09/09/2015

2-2 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY 2-2 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY

POLYGONS, AND OGIVES. POLYGONS, AND OGIVES.
After organizing and summarizing the data, The three (3) most commonly used graphs
one can present the data in graphical form. in research and statistics are:

The purpose of presenting the data in A.TheHistogram

graphical form is to allow public understand
B.TheFrequency Polygon
your finding easily, since not ALL people are
familiar with STATISTICS. C.The Ogive / The Cumulative Frequency
Graph
Also, statisticians can analyze and describe
the data easily through the graphical form.

2-2 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY 2-2 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY

POLYGONS, AND OGIVES. POLYGONS, AND OGIVES.
A. HISTOGRAMS: Examples of Histograms:
A graph that displays the data by using
contiguous vertical bars (unless the
frequency of a class is 0) of various heights
to present the frequencies of the classes.

2-2 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY 2-2 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY

POLYGONS, AND OGIVES. POLYGONS, AND OGIVES.
The difference between Histogram and Bar
Graph / Chart:

No gaps between Gaps exists between the

the bars bars

1
 09/09/2015

2-2 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY 2-2 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY

POLYGONS, AND OGIVES. POLYGONS, AND OGIVES.
Axes used in plotting Histogram: Procedure to plot a Histogram:
Frequency Step 1: Draw and label the x and y axes.
x-axis as horizontal axis and y-axis as
vertical axis.

Step 2: Represents x-axis by class

boundaries of the variable of study, while y-
axis represents the frequency.

Step 3: Draw vertical bars for each class,

using frequencies as the heights.
Class Boundaries (Variable of study)

2-2 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY 2-2 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY

POLYGONS, AND OGIVES. POLYGONS, AND OGIVES.
Solution:
Example: Present the data provided below by a
histogram. Frequency

Class limit Class Frequency Cumulative

boundaries frequency 5

97 103 96.5 - 103.5 2 2

4
104 110 103.5 - 110.5 4 6
111 117 110.5 - 117.5 2 8
3
118 124 117.5 - 124.5 4 12
125 131 124.5 - 131.5 5 17 2

132 138 131.5 - 138.5 1 18

1
139 145 138.5 - 145.5 4 22
146 152 145.5 - 152.5 2 24 Class
96.5 103.5 110.5 117.5 124.5 131.5 138.5 145.5 152.5
Boundary

2-2 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY

EXERCISE 5 POLYGONS, AND OGIVES.
Present the frequency distribution below by a histogram. Solution:

X Frequency, f
59 8 X Class boundary Frequency, f
10 14 14
15 19 29
20 24 40
25 29 38
30 34 22
35 39 9

2
 09/09/2015

2-2 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY 2-2 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY

POLYGONS, AND OGIVES. POLYGONS, AND OGIVES.
B. FREQUENCY POLYGONS: Example of Frequency Polygon:
A graph that displays the data by using
lines that connect points for the Frequency
frequencies at the midpoints of the Polygon
classes. The frequencies are represented
by the heights of the points.

2-2 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY 2-2 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY

POLYGONS, AND OGIVES. POLYGONS, AND OGIVES.
Axes used in plotting Frequency Polygon:

Frequency

Midpoints (Variable of study)

2-2 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY 2-2 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY

POLYGONS, AND OGIVES. POLYGONS, AND OGIVES.
Step 3: Plot the point of each class. * Note:
Frequency Polygon can be plotted on top

Step 4: Connect adjacent points with line
segments. Draw a line back to the x-axis at
the beginning and the end of graph, at the
same distance that the previous and next
midpoints would be located.
of Histogram, by taking the midpoints of
each bar in Histogram, and then join with
line segment (straight lines), as shown in
the previous example.

3
 09/09/2015

2-2 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY

2-2 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY
POLYGONS, AND OGIVES.
POLYGONS, AND OGIVES.
Frequency
Example: Plot the frequency polygon for the
data below 5

Class limit Class Frequency Midpoint

4
boundaries
97 103 96.5 - 103.5 2 100
3
104 110 103.5 - 110.5 4 107
111 117 110.5 - 117.5 2 114 2

118 124 117.5 - 124.5 4 121

1
125 131 124.5 - 131.5 5 128
132 138 131.5 - 138.5 1 135 Class
96.5 103.5 110.5 117.5 124.5 131.5 138.5 145.5 152.5
139 145 138.5 - 145.5 4 142 Boundary
146 152 145.5 - 152.5 2 149

2-2 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY

EXERCISE 6 POLYGONS, AND OGIVES.

