Grade XII

Physics

Sample Papers
With
Solutions

#GrowWithGreen
 Sample Paper - 1

Time: 3 hrs Maximum Marks : 70

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
1. All questions are compulsory. There are 26 questions in all.
2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and
Section E.
3. Section A contains five questions of one mark each, Section B contains five questions of
two marks each, Section C contains twelve questions of three marks each, Section D
contains one value based question of four marks and Section E contains three questions
of five marks each.
4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one
question of two marks, one question of three marks and all the three questions of five
marks weightage. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
5. You may use the following values of physical constants wherever necessary.
c = 3 108 m/s
h = 6.63 10-34 Js
e = 1.6 10-19 C
o = 4 10-7 T m A-1
0 = 8.854 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2
me = 9.1 10-31 kg
mass of neutron = 1.675 10-27 kg
mass of proton = 1.673 10-27 kg
Avogadros number = 6.023 1023 per gram mole
Boltzmann constant = 1.38 10-23 JK-1

Questions

Section A
1. What is the total charge associated with 50 kg of electrons?

2. Draw graphs to show the variation in resistivity with temperature for a:

(i) Metal
(ii) Semiconductor

3. The instantaneous current and voltage of an a.c. circuit are given by

i = 10sin300t A and
V = 200sin300t V.
 What is the power dissipation in the circuit?

4. Under what conditions is the lens makers equation valid?

5. Label the unlabelled box in the given figure.

Section B
6.

What is the equivalent resistance between terminals A and C of the given circuit?

7. a. A ray of light falls on a transparent slab of refractive index 1.33. What should be the
angle of incidence for the light to be completely polarized?
Does the value of the polarizing angle depend upon the wavelength of the light used?
b. A radio broadcast is possible because radio waves exhibit diffraction and bend around
obstacles (such as buildings). The same phenomenon is, however, not observed for light.
Why?
OR

Define the term wavefront. Draw the wavefront and corresponding rays in the case of a
(i) diverging spherical wave,
(ii) plane wave.

8. How many photons are emitted per second by a 3 mW laser source operating at 650 nm?

9. The number of radioactive nuclei in a sample is 400. How many nuclei disintegrate after
the completion of three half-lives?

10. Write the undesirable effects and their causes during signal transmissions.
 Section C
11. a. Show that an electric dipole, kept at some angle with the direction of a uniform electric
field, experiences a zero net force.
b. Derive the expression for torque, acting on the dipole, placed in a uniform electric field.

12. a. Explain the term voltage sensitivity and current sensitivity with reference to a
galvanometer. How can the sensitivity of a galvanometer be increased?
b. How can a galvanometer be converted into a voltmeter and an ammeter?
OR
a. Name some materials used for making standard resistances. Give reasons for your
choice.
b. A cell of e.m.f. 3 V and internal resistance 0.5 is connected to an external resistance
of 5 . What is the potential difference across the terminals of the cell?
c. Express the resistivity of a conductor in terms of the relaxation time of electrons.

13. An electron and a proton enter a region of uniform magnetic field such that they both
have the same velocity and their velocity is perpendicular to the magnetic field. Find the
ratio of their circular orbits.

14.

Use Lenzs law to determine which of the following two identical coils has a greater
induced current flowing through it.

15. Write any four characteristics of electromagnetic waves. Give two uses each of
(i) radio-waves
(ii) Microwaves.

16. Plot an intensity on screen vs. phase difference graph for the interference pattern obtained
in Youngs double slit experiment, when:
a. Two sources are coherent with each other.
b. Two sources are coherent with each other, but a slit against one of the sources is
closed.
 c. Two sources are incoherent with each other

17. A microscope of magnification 600 uses objective lens of focal length 0.42 cm. The
length of the microscopic tube is 16.2 cm. Find the focal length of the eyepiece. Assume
normal adjustment.

18. How can the value of Plancks constant be determined from a stopping potential versus
radiation frequency graph?

19. Find the magnetic dipole moment of an electron orbiting the proton-nucleus of a hydrogen
atom in terms of orbital angular moment (L), charge on electron (e) and mass of electron
(m).

20. The output characteristic for a common emitter transistor is shown in the given figure.

Use the graph to find out the current amplification factor for the transistor when VCE = 2 V.

21. Answer the following questions:

a. What is an intrinsic semiconductor?
b. What is the ratio of ne and nh in an intrinsic semiconductor?
c. What is the Fermi level?

22. (i) Define point to point communication and broadcast communication with one example
for each mode.
(ii) In a 3 km long optical fibre cable (OFC), pulse dispersion is 2 ns/km. What should be
the interval between pulses passed through the fibre to avoid overlap?

Section D
23. Anup participated in a school discussion on the topic human eye and its defects. All the
students had a long discussion on the working of eye and its defects and ways to correct
them. In the evening, he noticed that his mother was reading a newspaper by placing it at
a distance of 60 cm or more from her eyes. He advised her to consult an eye specialist for
an eye check-up.
 a. Write the value displayed by Anup.

b. Suggest the focal power of the reading spectacles for her so that she may easily read the
newspaper by placing it at a distance of 25 cm from her eyes.

Section E
24.
A solid, non-conducting sphere is imparted a charge density , where R = Radius
of the sphere and r = Distance from the centre of the sphere. Show that:
a. The total charge on the sphere .

b. Field inside the sphere

OR
There exists a uniform, radially directed electric field inside a non-conducting sphere of

radius R. Its magnitude is given by .

Where r is the distance from the centre of the sphere, q ( negative or positive) is the total
charge that exists within the sphere.
a. If V = 0 at the centre, what is V(r) for r < R?
b. What is the potential difference between two points (one situated at the centre
and the other on the surface of the sphere)?
c. If q is positive, which of these two points will be at a higher potential?

25. a. Consider the following setup.

 i. What can be done in order to obtain a large deflection of the galvanometer?
ii. How can the presence of an induced current be detected without using a
galvanometer?
b. Does a changing magnetic flux always produce an induced e.m.f. and an induced
current in a coil?
OR
a. When an inductor is connected to a 100-V DC supply, a current of 1 A flows through it.
When it is connected to a 100-V AC (at 50 cycles/s), a current of 0.5 A flows through it.
Calculate the following:
i. Resistance
ii. Impedance
iii. Inductance of coil
b. The virtual value of a current is 4 A in a 60-cycle AC circuit. What is the value of the

current after it becomes zero?

26. Consider the double slit arrangement given below:

a. A light of wavelength = 833 nm is made incident on the slits.

(i) What is the path difference for the rays from the two slits arriving at point P?
(ii) Express this path difference in terms of .
(iii) Does point P correspond to a maximum, minimum, or intermediate situation?
b. The spectral line of an element present in a star is shifted towards the longer
wavelength side. The star moves away from the Earth with a speed of 6.5 105 m/s.
What is the red shift percentage of the given star?
OR
a. An equi-convex lens of radii of curvature R and refractive index has a medium of
refractive index 1 on one side and a medium of refractive index 2 on the other side. A
beam of light, parallel to its principal axis, is incident on it from the medium with
refractive index 1. Where will the image be formed?
b. What happens to the intensity of the image formed by a lens when the lens is cut in the
middle (i) horizontally and (ii) vertically?

Solutions

Section A
1.
Mass of one electron

Number of electrons in 50 kg

Charge on one electron

Hence, charge associated with 50 kg electrons

.
2.

3. It is given that:
i = 10sin300t A
V = 200sin300t V
Therefore, i0 = 10 A and V0 = 200 V
Hence, average power dissipation = V0i0
= 200 10 = 2000 W

4.

The lens makers equation, is valid only for

i. Thin lenses
ii. Small angles of light rays with the principal axis

5. Power amplifier

Section B
6. The effective circuit is between points A and C:

Since B and D are open:

7. From Brewsters law,
Angle of incidence = Polarizing angle of incident light
= tan 1 ()
= tan 1 1.33
= 53.06
Since the refractive index of a material depends upon the wavelength of the light
incident on it, a polarizing angle depends upon the refractive index of the medium as
= tan p.
b. In order for diffraction to take place, the size of the obstacle must be of the order of
the wavelength of the wave. Short radio waves have wavelengths comparable to the
dimensions of a building. Thus, they exhibit diffraction. Lightwaves, on the other
hand, have much smaller wavelengths. Hence, lightwaves are not observed to diffract
around buildings.
OR
The locus of all the particles of the medium, which at any instant are vibrating in the
same phase, is called the wavefront.
8. Given that
= 650 nm
= 650 10-9 m
Energy of the laser emitted per second, E = 3 mJ

E = 3 10-3J

Energy of one photon, E =

=
= 0.0306 10-17
E = 3.06 10-19J
Number of photons emitted per second

n=
= 9.8 1015

9.

