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2
1 2
1 x x
uniform loading uniform loading 2D elements are connected at common nodes
and/or along common edges to form continuous
structures.
Fixed boundary
Fixed boundary
Element
Finite element
Nodal compatibility is enforced during the
Cantilever plate Cantilever plate
model formulation of the nodal equilibrium equations.
in plane strain in plane strain
If proper displacement functions are chosen,
compatibility along common edges is obtained.
Node
Example Problems.
Now lets derive the spring element equations and stiffness matrix using the principal of minimum
potential energy. Consider the linear spring subjected to nodal forces shown below:
stress-strain matrix
(constitutive matrix)
Plane Strain
stress-strain matrix
(constitutive matrix)
Consider the problem of a thin plate subjected to a tensile Step 1 : Discretize and Select element types
load as shown below Discretize the thin plate into a set of triangular elements. Each element
is defined by nodes i, j, and m. Each node has 2 DOFs (displacements in x-,y-
directions)
vm m(xm,ym)
y um
vj
vi
j(xj,yj)
uj
ui
i(xi,yi)
x A linear displacement function ensures that the displacements along each edge of
the element and the nodes shared by adjacent elements are equal.
Step 3 : Define the Strain-Displacement and Stress-Strain Relationships
Elemental Strains: The strains over a 2D element are:
Step 4: Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix and Equations using the Total
Potential Energy Approach
The total potential energy is defined as the sum of the internal strain energy U and
the potential energy of the external forces :
Step 5: Assemble the Element Equations to obtain the Global Equations and
Introduce the Boundary Conditions
The global stiffness matrix can be found by the direct stiffness method.
The global equivalent nodal load vector is obtained by lumping body forces and
distributed loads at the appropriate nodes as well as including any concentrated
loads.
Recall that: