any in-ground artifacts at
Construction of parking area and road Kingsley Plantation that may be uncovered
Adaptive use of historic structures during any construction or other ground
Construction of dock and boardwalk disturbing activities. The National Park
Site landscaping and paths Service is negotiating with the state of
Florida to transfer title to in-ground cultural
The following actions are programmatic resources at Kingsley.
exclusions:
217
TIMUGUAN
E( ..t )L( )( il( AL AND HIST( )Rl(. PRESERVE
221
CONSULTATION AND COORDINATlON/PREPARERS
Regional Federal
Nassau County Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
Northeast Florida Regional Planning Council Department of Agriculture
St. Johns River Water Management District Soil Conservation Service
Universities / Extension Service Department of Defense
US. Army Corps of Engineers
US. Coast Guard
City US. Navy
Mayor's Office/City Council Department of the Interior
Economic Development Council US. Fish and Wildlife Service
Environmental Lands Selection Federal Highway Administration
Committee National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Environmental Law Administration, National Marine
Health, Welfare, and Bioenvironmental Fisheries Service
Historic Preservation Committee US. Environmental Protection Agency
Parks, Recreation, and Entertainment
Department
Planning Department State
Port Authority Department of Environmental Protection
Transportation Authority Division of Marine Resources
Division of Recreation and Parks
Talbot Island State Geopark
Private Entities Division of Environmental Resource
Castleton Beverage Corporation Permitting
Chamber of Commerce Division of Law Enforcement
CSX Railroad Division of Water Facilities
Environmental advocacy organizations Department of Community Affairs
Jacksonville Electric Authority Department of Health and Rehabilitative
North Shore Corporation Services
Other property owners Department of Transportation
Special interest groups Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission
Office of Planning and Budgeting
State Historic Preservation Officer
222
Public Involvement
Regional Organizations/Institutions
Nassau County Commission All private property owners in the preserve
Northeast Florida Regional Planning Black Hammock Island Community
Council Association
St. Johns River Water Management District Castleton Beverage Corporation
Chamber of Commerce
CSX Railroad
City Duval Audubon Society
Convention and Visitors Bureau Edward Waters College - Library
Economic Development Council Florida Community College at
Environmental Lands Selection Jacksonville - Library
Committee Jacksonville Electric Authority
Environmental Law Jacksonville University - Library
Health, Welfare, and Bioenvironmental North Shore Corporation
Historic Preservation Committee University of North Florida - Library
Parks, Recreation, and Entertainment
Department
Planning Department
Port Authority
Transportation Authority
223
CONSULTATION AND COORDINATION/PREPARERS
Washington Office
Warren Brown, Chief, Division of Park PUBLICATION SERVICES
Planning and Protection
Al Galipeau, Division of Socioeconomic Denver Service Center
Studies Ruth Eitel, Visual Information Specialist
Erik Hauge, Environmental Specialist, Air Glenda Heronema, Visual Information
Quality Division Specialist
Linda Russo, Writer-Editor
Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve
Paul Ghioto, Interpretive Specialist
Debra LaCoste, Administrative Officer
Craig Morris, Park Ranger
Brian Peters, Supervisory Park Ranger
Daniel Tardona, Supervisory Park Ranger
Norman Williams, Chief of Maintenance
224
TIMUCUAN
E( l( )LtKil(lAL AND HIST( )RKI PRESERVE
227
APPENDIXES/BIBLIOGRAPHY/INDEX
228
Appendix A
229
APPENDIX B: RELATED GOALS AND POLICIES FOR NATURAL SYSTEMS AND
RECREATIONAL LAND AND LAND USE
230
Appendix B
Policy: 10.2.1.7. All species of sea turtles that o_al: 16.2.2. By 1991, local land use plans
nest on the sand beaches fronting the Atlantic should protect the quality and quantity of
Ocean should be protected from human water resources, and not promote ood
interference including beach renourishment, damage.
beachfront lighting, coastal construction, and
mechanical beach cleaning during nesting Policy: 16.2.2.1. Development in FEMA 100
season. year ood hazard areas should be discouraged
unless it includes offsetting design and
development techniques that minimize adverse
GOAL 16: LAND USE - In recognition of the impacts resulting from ooding.
importance of preserving the natural resources
and enhancing the quality of life of the state, @: 16.2.3. By 1991, problems associated with
development shall be directed to those areas antiquated subdivisions should be addressed in
that have in place, or have agreements to local government comprehensive plans where
provide, the land and water resources, fiscal applicable.
abilities, and the service capacity to
accommodate growth in an environmentally Policy: 16.2.3.1. LGCPs should address
acceptable manner. problems associated with antiquated
subdivisions and offer solutions that are
16.1 Regional Issue: Balanced and Planned equitable and timely.
Development
Policy: 16.2.3.2. Antiquated subdivisions should
Goal: 16.1.1. By 1991, urban sprawl patterns in be redesigned, where feasible, to conform to
Northeast Florida should be limited and "leap present zoning and subdivision regulations
frog" development should be discouraged. regarding lot size, density, open space,
drainage, etc.
Policy: 16.1.1.1. Development should be limited
to areas that have the existing or planned Policy: 16.2.3.3. A land trust should be created
capacity to service new population and and funded to address the problem of
commerce, in terms of the availability of public antiquated subdivisions in the region.
facilities.