Where N Remaining number of radioactive nuclei

N0 Original number of radioactive nuclei
n Number of half-lives
 Number of radioactive nuclei disintegrated = N0 N = 400 50 = 350

10. There are four undesirable effects during signal transmission. The following table lists
these effects with their respective causes.

Serial Undesirable effect Cause

No.

1 Attenuation Decrease in signal strength due to energy loss

2 Distortion Due to wave form perturbation

3 Interference Due to contamination of extraneous signals

4 Noise Due to random electrical signals

Section C
11.

The direction of force on each charge is shown in the above figure. The magnitude of
these forces i.e., F1 and F2 is qE.
These forces act in two opposite directions, thereby cancelling out each other. Hence,
the net force on the dipole is zero.
b. Torque, = Force Perpendicular distance
 According to the given figure,
= F 2a sin
= qE 2a sin
= (q 2a) E sin
= p E sin (q2a = p, dipole moment)
Then, in vector form:

12. a. Voltage sensitivity:

'Voltage sensitivity' of a galvanometer is defined as the deflection produced in it when
a unit voltage is applied across the two terminals of the galvanometer.
Current sensitivity:
'Current sensitivity' of a galvanometer is defined as the deflection produced in it when
a unit current is made to flow through its coil.
The sensitivity of a galvanometer can be increased by:
i. Increasing the strength of the magnetic field
ii. Increasing the area of cross-section of the coil
iii. Increasing the number of turns in the galvanometer coil
iv. Decreasing the spring constant
b. Converting a galvanometer into a voltmeter:
To convert a galvanometer into a voltmeter, a low-resistance wire has to be connected
in parallel to the galvanometer (as shown in the given figure).

Converting a galvanometer into an ammeter:

To convert a galvanometer into an ammeter, a high-resistance wire has to be connected
in series with the galvanometer (as shown in the given figure).
 OR
a. Alloys such as manganin, constantan, nichrome, etc. are used for making standard
resistances.
They are chosen for the following reasons:
i. High resistivity of alloys
ii. Low temperature coefficient of resistance
b. Given,
e.m.f. E = 3 V
Internal resistance, r = 0.5
External resistance, R = 5

Therefore, the terminal potential difference, .

c. Resistivity in terms of relaxation time of electrons:

Resistivity, (where is the relaxation time of electrons)

13. For a charge q moving with a velocity v in a magnetic field of intensity B, the
centripetal force of revolution is provided by the force on the charge. If r is the radius
of the circle, we can write

(q, v, B being constant in our question.)

Let re and me be the radius and mass of an electron & let rp and mp be the radius and
 mass of a proton.
We can write,

14.

For coil 1, the current induced in the top-half of the loop i.e., is
directed anti-clockwise.

And, the current induced in the bottom-half of the loop i.e., is directed
clockwise.
Thus, the net induced current in coil 1 is 0.

For coil 2, the current induced in top-half of the loop i.e., is directed
anti-clockwise
.

And, the current induced in the bottom-half of the loop i.e., is

directed clockwise.

Thus, the current induced in coil 2 = .

Hence, Coil 2 has a greater induced current flowing through it.

15. Four characteristics of electromagnetic waves are:

(a) They are transverse in nature.
(b) They travel through vacuum with a speed of 3108 m/s.
(c) They do not require material medium for their propagation.
(d) Electric and magnetic fields oscillate perpendicular to each other.
(i) Uses of Radio waves:
(a) Radio transmission
 (b) Radio astronomy
(ii) Uses of Microwaves:
(a) Microwave ovens
(b) Radar systems

16. a. Consider that for each source, the intensity obtained on screen is I0. If the sources
are coherent, then the intensity varies with position between zero and 4I0. This is
represented as (a) in the figure below.

b. If one of the slits is closed, then no interference takes place and the resultant
intensity is the intensity because of one source (net intensity is I0).
This is represented as (b) in the figure below.
c. If the sources are coherent, then the resultant intensity is 2I0, and it does not vary
with position.
This is represented as (c) in the figure below.

17. Magnification of microscope in normal adjustment

fe = 1.60 cm
18. The stopping potential of a metal surface increases with increase in frequency of the
incident radiation and vice-versa. The graph of stopping potential versus frequency is a
straight line as represented in the given figure.

For potential V1, kinetic energy is given by the expression

For potential V2, kinetic energy is given by the expression

Where,
0 = Work function of the metal
h = Plancks constant
e = Electric charge
On subtracting equation (1) from equation (2), we obtain

Hence, Plancks constant is given by the product of electric charge e with the slope of
the line obtained by drawing a graph between stopping potential and frequency.

