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Pumpkin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Pumpkin (disambiguation).

Several large pumpkins

A pumpkin is a cultivar of a squash plant, most commonly of Cucurbita pepo, that is round, with
smooth, slightly ribbed skin, and deep yellow to orange coloration. The thick shell contains the seeds
and pulp. Some exceptionally large cultivars of squash with similar appearance have also been
derived from Cucurbita maxima. Specific cultivars of winter squash derived from other species,
including C. argyrosperma, and C. moschata, are also sometimes called "pumpkin". In New
Zealand and Australian English, the term pumpkin generally refers to the broader category called
winter squash elsewhere.
Native to North America,[1] pumpkins are widely grown for commercial use and are used both in food
and recreation. Pumpkin pie, for instance, is a traditional part of Thanksgiving meals in Canada and
the United States, although commercially canned pumpkin puree and pumpkin pie fillings are usually
made from different kinds of winter squash than the pumpkins frequently carved as jack-o'-
lanterns for decoration around Halloween.

Contents
[hide]

1Description

2Etymology
 3Terminology

4Taxonomy

5Cultivation

o 5.1In the United States

o 5.2Giant pumpkins

6Nutrition

7Uses

o 7.1Cooking

o 7.2Seeds

7.2.1Pumpkin seed oil

o 7.3Other uses

8Culture

o 8.1Halloween

o 8.2Chunking

o 8.3Pumpkin festivals and competitions

o 8.4Folklore and fiction

8.4.1Folklore

8.4.2Fiction

9See also

10References

11Further reading

12External links

Description
Pumpkins in a garden

A pumpkin flower attached to the vine

Pumpkins, like other squash, are thought to have originated in North America. The oldest evidence,
pumpkin-related seeds dating between 7000 and 5500 BC, was found in Mexico.[2][3]
Since some squash share the same botanical classifications as pumpkins, the names are frequently
used interchangeably. One often-used botanical classification relies on the characteristics of the
stems: pumpkin stems are more rigid, prickly, and angular (with an approximate five-degree angle)
than squash stems, which are generally softer, more rounded, and more flared where joined to the
fruit.[4][5] Pumpkin fruits are a type of botanical berry known as a pepo.[6][7]

Male (top) and female (bottom) pumpkin flowers

Traditional C. pepo pumpkins generally weigh between 6 and 18 pounds (2.7 and 8.2 kg), though the
largest cultivars (of the species C. maxima) regularly reach weights of over 75 pounds (34 kg).[8]
The color of pumpkins derives from orange carotenoid pigments, including beta-
cryptoxanthin, alpha and beta carotene, all of which are provitamin A compounds converted
to vitamin A in the body.[9]

Etymology
The word pumpkin originates from the word pepon (), which is Greek for "large melon",
something round and large.[10] The French adapted this word to pompon, which the British changed
to pumpion and later American colonists changed that to the word that is used today, pumpkin.[2]

Terminology
The term pumpkin has no agreed upon botanical or scientific meaning, [11] and is used
interchangeably with "squash" and "winter squash" in some areas. In many areas, including North
America and the United Kingdom, pumpkin traditionally refers to only certain round, orange varieties
of winter squash, predominantly derived from Cucurbita pepo, while in Australian
English, pumpkin can refer to winter squash of any appearance.[12]

Taxonomy
All pumpkins are winter squash: mature fruit of certain species in the genus Cucurbita.
Characteristics commonly used to define "pumpkin" include smooth and slightly ribbed skin, [13] and
deep yellow to orange[13] color. Circa 2005, white pumpkins had become increasingly popular in the
United States.[14] Other colors, including dark green (as with some oilseed pumpkins), also exist.

Cultivation
Pumpkins are grown all around the world for a variety of reasons ranging from agricultural purposes
(such as animal feed) to commercial and ornamental sales.[15] Of the seven continents,
only Antarctica is unable to produce pumpkins; the biggest international producers of pumpkins
include the United States, Canada, Mexico, India, and China.[2][16] The traditional American pumpkin
used for jack-o-lanterns is the Connecticut Field variety.[15][17][18][19]
In the United States

A pumpkin patch in Winchester, Oregon

As one of the most popular crops in the United States, 1.5 billion pounds (680,000,000 kilograms or
680,000 tonnes) of pumpkins are produced each year.[20] The top pumpkin-
producing states include Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and California.[15]
According to the Illinois Department of Agriculture, 95% of the U.S. crop intended for processing is
grown in Illinois.[21] Nestl, operating under the brand name Libby's, produces 85% of the processed
pumpkin in the United States, at their plant in Morton, Illinois. In the fall of 2009, rain in Illinois
devastated the Nestl crop, resulting in a shortage affecting the entire country during the
Thanksgiving holiday season.[22]
Pumpkins are a warm-weather crop that is usually planted in early July. The specific conditions
necessary for growing pumpkins require that soil temperatures three inches (7.6 cm) deep are at
least 60 F (15.5 C) and soil that holds water well. Pumpkin crops may suffer if there is a lack of
water or because of cold temperatures (in this case, below 65 F (18.3 C); frost can be detrimental),
and sandy soil with poor water retention or poorly drained soils that become waterlogged after heavy
rain. Pumpkins are, however, rather hardy, and even if many leaves and portions of the vine are
removed or damaged, the plant can very quickly re-grow secondary vines to replace what was
removed.[20]
Pumpkins produce both a male and female flower; honeybees play a significant role in fertilization.
[20]
Pumpkins have historically been pollinated by the native squash bee Peponapis pruinosa, but this
bee has declined, probably at least in part to pesticide sensitivity,[23] and today most commercial
plantings are pollinated by honeybees. One hive per acre (4,000 m per hive) is recommended by
the U.S. Department of Agriculture. If there are inadequate bees for pollination, gardeners often have
to hand pollinate. Inadequately pollinated pumpkins usually start growing but abort before full
development.
Giant pumpkins
"Giant pumpkins" are a large squash (within the group of common squash Cucurbita maxima) that
can exceed 1 tonne in weight.[24][25]The variety arose from the large squash of South America through
the efforts of botanical societies and enthusiast farmers.[24]
Such germplasm is commercially provocative, and in 1986 the United States extended protection for
the giant squash.[citation needed]
See #Pumpkin festivals and competitions below.