Policy: 16.2.3.4. Undeveloped antiquated
Policy: 16.1.1.2. Provide incentives that subdivisions in the region should be identified.
encourage development infilling in urban areas
having planned public facilities with sufficient Policy: 16.2.3.5. The Regional Planning Council
capacities. should assist local governments and private
landowners with developing and implementing
Policy: 16.1.1.3. The Florida Department of the appropriate redesign of undeveloped
Community Affairs (DCA) and the regional antiquated subdivisions through techniques
planning council (RPC) should assist local such as lot reformation.
governments in the preparation of the capital
facilities element of their local comprehensive
plans, if such services are desired by local
government.
231
APPENDIX C: ESTIMATED DEVELOPMENT COSTS
Cost
New landscaping (trees, shrubs, and groundcovers) 26,200 26,200 26,200 26,200
Utilities (underground water/ electricity for boat docks) 13,400 13,400 13,400 13,400
SPANISH POND
Funding requirements for interpretive media planning, design, construction, and installation are not reected in the visitor center expansion
cost estimates. Funding needs would be provided when an interpretive plan is completed.
232
Appendix C
Cost
Action 1 Alt. 1 Alt. 2 Alt. 3 | Alt. 4
THEODORE ROOSEVELT AREA
New entrance road and employee parking area 107,400 107,400 107,400 107,400
New road and parking area for camping/picnic 111,400 111,400 111,400 111,400
area/ trailhead
New administration expansion 200,600 200,600 200,600 200,600
New environmental education deck 26,200 26,200 26,200 26,200
Rehabilitate existing trails 28,800 28,800 28,800 28,800
Demolish and construct new marsh overlook 5,200 5,200 5,200 5,200
New landscaping (trees, shrubs, and groundcovers) 26,200 26,200 26,200 26,200
Kmcsuzv PLANTATION
New entrance road and service access road 99,900 99,900 99,900 99,900
Convert carriage house to visitor contact station" 230,600 230,600 230,600 230,600
Utilities (underground water/electricity for boat dock) 11,100 11,100 11,100 11,100
Utilities (underground water, electricity, and septic system 21,300 21,300 21,300 21,300
for carriage house)
" Funding requirements for interpretive media planning, design, construction, and installation are not reected in the carriage house cost
estimates. Funding needs would be provided when an interpretive plan is completed.
233
APPENDIXES / BIBLIOGRAPHY / INDEX
Cost
CEDAR POINT
Cost
THOMAs CREEK
HUGUENOT PARK
235
APPENDIXES / BIBLIOGRAPHY / INDEX
Cost
Utilities 11,800
Demolition $ 8,900
236
Appendix C
Cost
237
APPENDIX D: DESCRIPTION OF PLANT COMMUNITIES
AS MAPPED FROM LANDSAT SATELLITE IMAGERY
BY THE FLORIDA GAME AND FRESHWATER COMMISSION
238
Appendix D
is similar to the xeric oak scrub community. The xeric oak scrub community is dominated
Commercial pine plantations are also by myrtle oak, Chapman's oak, sand-live oak,
reluctantly included in the pinelands scrub holly, scrub plum, scrub hickory,
association. This class includes predominately rosemary, and saw palmetto. Fire is important
planted slash pine, although longleaf pine and in setting back plant succession and
loblolly pine tracts also occur. Sandpine maintaining viable oak scrubs.
plantations, which have been planted on
severely site prepared sandhill sites in the
north Florida panhandle, are also included in Mixed Hardwood Pine Forests
this category. An acceptable accurate
separation of areas of densely stocked native This community is the southern extension of
atwoods and older planted pine stands with a the Piedmont southern mixed hardwoods, and
closed canopy was not consistently possible. occurs mainly on the clay soils on the northern
Panhandle. Younger stands may be
predominantly pines, while a complex of
Sandhill various hardwoods become co-dominants as
the system matures over time through plant
Sandhill communities occur in areas of rolling succession. The overstory consists of shortleaf
terrain on deep, well-drained, white to yellow, and loblolly pine, American beech, mockemut
sterile sands. This xeric community is hickory, southern red oak, water oak,
dominated by an overstory of scattered American holly, and dogwood.
longleaf pine, along with an understory of
turkey oak and bluejack oak. The park-like Also included in this category are other upland
ground cover consists of various grasses and forests that occur statewide which contain a
herbs, including wiregrass, partridge pea, mixture of conifers and hardwoods as the co
beggars tick, milk pea, queen's delight, and dominant overstory component. These
others. Fire is an important factor in communities contain longleaf pine, slash pine,
controlling hardwood competition and other and loblolly pine in mixed association with live
aspects of sandhill ecology. Although many of oak, laurel oak, and water oak, together with
these sites throughout the state have been other hardwood species characteristic of the
modified through the selective or severe upland hardwood hammocks and forests class.
cutting of longleaf pine, these areas are still
included in the sandhill category.