19. The magnetic dipole momentum is defined as

M = NIA (1)
Here
N=1
 Where
e = Charge on electron
T = Time period for circular motion
Assume, radius of circular path = r
v = Speed of electron

Area = r2
Angular momentum of electron, L = (mv) r
= mvr .(3)
Plug-in the values of N, A and I in equation (1).

This is required relation.

20.
Considering the two values of current at from the graph,

Hence, the current amplification factor is 1000.

21. a. An intrinsic semiconductor is a pure semiconductor, free of any impurities.

 b. , for an intrinsic semiconductor.
c. The highest energy level in the conduction band that may be occupied at absolute
zero temperature is called the Fermi level.

22. (i) Point to point communication mode: In such communication mode, a single
transmitter is linked directly with a single receiver. For example, the communication
mode incorporated in telephones is of this type.
Broadcast mode: In such communication mode, there are large numbers of receivers
linked with a single transmitter. For example, the communication of radio and
television broadcast is of this type.
(ii) Pulse dispersion in an optical fibre cable (OFC) is given as

It is given that,
Pulse dispersion = 2 ns/km = 2 109 s/km
l = 3 km

Section D
23. a. Compassion for others

b. As the person wants to read the newspaper placed at 25 cm, so if

u = - 25 cm than its image should be formed by spectacle lens at v = 50 cm, so that the
defective eye may focus it on retina.
 Section E
24. a. Let us consider a Gaussian surface of radius r inside the sphere.

Charge on .

Therefore, total charge on the sphere:

b. According to Gauss' law, charge enclosed within the surface:

Now, .

Thus,

Or,

Or,

Now, .

Or,

Thus,
OR
a. It is given that V(0) = 0.

Therefore, using r = 0 as reference point, .

Now, E(r) is the radial (as given by ).

 Thus, V(r)

b. For r = R, we have:

Thus, potential difference

c. If q is positive, V will be negative i.e., the centre of the sphere will be at a higher
potential.

25. a.
i. To obtain a large deflection in the galvanometer,
A soft iron rod can be inserted inside coil C2.
Coil C2 can be connected to a powerful battery.
Coil C2 can be moved rapidly towards or away from coil C1.
ii. In the absence of a galvanometer, a low voltage bulb may be included in the
external circuit, connected to coil C1. The bulb will glow when an e.m.f. is
induced in coil C1, indicating the presence of an induced current.
b. A changing magnetic flux always induces an e.m.f. in a coil.
A changing magnetic flux does not always produce an induced current in a coil. Only
if the circuit connected to the coil is closed, then it produces a current in the coil.
OR
a. i. In a DC circuit, Ohmic resistance of coil,

ii. In an AC circuit, impedance of coil,

iii. Let the inductance of coil be L.

b. We know that I = I0 sin t.

Then, I .
Here, Irms = 4 A.
= 60 s1

And, t .

Thus, = 3.33A.
 Hence, the value of the current after it becomes zero is 3.33 A.

26. (a) (i) Path difference,

When as in the given situation, is small.

Thus, .
(y = 2 cm)

Thus,

(ii) In terms of , we can express as:

Or,
(iii) Since the path difference is an integer multiple of the wavelength, the intensity at
P is the maximum.

b. Shift of a distant star towards the longer wavelength

Speed with which the star is receding, v = 6.5 105 m/s
Speed of light in vacuum, c = 3 108 m/s
The red shift of a star is related to receding velocity as:
Hence, the red shift percentage of the given star is 0.22 %.
OR

a. For refraction at the first surface,

For refraction at the second surface,

Hence, the image is formed at .

b.
i. When a lens is cut horizontally in the middle, then the intensity of the image is
reduced.
ii. When a lens is cut vertically in the middle, then the intensity of the image
remains unaffected.
 Sample Paper - 2

Time: 3 hrs Maximum Marks : 70

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
1. All questions are compulsory. There are 26 questions in all.
2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and
Section E.
3. Section A contains five questions of one mark each, Section B contains five questions of
two marks each, Section C contains twelve questions of three marks each, Section D
contains one value based question of four marks and Section E contains three questions
of five marks each.
4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one
question of two marks, one question of three marks and all the three questions of five
marks weightage. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
5. You may use the following values of physical constants wherever necessary.
c = 3 108 m/s
h = 6.63 10-34 Js
e = 1.6 10-19 C
o = 4 10-7 T m A-1
0 = 8.854 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2
me = 9.1 10-31 kg
mass of neutron = 1.675 10-27 kg
mass of proton = 1.673 10-27 kg
Avogadros number = 6.023 1023 per gram mole
Boltzmann constant = 1.38 10-23 JK-1

Questions

Section A
1. What is the virtual value of AC?