Construct a frequency polygon to Solution:

represent the data show below: X Class Boundary Frequency, f Midpoint

X Frequency, f
40 49 6
50 59 10
60 69 16
70 79 14
80 89 10
90 99 4

2-2 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY 2-2 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY

POLYGONS, AND OGIVES. POLYGONS, AND OGIVES.

Frequency Polygon for X C. OGIVE / CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY

18 GRAPH:
16
A graph that represents the cumulative
frequencies for the classes in a frequency
14

12

10
distribution.
Frequency
8

0
0 35.5 45.5 55.5 65.5 75.5 85.5 95.5 105.5

4
 09/09/2015

2-2 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY 2-2 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY

POLYGONS, AND OGIVES. POLYGONS, AND OGIVES.
Axes used in plotting Ogive:
Example of Ogive:
Cumulative
Frequency

Upper Class Boundaries (Variable of study)

2-2 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY 2-2 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY

POLYGONS, AND OGIVES. POLYGONS, AND OGIVES.

Procedure to plot an Ogive:
Step 1: Find the cumulative frequency of
each class.
Step 2: Draw and label the x and y axes.
Represents x-axis by upper class boundaries
of the variable of study, while y-axis
represents the cumulative frequency.
Step 3: Plot the point of each of the upper
class boundary.
Step 4: Starting with the first upper class
boundary, connect adjacent points with a
smooth curve. Then extend the graph to the
first lower class boundary on the x-axis.

2-2 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY 2-2 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY

POLYGONS, AND OGIVES. POLYGONS, AND OGIVES.

Example: By using the data below plot an Solution:

ogive.
X Frequency, f Cumulative Class Boundary
Frequency
X Frequency, f
40 49 6
50 59 10
60 69 16
70 79 14
80 89 10
90 99 4

5
 09/09/2015

2-2 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY 2-2 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY

POLYGONS, AND OGIVES. POLYGONS, AND OGIVES.
Ogive for X Exercise 1: Based on the distribution
70
below, construct an ogive.
60

50
X Frequency
40 140 144 5
Cumulative
Frequency 30 145 149 18
20 150 154 42
10 155 159 27
0 160 164 8
39.5 49.5 59.5 69.5 79.5 89.5 99.5 109.5
X

2-2 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY

POLYGONS, AND OGIVES. 2-3 OTHER TYPES OF GRAPHS

Exercise 2: 10 students were asked to Besides Histogram, Frequency Polygon, and

solve a simple mathematics problem and Ogive, several other types of graphs also often used
by statisticians in presenting their data.
the time taken by each student was noted.
Examples of other types of graphs that often used
Based on the distribution below, construct
in statistics:
an ogive.
a)Bar Graphs
Time (seconds) Frequency
b)Pareto Charts
10 19 1 c)Time Series Graphs
20 29 3 d)Pie Charts
30 39 4
40 49 2

2-3 OTHER TYPES OF GRAPHS 2-3 OTHER TYPES OF GRAPHS

a) Bar Graphs: b) Pareto Charts:

Used to represents data by using vertical or Used to represent a frequency distribution for a
horizontal bars whose heights or lengths categorical variable, and the frequencies are
represents the frequencies of the data. displayed by the heights of vertical bars, which
are arranged in order from highest to lowest.

Vertical Bar Graph Bars are arranged

from highest to
lowest frequency

6
 09/09/2015

2-3 OTHER TYPES OF GRAPHS 2-3 OTHER TYPES OF GRAPHS

c) Time Series Graphs: d) Pie Charts:
Used to represent data that occur over a specific It is a circle that is divided into sections or
period of time. wedges according to the percentage of
frequencies in each category of the distribution.

Changes in
number of
customers over
a certain period
of time

EXERCISE EXERCISE
The scores of 24 students who are entering their
In a study of students grade point average (GPA), the
following data is obtained. Construct a frequency first year of high school are as below. Construct a
distribution using 7 classes. grouped frequency distribution using the class size
of 7 starts with 97 103.
3.2 2.0 3.3 2.3 2.1 3.9 1.1 3.3
1.9 1.7 0.8 2.6 0.6 4.0 3.5 2.3 115 119 119 134 128 128 152
1.6 2.8 2.6 1.6 1.6 2.4 2.6 2.3 121 97 108 98 130 108 110
3.8 2.1 2.9 3.0 1.7 4.0 1.2 3.1 111 122 106 142 143 140 141
Construct histogram, frequency polygon and ogive for 151 125 126
the data Construct histogram, frequency polygon and ogive
for the data