Hardwood Hammocks and Forests
Xeric Oak Scrub This class includes the major upland hardwood
associations that occur statewide on fairly rich
Xeric oak scrub is a xeric hardwood sandy soils. Variations in species composition,
community typically consisting of clumped and the local or spatial distributions of these
patches of low growing oaks interspersed with communities are due in part to differences in
bare areas of white sand. This community soil moisture regimes, soil type, and
occurs on areas of deep, well-washed, sterile geographic location within the state. The major
sands, and it is the same understory complex variations within this association are mesic
of scrubby oaks and other ground cover hammocks, xeric hammocks, coastal and hydric
species that occurs in the sand pine scrub hammocks, and live oak or cabbage palm
community. This condition frequently occurs hammocks.
when the short time periods between severe
fires results in the complete removal of sand The mesic hammock community represents the
pine as an overstory species. Also included in climax vegetation type within many areas of
this category are sites within the Ocala northern and central Florida. Characteristic
National Forest which have been clearcut, and species in the extreme north include American
are sometimes dominated during the first one beech, southern magnolia, Shumard oak, white
to five years by the xeric oak scrub association. oak, mockemut hickory, pignut hickory,
239
APPENDIXES / BIBLIOGRAPHY / INDEX
sourgum, basswood, white ash, mulberry, and within salt marshes is largely dependent on the
spruce pine. Mesic hammocks of the peninsula degree of tidal inundation, and many large
are less diverse due to the absence of areas are completely dominated by one species.
hardwood species which are adapted to more Generally, smooth cordgrass typically occupies
northerly climates, and are characterized by the lowest elevations immediately adjacent to
laurel oak, hop hombeam, blue beech, tidal creeks and pools, while black needlerush
sweetgum, cabbage palm, American holly, and dominates less frequently inundated zones.
southern magnolia. The highest elevations form transitional areas
characterized by glasswort, saltwort, saltgrass,
Xeric hammocks occur on deep, well-drained, sea ox-eye daisy, marsh elder, and saltbush.
sandy soils where fire has been absent for long For the purposes of this project, cordgrass,
periods of time. These open, dry hammocks needlerush, and transitional or high salt
contain live oak, sand-live oak, bluejack oak, marshes are collectively mapped as this single
blackjack oak, southern red oak, sandpost oak, category.
and pignut hickory.
Coastal and hydric hammocks are relatively Freshwater Marsh and Wet Prairie
wet hardwood forests that are found between
uplands and true wetlands. These sometimes These wetland communities are dominated by
seasonally wet forests are associated with some a wide assortment of herbaceous plant species
nonalluvial peninsula streams, scattered broad growing on sand, clay, marl, and organic soils
lowlands, and are also found in a narrow band in areas of variable water depths and
along parts of the Gulf and Atlantic coasts inundation regimes. Generally, freshwater
where they often extend to the edge of coastal marshes occur in deeper, more strongly
salt marshes. These communities contain water inundated situations and are characterized by
oak, red maple, Florida elm, cabbage palm, red tall emergents, and oating leafed species.
cedar, blue-beech, and sweetgum. Live oak and Freshwater marshes occur within depressions,
cabbage palm hammocks are often found along broad, shallow lake and river shorelines,
bordering large lakes and rivers, and are and are scattered in open areas within
distributed throughout the prairie region of hardwood and cypress swamps. Also, other
south central Florida and extend northward in portions of freshwater lakes, rivers, and canals
the St. John's River basin. These communities which are dominated by oating leaved plants
may occur as mixed stands of oak and palm, such as lotus, spatterdock, duck weed, and
or one of these species can completely water hyacinths are included in this category.
dominate an area. Wet prairies commonly occur in shallow,
periodically inundated areas and are usually
dominated by aquatic grasses, sedges, and
WETLAND PLANT COMMUNITIES their associates. Wet prairies occur as scattered,
shallow depressions within dry prairie areas
Coastal Salt Marshes and on marl prairie areas in south Florida.
Also included in this category are areas in
These herbaceous and shrubby wetland Southwest Florida with scattered dwarf cypress
communities occur statewide in brackish having less than 20% canopy coverage, and a
waters along protected low energy estuarine dense groundcover of freshwater marsh plants.
shorelines of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. The Marshes and wet prairies are dominated by
largest continuous areas of salt marsh occur various combinations of pickerel weed,
north of the range of mangroves, and border sawgrass, maidencane, arrowhead, fire ag,
tidal creeks, bays and sounds. Salt marshes are cattail, spike rush, bulrush, white water lily,
sometimes interspersed within mangrove areas, water shield, and various sedges. Many marsh
and also occur as a transition zone between or wet prairie types, such as sawgrass marsh
freshwater marshes and mangrove forests such or maidencane prairie, have been described
as in the Ten Thousand Islands area along the and so-named based on their dominant plant
southwest Florida coast. Plant distribution species.
240
Appendix D
Bay Swamp
Barren
These hardwood swamps contain broadleaf
evergreen trees that occur in shallow, stagnant This class includes highly reective
drainages or depressions often found within unvegetated areas such as roads, beaches,
pine atwoods, or at the base of sandy ridges active strip mines, tilled agricultural sites, and
where seepage maintains constantly wet soils. cleared land on sandy soils. Unvegetated sites
The soils, which are usually covered by an in urban areas which include rooftops of
abundant layer of leaf litter, are mostly acidic buildings, athletic fields, landfills, and parking
peat or muck which remain saturated for long lots, etc., are also included in this category.
periods but over which little water level Vegetated tracts within urban areas are
uctuation occurs. Overstory trees within classified and mapped according to their
bayheads are dominated by sweetbay, swamp predominant vegetation cover or plant
bay, and loblolly bay. Depending on the community type.
location within the state, other species
241
APPENDIX E: PLANT SPECIES OF SALT MARSH VEGETATION
WITHIN TIMUCUAN ECOLOGICAL AND HISTORIC PRESERVE
242
Appendix E
243
APPENDIX F: PLANT SPECIES FOUND ON FORT GEORGE ISLAND
244
Appendix F
245
APPENDIXES / BIBLIOGRAPHY / INDEX
246
Appendix F
SOURCES: Florida Department of Natural Resources 1990a; Water and Air Resources, Inc. 1985.