2. What happens to the mass of a body as the net charge of the body changes?

3. Which gate is represented by the combination of gates given below?

4. The polarising angle is for a medium is 52. What is its critical angle?

5. A proton behaves as a wave and its de-Broglie wavelength is found to be 9.2 10-10 m.
Find its momentum.

Section B
6. a. What are the differences between AM and FM signals?
b. Draw a block diagram of an AM receiver.

7. Six identical resistors are connected as shown in the figure below.

Find the equivalent resistance between the terminals A and B.

8. The Youngs double-slit experiment is done in the medium of refractive index 4/3. A
light of 600 nm wavelength is falling on the slits having 0.45 mm separation. The
lower slit (s2) is covered by a thin glass sheet of thickness 10.4 m and refractive
index 1.5. The interference pattern is observed on a screen 1.5 m away from the slits.
Ignore dispersion. At the central point of the screen, what is the light intensity relative
to the maximum fringe intensity?
OR
 a. How is the 'work function' of a metal defined?

b. Find the work function of a metal if its threshold wavelength is 7000 ?

9. a. Draw a stability curve showing variation of nuclear stability with the mass number
of the nuclei.
b. Explain why some nuclei undergo fusion, while others undergo fission.

10. Consider a parallel plate capacitor of thickness 3 mm with air between the plates (each
is of area ). Between the plates, a substance of dielectric constant = 6 is
inserted. The voltage supply remains connected. What is the charge on each plate now?

Section C
11. Determine the average binding energy per nucleon for a 12C with an atomic mass of
12.0107. The masses of electron, proton and neutron are given below.

12. A small dipole with a charge of magnitude 2.7 C has its positive end at (-2.2 mm, 0.1
mm) and negative end at (2.4 mm, -2.30 mm) and is placed in a uniform electric field
of E = (5500 i + 3700 j) N/C.
Calculate
a. the torque experienced by the dipole
b. the potential energy of the dipole

13. A ray of light is incident on a rectangular glass slab at an angle of 30. If the thickness
of the slab is 0.2 m and refractive index 1.52, what is the lateral shift produced?

14. a. Graphically, illustrate how a radioactive element decays over time.

b. If the half-life of a radioactive substance is 4 days, then what fraction of the original
radioactive substance which will remain after 8 days?

15. The amplitude of an AM wave varies such that its maximum voltage is 20 mV and
minimum voltage is 5 mV. What is the value of modulation index ()? How would the
modulation index change if the minimum amplitude of the AM wave becomes zero?
OR
 a. Draw a graph showing a plot of amplitude vs for an amplitude-modulated signal.
b. Show a block diagram of a simple modulator consisting of a square law device.

16. a. A Potentiometer wire of length 8 m has a resistance of 24 . It is connected in series

to a cell of e.m.f. 4 V and a resistance box. What resistance should be introduced in the
box to create a potential gradient of 1V/mm in the wire of the potentiometer?
b. Three identical cells, each having e.m.f. 3 V and internal resistance 0.05 , are
connected in series to an external resistance of 6 . What is the current in the circuit?

17. Two slits 0.200 mm apart are 1.8 m from the viewing screen. A light of wavelength
600 nm falls on the slits. Calculate the distance between two consecutive bright
fringes.

18. a. State Maxwells equations.

b. The magnetic field of a plane electromagnetic wave is given by, By= (3 10 7) sin
[103x + 1.510 11t] T. Calculate the wavelength and frequency of the wave.

19. A conductor in the shape of a square loop of edge-length a = 0.5 m carries a current I =
15 A as shown in the figure.
Find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field at the centre of square.

20. a. Draw the input and output characteristics of a transistor in common-emitter

configuration.
b. A transistor connected in common emitter configuration is supplied 10 V to the
collector and the voltage drop across the load resistor of 1 k is 0.6 V. What is the base
current in the circuit is the current gain factor is 0.96?

21. An electron and helium have same de-Broglie wavelength.

(i) Which of the two particles moves faster?
(ii) Which possesses more kinetic energy?
22. a. Although C, Ge, and Si have the same lattice structure, C is an insulator while Ge
and Si are semiconductors. Why?

b. A semiconductor has electron concentration of and hole concentration

of . Determine the conductivity of the semiconductor.

