Introduction Observations Results Conclusions

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ESCUELA POLITECNICA NACIONAL

OBSERVATORIO ASTRONOMICO DE QUITO

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Mapping the spiral arms of the Milky Way

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using the HI 21 cm line.
DR Franklin Aldas

RADIASTRONOMY GROUP OF
QUITO ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY

JANUARY, 2017
Introduction Observations Results Conclusions

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1 Introduction
Milky Way
Galactic Coordinates
21 cm Hydrogen line emission

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Doppler Effect
Kinematics of the Milky Way

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2 Observations
SALSA Telescopes
Observation Features
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3 Results
Telescope Calibration
Emission lines intensities.
Milky Way Map
Rotation Curve of the Milky Way

4 Conclusions
Introduction Observations Results Conclusions

Milky Way

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Introduction Observations Results Conclusions

Milky Way in H1

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Introduction Observations Results Conclusions

Galactic Coordinates

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The galactic coordinate system is a 2-D spherical coordinate system with us (or the
Sun) at its center. It has latitude and longitude lines, similar to Earths.
Introduction Observations Results Conclusions

Our position on the Milky Way.

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Introduction Observations Results Conclusions

21 cm Hydrogen line emission

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Figure:
Figure: Second.

The 1420 MHz radiation comes from the transition between the two levels of the
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hydrogen 1s ground state, slightly split by the interaction between the electron spin
and the nuclear spin.

The splitting is known as hyperfine structure. Because of the quantum properties of of

radiation, hydrogen in its lower state will absorb 1420 MHz and the observation of
1420 MHz in emission implies a prior excitation to the upper state.
Introduction Observations Results Conclusions

Doppler Effect

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The Doppler Effect is the change in the observed frequency of a source due to the

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relative motion between the source and the receiver. The relative motion that affects
the observed frequency is only the motion in the Line-Of-Sight (LOS) between the

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source and the receiver.

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The frequency shift and the velocity are related by:
f v
= (1)
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Where:
f = f f0 is the frequency shift
f is the observed frequency
f0 is the rest frequency of the line we are observing
v is the object velocity
Introduction Observations Results Conclusions

Kinematics of the Milky Way

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Assuming that clouds at larger distances from the Milky Way q center move with equal
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or lower speed than clouds close to the center. VKeplerian = R

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We can estimate the position and the velocity of the clouds using the following
relations:

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Equations:

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R = R0 sin(l) (2)
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Where:
Vr ,max Largest velocity component
Vo Suns velocity around the Galactic center. i.e. 220km/s
R0 Distance of the Sun to the Galactic center i.e. 8.5 kpc.
R Clouds distance to the galactic center.
V Velocity of a cloud of gas.
l Galactic longitude.
Introduction Observations Results Conclusions

Observations

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The observations were carried out with SALSA telescopes

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(http://vale.oso.chalmers.se/salsa) of Onsala Space Observatory in Sweden on
December 2016, whose antennas have 2.3 meters of diameter.

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Introduction Observations Results Conclusions

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The sensitive receivers make it possible to detect radio emission from atomic

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hydrogen at frequencies close to 1420 Mhz with an angular resolution of about 6.
In Galactic coordinates, we mapped the region inside 47.5 GLON 91,

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40 GLAT 37.5.
The processing and data analysis were made using and modifying the
SalsaSpectrum class with MATLAB
(http://vale.oso.chalmers.se/salsa/software).
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Introduction Observations Results Conclusions

Telescope Calibration and Identification of multiple

sources with different velocities.

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GLON = 140, GLAT = 3, 1 GLON = 73,9, GLAT = 1,1

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20 60

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Ta [K]

Ta [K]
40
10

20

0
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200 100 0 100 200 200 100 0 100 200

Vrad [km/s] Vrad [km/s]

For calibrating telescope, we have taken several spectrum from well known positions in
the milky way, and we have compared with reported intensities in THE
LOW-RESOLUTION DRAO SURVEY OF HI EMISSION FROM THE GALACTIC
PLANE by L. A. HIGGS AND K. F. TAPPING
Introduction Observations Results Conclusions

Results
21-cm emission lines detected for several galactic latitudes with a constant galactic

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longitude equal to 65 degrees.

GLAT = 12,5 GLAT = 7 GLAT = 1,5

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40

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Ta [K]

Ta [K]

Ta [K]
20 50
50

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0
0 0

200 100 0 100 200 200 100 0 100 200 200 100 0 100 200
Vrad [km/s] Vrad [km/s] Vrad [km/s]

GLAT = 4
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100
30
80
40
60 20
Ta [K]

Ta [K]

Ta [K]
40 20
10

20
0 0
0

200 100 0 100 200 200 100 0 100 200 200 100 0 100 200
Vrad [km/s] Vrad [km/s] Vrad [km/s]
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Milky Way Map

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95
120

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85 100

80

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Longitude ()

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Intensity (K)
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60
65
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60 40

55
20
50

45
-50 -25 0 25 50
Latitude ()
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Rotation Curve of the Milky Way

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The rotation curve is almost flat! This is an indirect evidence for dark matter in our
galaxy.
300

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250
Rotational Velocity [km/s]

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200

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100

50

0
5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9
Distance from Galactic Center [kpc]
Introduction Observations Results Conclusions

Conclusions:

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We have detected the hydrogen 21 cm emission line in the milky way using

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radio-telescopes located in Onsala Space Observatory, whose have an antenna
diameter of 2.3 meter with an angular resolution of 6 degrees.

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For a determinate galactic longitude, the line emission intensity increases as well
as galactic latitude decreases in his absolute value.
We can see, a great scale, the structure of the Milky Way in a region inside
47.5 GLON 91, 40 GLAT 37.5.
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We plot the rotation curve of the Milky Way (Distance from the galactic center
vs. Cloud velocity) and we found that the rotation curve is float, that is an
indirect evidence for dark matter in our galaxy.
Introduction Observations Results Conclusions

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Thank you!

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