247
APPENDIX G: FISH SPECIES COLLECTED BY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH FLORIDA IN 1984
248
APPENDIX H: SPECIES OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES FOUND ON FORT GEORGE
AND PELOTES ISLANDS AND MAMMALS OBSERVED WITHIN THE PRESERVE IN 1984
Amphibians
Reptiles
Mammals
249
APPENDIXES / BIBLIOGRAPHY / INDEX
Mammals tcont.)
SOURCES: Florida Department of Natural Resources 1990a; Newman et al. 1988; City of Jacksonville
1984
250
APPENDIX I: BIRD SPECIES FOUND WITHIN OR ADJACENT
TO THE TIMUCUAN ECOLOGICAL AND HISTORIC PRESERVE
251
APPENDIXES / BIBLIOGRAPHY / INDEX
I.
Osprey Pandion haliaetus
Bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus
Marsh hawk Circus cyaneus oE _~EE .E TIE ,>.ZE ,oE E, ,
Sharp-shinned hawk Accipiter striatus
Cooper's hawk Accipiter cooperii
4
Red-shouldered hawk ~Buteo lineatus
4
Red-tailed hawk Buteo jamaicensus
American kestrel Falco sparverius
Merlin Falco columbarius
Peregrine falcon Falco peregrimls
Wild turkey Meleagris gallopavo
Bobwhite Colinus virginiamls
Clapper rail Rallus longirostris
Virginia rail Rallus limicola
Sora Ponmm cardina
1|.
Common gallinule Gallinula chloropus
American coot Fulica americana
Black-bellied plover Pluvialis squatarola
4.
Wilson's plover Charadrius wilsonia
Semipalmated plover Charadrius semipalmatus
Piping plover Charadrius melodus
Killdeer Charadrius vociferus
American oystercatcher Haematopus palliatus
Black-necked stilt Himantopus mexicaims
Greater yellowlegs Tringa melanoleuca
Lesser yellowlegs Trainga avipes
Willet Catoptropliorus semipalmatus
Spotted sandpiper Actitis macularia "2< " PE' < E E ZPE Z E
Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus
Long-billed curlew Numenius americanus
Marbled godwit Limosa fedoa
Ruddy tumstone Arenaris interpres
Red knot Calidris cammls
Sanderling Calidris alba
Semipalmated sandpiper Calidris pusilla
Western sandpiper Calidris mauri
Least sandpiper Erolia minutilla
Purple sandpiper Calidris maritima
Dunlin Calidris alpina
Short-billed dowitcher Limnodromus griesus
Common snipe Capella gallinago
Pomarine jaeger Stercorarius pomarimls
Parasitic jaeger Stercorarius parasiticus
Laughing gull Larus atricilla
Bonaparte's gull Larus philadelphia
Ring-billed gull IJlt.llS delawarensis
Herring gull larus argentatus
Lesser black-backed gull Larus fuscus
Glaucous gull IJlfllS hyperboreus
Great black-backed gull Larus marinus
Gull-billed tern Gelochelidon nilotica
252
Appendix I
253
APPENDIxEs / BIBLIOGRAPHY / INDEX
254
Appendix I
Keys:
P Permanent Resident
W Winter Resident
S - Summer Resident
M Migrant
V - Rare Visitor
Nesting
SOURCES: Personal communications from the Duval Audubon Society (1991) and Florida Game and
Fresh Water Fish Commission (1992).
255
APPENDIX I: CONSULTATION REGARDING RARE,
THREATENED, AND ENDANGERED SPECIES
m, Mr. Steve Culver (DSC - TWE), National Park Service, Denver, CO.
Listed species under the Fish and Wildlife Service's jurisdiction that may be found
within the preserve are:
The preserve does not include barrier islands; therefore, there is no recorded marine
turtle nesting. As stated in your memorandum, you are requesting a list of species
from National Marine Fisheries Service. Several species of marine turtles are
observed from time to time in the waters of the preserve.
We are available to work with the Park Service in developing the GMP. If our
assistance is needed, please conW
avid J. Wesley
256
Appendix J
e (Kg
a; V 1; UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
x National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
. \ -_ _ . NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE
Realm '" Manager'scllm "ml" Southeast Region
.H.
um 15 01991 9450 K0 g er Boulevard
St. Petersburg, FL 33702
Sincerely yours, ,
\
/T~. \ 1L. \.
/tYLQ f 1u.\\$~
Charles'A. Oravetz, Chief
Protected Species Management
Branch
Enclosure
257
APPENDIXEs / BIBLIOGRAPHY / INDEX
258
Appendix J
This letter will confirm our telephone conversation of April 5, 1993 and
provide additional information concerning the items we discussed.
Amelia City
Hedges
Italia
Fernandina Beach
St. Mary's
Mayport
Bastport
Jacksonville Beach
Arlington
we would also like to request that the data requested be mapped in some
manner, such as atlas graphic maps. We are very interested in reviewing
this data to determine geographic relationships. Please let us know an
approximate time frame for completing this request.
I want to thank you for your cooperation in this matter and the time you
have taken to help us understand your program and its relationship to our
needs. This information will be of great use to the National Park Service
for planning purposes and for the management of resources already
259
A??F\SCI?5 ,' 58mm ,-~ SCIQ
Sincerely.