Given that, electron mobility = 2.6 m2V-1s-1, hole mobility = 0.02 m2V-1s-1.

Section D
23. While working in his lab, Manan accidentally knocked down the galvanometer. His
friends told him not to tell the teacher, as that could have got him into trouble. But
Manan decided to tell the teacher anyway. On realising that the incident had been
accidental and not intentional, the teacher did not rebuke Manan. She took the
opportunity to explain the construction of the galvanometer to the class.

a. Describe the principle, working and construction of a moving coil galvanometer.

b. What were the virtues displayed by Manan at the time of crisis?

Section E
24. a. State the properties of electric field lines.
b. Beginning from Gausss law, derive Coulombs law.
c. A thin and long straight wire has a linear charge density . Derive an expression for
the electric field at a distance r from the wire.
OR

a. A solid, non-conducting sphere is imparted a charge density , where R =

Radius of the sphere and r is the distance from the centre of the sphere. Show that the

total charge on the sphere .

b. There are two parallel plates with charges Q1 and Q2. Their areas are M and N
respectively. Calculate the charge distribution on the outer surface of the plate M.
25. a. What are eddy currents? State the undesirable effects of eddy currents. How can
eddy currents be minimized?
b. A solenoid of 100 turns, each turn having a radius of 30 mm, is placed in a varying
magnetic field, as shown in the given figure. The strength of the magnetic field
changes from 1.31 T to 0.59 T in 3 seconds.

c. In a practical AC generator, why is soft iron used as core?

OR
A series LCR AC circuit has a resistance R = 2.5 102 , inductance L = 0.600 H, and
capacitance C = 3.5 F. An AC source of frequency 60 Hz and maximum voltage Vmax
= 1.5 102 V is applied to the circuit.
a. Find the maximum current in the circuit.
b. What is the phase difference between current and voltage?
c. What inference can be drawn from the sign angling the phase difference?

26. a. State the prism formula. When is the deviation of a ray of light, incident on a prism,
maximum?
b. A prism of an angle of 42 has minimum deviation of 18. Determine the refractive
index of the prism material.
c. The field lens of the telescope has the focal length 100 cm and the eyepiece has the
focal length 10 cm. The least distance of distinct vision is 25 cm. If the telescope is
focused for distinct vision 4 m from the field lens then what is the separation between
the field lens and the eyepiece?
OR
a. List some ways of decreasing the fringe width obtained in the interference pattern of
a double-slit experiment.
b. In a double-slit experiment, the angular width of each fringe formed on a distant
screen is 0.2. What is the distance between the two slits, if the wavelength of light

used is 6000 ?
 Solutions

Section A
1. The virtual value or the root mean square value of AC is defined as the value of steady
current, which will generate the same amount of heat in a given resistance and time (as
is generated by the AC when it passes through the same resistance for the same time).

2. Charging is the actual transfer of electrons from one body to the other. When an object
is charged positively, some of the electrons get removed from it. Hence, mass of the
object gets slightly reduced. When the object is charged negatively, some of the
electrons get added to it. Hence, mass of the object gets slightly large. This change is
negligible for large masses.

3. The output of the circuit is given as follows:

4. p = 52
= tan p = tan 52 = 1.279
 Now,

5. We know
Error
where h = 6.63 X 10-34J s is the Plancks constant.
Given that = 9.2 10-10 m

Then momentum is
34
p = 6.631010 = 0.721024 kg m2 s2
9.210

Section B
6. a. (i)AM signals modify the amplitude of a carrier wave, whereas FM signals modify
the frequency of a carrier wave.
(ii) AM signals are more susceptible to noise than FM signals.
(iii) The audio quality of FM signals is much better than that of AM signals.

b.

7. Resistances along the respective sides of the triangle ABC are

We want to find net resistance across AB (Rnet).

Here, R and R/2 in series, so equivalent of R and R/2 will be 3R/2.
Now, 3R/2 and R/3 are in parallel.
So,
8.

Intensity, I0 = Imax cos2

Therefore,

OR

a. The amount of energy required to be supplied to an electron of a metal, to remove it

from the surface of the metal, to a point just outside the surface is called the 'work
function' of a metal.
b. We know

9. a.
 b. The elements with mass numbers less than 40 thus have a tendency to fuse together
to achieve stability. These elements may undergo nuclear fusion.