SKJFJED
Sauna. Levin
Super intendent
[Excerpted from the Comprehensive Plan - 2010 Objective 4.1 Accessibility and the Use of
(City of Jacksonville 1990)] Shorelines. The city will provide greater public
accessibility to the St. Johns River and develop
GOAL 3: To use open space and recreational appropriate recreational uses of its shorelines.
facilities as a key element in the city's planning
strategy to enhance the natural environment Policies:
and to conserve important natural resources. 4.1.1 By 1993 the Recreation and Parks
Department, as a part of its Master
Objective 3.1 Comprehensive Resource Recreation Improvement Plan, will
Management Program. By 1994, as it relates to develop a plan for the acquisition of
the provision of recreation and related open acreage along the St. Johns River and its
space opportunities, the city shall develop a major navigable tributaries for recreation
comprehensive resource management program and open space purposes.
for the protection of natural areas having
special characteristics. 4.1.2 The city's Land Development
Regulations will be updated by April 1,
Policies: 1991, to include site design standards for
3.1.1 The Recreation and Parks Department new and redeveloped areas bordering
will develop and maintain an inven major waterways in order to provide
tory of all natural areas of the city waterfront areas for recreational use.
having special characteristics such as
waterfronts, stream valleys, significant 4.1.3 Parking and support facilities such as
wildlife habitats, and drainageways. drinking water and restrooms will be
designed at public access points to the
3.1.2 Those portions of park properties beach where pedestrian traffic is such to
containing important natural resources warrant the expenditure.
will be developed and managed by the
Recreation and Parks Department for Objective 4.2 Public Boating and Fishing
long-term conservation. Opportunities Opportunities. The city will increase the
for public access to the resource will be number of public boating and fishing facilities
developed in a manner consistent with along the St. Johns River and its tributaries.
the conservation of the resource.
Policies:
3.1.3 The Recreation and Parks Department 4.2.1 When the city of Jacksonville constructs
will incorporate into its park design, new boat ramps, they should include
development, and redevelopment plans, multiple ramps, adequate parking areas,
strategies, and programs for natural lighting, restrooms, drinking water, and
resource establishment, restoration, or launch preparation areas with clear
enhancement. overhead for masted vessels.
3.1.4 The city will include specific open space 4.2.2 By 1993 the Recreation and Parks
definitions and standards in the Land Department will examine all proposed
Development Regulations. and existing bridge crossings for
inclusion of major boat ramps either
GOAL 4: Capitalize on the scenic and under or adjacent to the structure, and
recreational quality of the St. Johns River, its fishing catwalks along the span.
tributaries, and other waterways and water
bodies.
261
APPENDIXEs / BIBLIOGRAPHY / INDEX
4.2.3 By 1993 the Recreation and Parks with the state and federal governments will
Department will examine all future, acquire and preserve major stream valley
existing, or abandoned bridges over the corridors plus adjacent vital resources such as
St. Johns River or its tributaries for areas wetlands, wooded areas, and conservation
for fishing either on or alongside the areas when deemed necessary for watershed
bridge. protection.
262
APPENDIX L: LETTER FROM STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICER
~ 1... \'
Archseoloaical Rmsnh Florida Folldlh Propane Historic Preservation Museum 05 orid! Hhtory
-~ -- ~--~ :00 :900 301-2191 9043 *F.Z'I 1 "P "5*
263
APPENDIXES / BIBLIOGRAPHY / INDEX
Mr. Hsrtwiq
Ssptsobsr 30, 1994
Page 2
sincerely)7~ ;
HM
BIBLIOGRAPHY
265
APPENDIXES / BIBLIOGRAPHY / INDEX
Demort, CL. and A.Q. White, Eds. Fish and VVIldlife Service, US. Department of
1987 Proceedings of the 1985 Fish Habitat the Interior
Symposium: Growth Impacts on Coastal 1980 Atlantic Coast Ecological Inventory,
Northeast Florida and Georgia. Florida 1:250000 scale map. Jacksonville,
Sea Grant College, Report No. 81, FloridaGeorgia. Available from US
Tallahassee, FL. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.
Dickinson, Martin F., and Lucy B. Wayne. 1982 St. Johns River Biological Survey; Duval
1990 "Archeological Studies at Pelotes County, 20.3BA, April and August.
Island Preserve, St. Johns River Power Northeast District, Jacksonville.
Park, Jacksonville, Duval County,
Florida." Prepared for Jacksonville 1983 St. Johns River Biological Survey; Duval
Electric Authority. County, 20.38A, January and
September. Northeast District,
Duever, L., P. Carr, J. Newman, I-I. Platt Jacksonville.
1989 Interpretation and Management Plan for
the Pelotes Island Preserve, Final Report. 1985 Duval Tributary Study, Interim Report,
Submitted to Jacksonville Electric 1984-1985. Northeast District,
Authority, Jacksonville. KBN Jacksonville.
Engineering and Applied Sciences,
Gainsville, FL. 1986 Water Quality Review of the Lower St.
Johns River, Duval County.
266
Bibliography
1987 Basin Assessment Coastal Area, Final 1991a Oicial Lists of Endangered and
Report, Fall 1985-Spring 1987. Northeast Potentially Endangered Fauna and Flora
District, Jacksonville. in Florida. Tallahassee.
1991 "Baseline Water Quality Monitoring 1987b Environmental Site Documentation for
Plan, Northeast District." Unpublished Proposed Dredged Material Disposal Area
in Northeast Florida - Vol. 6, Northeast
Florida Department of Natural Resources Black Hammock Island. Report prepared
1986 Nassau River and St. Johns River by Taylor and Divoky, Inc., E.L.
Marshes and Fort Clinch State Park Mosura, Principal Investigator.