The elements with mass numbers greater than 120 have a tendency to split up in order
to go up the stability curve. Hence, these elements may undergo nuclear fission.

10. If dielectric is inserted, the capacitance becomes:

C = KC
6 18 pF
The charge on plates is Q = C V

= 108 1012 100

= 1.08 108 coulomb

Section C
11. Mass of 6 protons = 6 1.00727 = 6.04362 amu
Mass of 6 neutrons = 6 1.00866 = 6.05196 amu
Mass of 6 electrons = 6 0.00055 = 0.0033 amu

Total mass of the components of 12C = 6.04362 + 6.05196 + 0.0033 = 12.09888 amu.
Mass of the 12C atom (given) = 12.0107 amu
Mass defect = 12.09888 12.0107 = 0.08818 amu
Binding energy = 931 0.08818 (in amu)
= 82.0956 MeV
Hence, the average binding energy per nuclear is = 82.0956
12
= 6.84 M eV .

12.
a.
Here

= length of the dipole

So = (2.2 i + 0.1 j) mm (2.4 i 2.3 j) mm

Or

= (4.6 i + 2.4 j) mm
 So = 2.7 106 (4.6 i + 2.4 j)
a. The torque experienced by a dipole in electric filed is given as

b. The potential energy of the dipole is given as

Now, by using appropriate values, we get

13. i = 30, = 1.52, t = 0.2 m

or r = 19.2
14. a.

b.

15.

If then the modulation index, () = 1

OR
a.
 b.

16. a. Resistance of the potentiometer wire, R = 24

Required potential gradients = 1 V/mm

Length of the potentiometer wire, l = 8 m

Thus, the potential drop along the potentiometer wire, V = 8 103 V.

Current through the potentiometer wire, .

If R is the resistance in the resistance box, then or .

Or, .
Hence, the resistance of the box should be 11.99 k to create a potential gradient of
1V/mm in the wire of the potentiometer.
b. Total e.m.f., E = 3 2 = 6 V
 Total resistance, R = 3 Internal resistance + 1 External resistance in series
= 3 0.05 + 6
= 6.15

Current in the circuit,

17. We have
d = 0.200 mm = 2 104 m
= 600 109 m
L = 1.8 m
For the first order bright fringe, we have

This angle is very small, so we can take sin 1 1 = 3 103 rad.

The first order fringe occurs at a distance x1 from the centre of the screen, so

The second order bright fringe occurs at

So, the distance between the two consecutive bright fringes = 10.8 mm 5.4 mm
= 5.4 mm
18. a. Maxwells equations:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

b. Standard equation is given by

Comparing, we get
19.
Magnetic field due to a current carrying wire at distance given by

All sides produce same magnetic field in the same direction into the paper.
So, BN = 4B

a.

20.
 b.

21. (i) De-Broglie wavelength is given by,

Where,
h = Plancks constant
= Wavelength

p = Momentum

Since de-Broglie wavelength for both the particles is the same, the momentum of both
the particles is also the same.
 Where,

= Mass of electron

= Velocity of electron

= Mass of helium

= Velocity of helium

Hence, the electron is faster than helium.

(ii) Kinetic energy of a particle is given by,

Hence, the electron has more kinetic energy than helium.

22. a. The four valence electrons of C, Si, and Ge lie in the second, third, and fourth orbits
respectively. The valence electrons are thus, most strongly bound in C and loosely
bound in Ge than Si. Therefore, C does not have any free electrons for conduction.
Hence, it is an insulator. In case of Si and Ge, the possibility of free electrons is far
greater. Hence, they are semiconductors.

b. We know
 Given that

So,

Section D
23. a. Principle:
Its working is based on the fact that when a current-carrying coil is placed in a
magnetic field, it experiences a torque.