Aquatic Preserves, Management Plan.
Tallahassee. Fretwell, Iacqueline
1984 Kingsley Beatty Gibbs and His Joumal of
1987 Comprehensive Shellsh Harvesting Area 1840-1843. St. Augustine, FL: St.
Survey, Duval County, Florida. Augustine Historical Society.
Tallahassee.
Garland, MA.
1990a Fort George Island Unit Managment 1991 Letter from Florida Department of
Plan. Division of Recreation and Parks, Natural Resources, Office of Land Use
Tallahassee. Planning and Biological Services to
National Park Service, Denver, CO.
1990b Guide to the Natural Communities of
Florida. Tallahassee. Harris, L.D.
1978 El Pantano De Los Espanoles: A Job
1990c Florida Rivers Assessment. Tallahassee. Completion Report on the Interpretation
and Management of Spanish Pond, Fort
1991a Annual Landings Summaries. Bureau of Caroline National Memorial. School of
Marine Research. St. Petersburg, FL. Forest Resources and Conservation,
University of Florida, Gainsville, FL.
1991b Shelsh Harvesting Area Atlas (Revised).
Division of Marine Resources, Hendon, William S.
Tallahassee. 1972 "The Park as a Determinant of
Property Values." Real Estate Appraiser
Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish 38(5)(Sept./Oct.): 73-79.
Commission
1983 Study 111. Rivers of Florida and Their 1974 "Park Service Areas and Residential
Fishes. Dingell-Iohnson Project F-36, Property Valus." American journal of
North Florida Streams Research Economics and Sociology 33(2)(April):
Project. Tallahassee. 175-83.
267
APPENDIXES / BIBLIOGRAPHY / INDEX
268
Bibliography
1994 "Concessions Management Plan, 1989 Appendices for the SWIM Plan for the
Timucuan Ecological and Historic Lower St. Johns River Basin. Palatka, FL.
Preserve, Duval County, Florida."
Stickney, RR.
Newman, James R., Linda C. Duever, and 1972 Eects of Intracoastal Waterway Dredging
Herbert M. Platt on Ichthyofauna and Benthic
1988 "Resource Inventory of Pelotes Island." Macroinvertebrates. Technical Report
Submitted to Jacksonville Electric Serices No. 72-4. Georgia Marine
Authority, Jacksonville, FL. Science Center, University of Georgia,
Skidaway Island, GA.
Northeast Florida Regional Planning Council
1987 Northeast Florida Comprehensive Regional Tagatz, M.E.
Policy Plan. Jacksonville, FL. 1967a "Fishes of the St. Johns River, Florida."
Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy
Odum, H.T., B.J. Copeland, and EA. McMahan of Sciences 30(1):25-50.
1974 Coastal Ecological Systems of the United
States, Part I. The Conservation 1967b "Noncommercial Crabs of the Genus
Foundation, Washington, DC. Callinectes in St. Johns River, Florida."
Chesapeake Science 8(3):202-203.
Powell, P.
1991 Personal communication from Duval 1968 "Biology of the Blue Crab, Callinectes
Audubon Society to National Park sapidus, Rathbun, in the St. Johns
Service, Denver, CO. River, Florida." Fishery Bulletin
67(1):17-33.
Qureshi, Z.
1975 "Surface Water Resources of St. Johns University of Georgia
River, Florida." Water Resources Bulletin 1993 Historic Resource Study: Fort Caroline
11(3):568-74. National Memorial, Jacksonville, Florida,
by Tal Stanfield, Graduate Student,
Rehm, A.E., R.C. Tone, and J8. Kirkwood Historic Preservation Program.
1975 Final Report on Biological Assessment of Athens, GA.
Water and Marsh Areas of the St. Johns
River. Report No. 14591 of Battelle, US. Army Corps of Engineers
Columbus Laboratories, William F. 1985 St. Johns River Basin, Florida, Interim
Clapp Laboratories, Inc., Duxbury, Water Quality Management Plan
MA. Findings. Jacksonville District, FL.
Ryan, J.D., F.D. Calder, and LC. Burney Vlach, John Michael
1984 Deepwater Ports Maintenance Dredging 1993 Back of the Big House, The Architecture
and Disposal Manual. Florida of Plantation Slavery. Chapel Hill: The
Department of Environmental University of North Carolina Press.
Regulation, Tallahassee.
APPENDIXES / BIBLIOGRAPHY / INDEX
Webb, Terence H.
1991 "Zephaniah Kingsley Research Project
Under the Auspices of National Park
Service, Timucuan Ecological and
Historic Preserve." Manuscript,
Jacksonville, FL.