Working:
Suppose the coil PQRS is suspended freely in the magnetic field.
Let, l = Length PQ or RS of the coil
b = Breadth QR or SP of the coil
n = Number of turns in the coil
 Area of each turn of the coil, A = l b

Let B = Strength of the magnetic field in which coil is suspended

I = Current passing through the coil in the direction PQRS
Let at any instant, be the angle, which the normal drawn on the plane of the coil
makes with the direction of magnetic field.
The rectangular coil carrying current when placed in the magnetic field experiences a
torque whose magnitude is given by: = nIBA sin

Due to deflecting torque, the coil rotates and suspension wire gets twisted. A restoring
torque is set up in the suspension wire.
Let be the twist produced in the phosphor bronze strip due to rotation of the coil and
K be the restoring torque per unit twist of the phosphor bronze strip. Then,
Total restoring torque produced = K

In equilibrium position of the coil, deflecting torque = restoring torque

NIBA = k

Or,

Where [constant for a galvanometer]

It is known as galvanometer constant.

b. Courage to tell the truth, gratitude to his teacher for her patience and tolerance

Section E
24. a. The following are the properties of electric field lines:
(i) They do not intersect each other.
(ii) They emerge from a positive charge and converge at a negative charge. They,
however, do not form closed loops.
(iii) The direction of the electric field lines at a point gives the direction of the force
experienced by a unit positive charge at that point.
(iv) The density of the electric field lines represents the magnitude of the electric field.

b. Coulombs law quantizes the electric force on a charge q0 due to a charge q at a

distance r.
We draw a spherical Gaussian surface containing a point P, which has a test charge q0,
enclosing a point charge q.
On applying Gausss law to this Gaussian surface,we obtain:

( and are in the same direction)

c. A symmetrical Gaussian surface with a radius r and length l is drawn around the line
charge (as shown below).
On applying Gausss law,

( The flux through the upper and lower surface of cylinder is zero)

OR

a. Let us consider a Gaussian surface of radius r inside the sphere.

Charge on .

Therefore, total charge on the sphere:

b. Consider the closed Gaussian surface as indicated by the dashed line. The flux
through two faces, which lie inside the plates, is zero because there is no electric field
inside the conductors. The flux through other four surfaces is zero because electric field
lines do not pass through there surfaces.

Therefore, the electric flux through the closed surface is zero. From the Gausss law,
the total charge enclosed should be zero. Hence, the charge on two opposite faces
should be equal and opposite. The distribution is shown in the other figure.
To find q, we consider a point P inside plate N. Let the area of the plates be A.

Using the electric field at P due to:

Charge (towards right)

Charge (towards right)

 Charge (towards left)

Charge (towards left)

Therefore, the net field at P due to all charges is:

Since point P is inside the conductor, this field should be zero.

Therefore, or

The charge on left surface of M is:

And the charge on the right surface of N is:

Therefore, the charge distribution is as shown in the figure below.

25. a. Eddy currents:

When a metal piece is subjected to a varying magnetic field, a large number of small
current loops appear inside the metal piece. These are called eddy currents.

Undesirable effects of eddy currents:

(i) They cause unwanted heating.
(ii) They cause loss of energy.

Eddy currents can be minimized by making use of laminated slices of core instead of
taking one single core.

b. The emf induced in a coil is given by Faradays law of electromagnetic induction.

The induced emf is given by , where:

N =Number of turns in the solenoid = 100
= Change in flux across the solenoid
= Change in time = 3 s

Now, change in flux = , where:

A = Cross-sectional area of the solenoid
r = Radius of the coil of the solenoid = 30 mm =

= Change in strength of the magnetic field =

Thus, the magnitude of the induced emf in the solenoid, as read by the galvanometer, is
0.07 V.

c. Soft-iron core concentrates the magnetic field lines into the armature coil so that the
magnetic flux associated with the coil increases. This ensures a large e.m.f. to be
developed by an AC generator.

OR
a. Resistance, R = 2.5 102

Capacitative reactance,

Inductive reactance, XL = L
= 2fL
= 2 60 0.60
= 226

Impendance,
 Maximum current,

b. Phase angle between voltage and current,

c. A positive sign in the phase difference implies that current leads voltage. Similarly, a
negative sign in the phase difference implies that current lags voltage.

26. a. Prism formula:

When the angle of incidence of the ray of light is 90, the deviation becomes
maximum.

b. We have
Angle of prism, A = 420
Minimum donation angle, m = 180
Refractive index of material, n= ?
Now
 n = 1.395
We have
Angle of prism, A = 420
Minimum donation angle, m = 180
Refractive index of material, n= ?
Now

n = 1.395

c. For field lens,

For eye piece,

OR

a. The fringe width can be decreased by:

i. Using light of smaller wavelength
 ii. Decreasing the distance between the slits and the screen
iii. Increasing spacing between the two slits
iv. Replacing the medium between the slits and the screen with a medium of higher
wavelength

Angular width of fringe, [where D = Distance between the slits and screen, and
= Fringe width]

[where d = Distance between the two slits]

Hence, the distance between the slits is 1.72 104 m.