270
INDEX
A1A 16, 49, 66, 165-167 Economy 18, 45, 102, 160, 173, 187-189, 194, 205,
Acquisition 3, 9, 13, 18, 20, 40, 51, 60, 61, 68, 73, 211
85, 89, 92-94, 97, 102, 103, 108, 172, 194, 198, Endangered 3, 13, 14, 37, 44, 47, 48, 57, 59, 68,
205, 208, 209, 211 72, 73, 78, 86, 90, 99, 103, 146, 152, 184, 185,
African 22, 24, 28, 41, 43, 91 188, 193, 194, 196, 197, 198, 206-209, 211-213
Air Quality 13, 17, 35, 57, 58, 62, 68, 73, 89, 108, Erosion 13, 35, 44, 56, 57, 110, 118, 120, 124, 130,
109, 184, 185, 192, 200, 209, 212 156, 185, 190, 193, 201
Archeological 9, 14, 15, 23, 28, 29, 36, 38-41, 45, Estuarine 3, 4, 9, 11-13, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 36,
55, 74, 86, 101, 102, 153, 154, 156-159, 165, 41, 50, 62, 63, 68, 72, 85, 86, 94, 97, 109, 110,
186, 187, 195, 203, 207, 210, 216, 217, 224 112, 115, 116, 118, 123,129, 130, 135, 143,144,
Army Corps of Engineers 16, 35, 120, 168, 184, 145, 185, 190, 191, 193, 196, 197, 199, 200, 204,
185, 213, 221, 222 206, 208, 209, 211
Exotic species 27, 36, 37, 56, 68, 72, 73, 90, 145,
Big Talbot Island 29, 67, 85, 92, 96, 100, 144, 149, 146, 192, 196, 207
154, 165, 172, 210, 236
Biodiversity 21, 37, 58, 195, 209 Fertilizers 124, 191, 196-198
Black Hammock Island 29, 67, 85, 139, 167, 223, Fire management 14, 38, 40
267 Fish camps 9, 12, 44, 160, 167
British 22-24, 28, 42-44, 77, 91, 153, 158, 159 Fishing 3, 10, 12, 15, 16, 21, 36, 41, 44, 46, 47, 60,
72, 73, 91, 143, 155, 156, 160, 164-166, 171,
Campgrounds 60, 65 184, 200
Carrying capacity 15, 51, 68, 89, 186, 191 Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission
Cedar Point 16, 29, 60, 64, 78, 91, 96, 100, 144, 57, 139, 140, 143, 144, 149, 152, 171, 213
167, 193, 210 Floridan Aquifer 110, 119, 120
City of Jacksonville 4, 9, 13, 21, 30, 35, 38, 49, 50, Folklife 40, 41, 214
85, 86, 109, 111, 124, 129, 135, 136, 139, 140, Fort Caroline 3, 9-12, 15, 16, 21, 23, 24, 33, 35,
144, 152, 164, 165, 167, 168, 171-173 39, 40, 46-48, 55, 56, 58-61, 63, 66, 67, 74-76,
Civil War 23, 28, 41, 43, 56, 154, 155, 166 78-80, 86, 90, 91, 93-95, 98, 100, 102, 110, 119,
Class II waters 9, 130, 131, 136, 144, 145, 198, 154, 157, 159, 161-164, 167, 168, 172, 175, 176,
208, 211 175, 176, 184, 185, 187, 193, 194, 195-197, 200,
Clean Air Act 35, 108, 185, 212 202-204, 206, 207, 210, 213, 216
Commercial landings 4, 115, 145 Fort George Island 10, 12, 29, 43, 67, 77, 85, 92,
Comprehensive Plan - 2010 30, 49, 50, 124, 172 97, 100, 110, 111, 139, 142, 144, 146, 149, 158,
Concessions 55, 56, 61, 64, 86, 93, 97, 224 159, 162, 165, 167, 176, 203, 204, 210
Cooperation 21, 28-30, 33, 49, 51, 55, 61, 65, 67, French 12, 22-24, 42-44, 46, 56, 76, 77, 91, 155,
73, 85, 92, 94, 97, 184, 188, 193, 196, 198, 204, 157, 159, 162, 163
209 Freshwater marsh 140, 240
Cooperative agreements 20, 65, 68, 85, 97, 203
Cooperative management 68, 71, 72, 86, 99, 198, Greenfield Peninsula 55, 85
199, 205, 206, 209 Groundwater 13, 44, 119, 120, 124, 190, 198, 208,
Cooperators 29, 65, 68, 71, 72, 74, 75, 86, 98, 200, 265, 268
204, 205
Habitat 13, 27-29, 34, 37, 38, 48, 57, 60, 92, 93,
Docks 16, 35, 48, 49, 66, 73, 91, 100, 185, 187, 99, 100, 112, 116, 118, 129, 130, 139, 143, 144,
190, 196, 198, 213 149, 157, 184, 190, 191-198, 201, 202, 206-209,
Dredge and till 35, 190, 214 211, 212, 230, 231
Dredging 17, 35, 48, 55, 112, 118, 120, 129, 184, Historic structures 102, 158, 186, 215, 217
185, 190, 201 Huguenot Memorial Park 9, 30, 67, 78, 92, 96,
100, 101, 144, 149, 165, 172, 200, 210
E. Dale Ioyner Nature Preserve 9, 28, 165, 172 Hunting 3, 10, 15, 16, 21, 36, 47, 60, 72, 73, 156,
171
271
APPENDIXES / BIBLIOGRAPHY / INDEX
Indians 23, 24, 27, 43, 44, 77, 156, 214 Piers 16, 48, 49, 262
Integrated pest management 36, 72, 73 Pollutants 35, 73, 109, 124, 130, 184, 185, 191,
Interpretation 3, 4, 10, 15-18, 22, 28, 29, 39, 41, 200, 206
42, 44-46, 52, 59, 62, 63, 65, 66, 68, 74-76, 78, Prehistoric 3, 9, 11, 12, 15, 24, 28, 37, 38, 42-45,
90, 91, 94, 99, 162-164, 175, 194, 197, 204 65, 77, 153-156, 214
Interpretive themes 15, 42, 43, 45, 59, 63, 74, 75, Pumpkin Hill 67, 86, 103, 205
76, 77, 90, 91, 194, 197, 204, 210
Recreation 9, 15, 21-, 29, 36, 45, 46, 48, 49, 60, 63,
Jacksonville Electric Authority 9, 28, 29, 64, 67, 67, 72, 74, 75, 80, 91, 124, 158, 164, 165, 166,
101, 136, 165, 168, 171, 172, 196, 222, 223, 224, 175, 185, 188, 222-224
237 Resource Management Plan 34, 36-38, 59, 67, 68,
Jurisdiction 11, 37, 47, 50, 55, 58, 59, 61, 64, 85, 71, 73, 89, 99
93, 99, 102, 146, 168, 172, 184, 191, 194, 200, Ribault Column 9, 61, 76, 157, 162, 163, 168, 175,
205, 213-215 216
Kingsley Plantation 3, 9, 10, 12, 16, 21, 28, 33, Salt marsh 3, 4, 11-13, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 41,
35, 38-41, 46-48, 58, 59, 61, 64, 66, 74, 76, 77, 42, 48, 50, 62, 63, 94, 110-112, 115-118, 139,
80, 86, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 146, 154, 158, 161, 140, 139, 140, 142-145, 150, 153, 165, 198
162, 163, 164, 167, 172, 176, 184, 185, 187, Septic tanks/leachfields 191, 198
193-197, 200, 202-204, 206, 207, 210, 213, 217, Shellfish 9, 21, 42, 44, 47, 112, 129, 130, 136, 145,
233 146, 145, 156, 184, 190, 191, 194, 196, 198, 206,
208, 211
Land Protection Plan 34, 51, 60, 61, 64, 68, 85, 92 Sisters Creek Marina 67, 92, 97, 100, 210
Land use 16, 30, 34, 41, 49, 50, 61, 64, 71, 78, 85, Sisters Creek park and boat ramp 9, 167, 172
92, 93, 97, 115, 168, 171, 172, 173, 193, 199, Slavery 28, 41, 43, 77, 78, 155, 164
208, 230, 231 Slaves 43, 44, 77
Little Talbot Island 123, 146, 167 Spanish 9, 10, 12, 14, 21-24, 27, 28, 38, 42-44, 48,
56, 61, 66, 73-77, 79, 91, 95, 123, 153-159,
Manatees 149, 184, 196, 198 162-164, 168, 175, 176, 184, 216
Maritime hammock 28, 72, 142 Spanish Pond 48, 61, 76, 79, 95, 123, 157, 163,
Mayport 4, 9, 16, 29, 30, 43, 44, 49, 55, 66, 76, 164, 168, 175, 176, 184, 216
123, 129, 136, 157, 165-167, 171, 173 Spanish-American War 9, 12, 14, 21, 38, 43, 66,
Mayport Ferry 9, 16, 49, 66, 165, 167 73-75, 159
Middens 4, 9, 24, 42, 86, 142, 153, 154 Spoil sites 71, 89
Military 12, 20, 22, 23, 28, 43, 44, 55, 67, 154, 155, St. Johns River 9, 11, 12, 16, 22, 23, 28, 29, 35, 40,
158, 171, 173 42-44, 46, 50, 55, 71, 76, 77, 109, 110, 111, 115,
116, 118-120, 123, 124, 129, 130, 135, 136,
Nassau County 21, 103, 115, 166, 205, 222, 223 142-144, 146, 149, 153, 156-160, 162, 163, 167,
Nassau River 9, 11, 12, 29, 50, 85, 86, 93, 103, 168, 173, 201, 202, 207, 222, 223
118, 120, 130, 135, 136, 139, 143, 144, 146, 167, St. Johns River Water Management District 35,
202, 205, 207 135, 222, 223
National Register of Historic Places 39, 46, 74, Stormwater 57, 78, 123, 124, 129, 190, 196, 201,
153, 154, 157-159, 193, 214 213, 214
272
Index
Threatened 3, 13, 14, 37, 44, 47, 48, 57, 59, 68, 72, Water quality 9, 13, 14, 21, 035, 36, 43, 56, 68,
73, 78, 90, 97, 99, 103, 135, 146, 152, 159, 184, 71-73, 89, 99, 109, 112, 115, 120, 123, 124, 129,
185, 188, 193, 194, 196-198, 206-209, 211, 213 130, 135, 136, 137, 136, 145, 184, 185, 190-194,
Timucua 42, 43, 156, 157, 195 196-202, 206-209, 211, 213
Transportation 16, 17, 29, 44, 48, 49, 61, 64, 66, Wetlands 4, 10, 11, 13, 18, 20-22, 27, 35, 42, 43,
80, 92, 97, 102, 115, 155, 167, 168, 173, 187, 44, 55, 56, 61, 63, 71, 76, 86, 89, 90, 92, 97,
190, 194, 197, 205, 210, 222, 223 112, 118, 120, 123, 129, 135, 144, 154, 157, 165,
171, 184-186, 188, 190, 191, 193, 199, 200, 206,
US. Fish and Wildlife Service 35, 37, 57, 123, 208, 209, 211, 213
146, 184, 209, 212, 213, 221, 222 Wonderwood Expressway 29, 55, 103, 167, 188
US. Navy 21, 30, 44, 50, 55, 67, 136, 168, 173,
221, 222 Yellow Bluff Fort 9, 10, 12, 21, 28, 38, 66, 73, 75,
154, 159
Vegetation management 36, 71-73
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