Nutrition
Pumpkin, raw

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy 109 kJ (26 kcal)

Carbohydrates 6.5 g

Sugars 2.76 g

Dietary fiber 0.5 g

Fat 0.1 g

Protein 1g
Vitamins

Vitamin A equiv. (53%)

beta-carotene 426 g

lutein zeaxanthin (29%)

3100 g

1500 g

Thiamine (B1) (4%)

0.05 mg

Riboflavin (B2) (9%)

0.11 mg

Niacin (B3) (4%)

0.6 mg

Pantothenic acid (B5) (6%)

0.298 mg

Vitamin B6 (5%)

0.061 mg

Folate (B9) (4%)

16 g

Vitamin C (11%)

9 mg

Vitamin E (3%)

0.44 mg

Vitamin K (1%)

1.1 g
Minerals

Calcium (2%)

21 mg

Iron (6%)

0.8 mg

Magnesium (3%)

12 mg

Manganese (6%)

0.125 mg

Phosphorus (6%)

44 mg

Potassium (7%)

340 mg

Sodium (0%)

1 mg

Zinc (3%)

0.32 mg

Other constituents

Water 91.6 g

Full Link to USDA Database entry

Units

g = micrograms mg = milligrams
 IU = International units

Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for

adults.

In a 100-gram amount, raw pumpkin provides 26 Calories and is an excellent source (20% or more
the Daily Value, DV) of provitamin A beta-carotene and vitamin A (53% DV) (table). Vitamin C is
present in moderate content (11% DV), but no other nutrients are in significant amounts (less than
10% DV, table). Pumpkin is 92% water, 6.5% carbohydrate, 0.1% fat and 1% protein (table).

Uses
Cooking

Pumpkin pie is a popular way of preparing pumpkin.

Pumpkins are very versatile in their uses for cooking. Most parts of the pumpkin are edible, including
the fleshy shell, the seeds, the leaves, and even the flowers. In the United States and Canada,
pumpkin is a popular Halloween and Thanksgiving staple.[26] Pumpkin pure is sometimes prepared
and frozen for later use.[27]

A can of pureed pumpkin, typically used as the main ingredient in pumpkin pie

When ripe, the pumpkin can be boiled, steamed, or roasted. In its native North America, it is a very
important, traditional part of the autumn harvest, eaten mashed[28] and making its way into soups and
purees. Often, it is made into pie, various kinds of which are a traditional staple of the Canadian and
American Thanksgiving holidays. In Canada, Mexico, the United States, Europe and China, the
seeds are often roasted and eaten as a snack.
Pumpkins that are still small and green may be eaten in the same way as squash or zucchini. In
the Middle East, pumpkin is used for sweet dishes; a well-known sweet delicacy is called halawa
yaqtin. In South Asian countries such as India, pumpkin is cooked with butter, sugar, and spices in a
dish called kadu ka halwa. Pumpkin is used to make sambar in Udupi cuisine.
In Guangxi province, China, the leaves of the pumpkin plant are consumed as a cooked vegetable or
in soups. In Australia and New Zealand, pumpkin is often roasted in conjunction with other
vegetables. In Japan, small pumpkins are served in savory dishes, including tempura. In Myanmar,
pumpkins are used in both cooking and desserts (candied). The seeds are a popular sunflower seed
substitute. In Thailand, small pumpkins are steamed with custard inside and served as a dessert. In
Vietnam, pumpkins are commonly cooked in soups with pork or shrimp. In Italy, it can be used with
cheeses as a savory stuffing for ravioli. Also, pumpkin can be used to flavor both alcoholic and
nonalcoholic beverages.
In the southwestern United States and Mexico, pumpkin and squash flowers are a popular and
widely available food item. They may be used to garnish dishes, and they may be dredged in a
batter then fried in oil. Pumpkin leaves are a popular vegetable in the Western and central regions
of Kenya; they are called seveve, and are an ingredient of mukimo,[29] respectively, whereas the
pumpkin itself is usually boiled or steamed. The seeds are popular with children who roast them on a
pan before eating them.
Other than the traditionally defined pumpkin, commercially canned "pumpkin" puree and pumpkin pie
fillings may contain other winter squashes, such as butternut squash.
Seeds

Salted pumpkin seeds

Main article: Pepita

Pumpkin seeds, also known as pepitas, are edible and nutrient-rich. They are about 1.5 cm (0.5 in)
long, flat, asymmetrically oval, light green in color and usually covered by a white husk, although
some pumpkin varieties produce seeds without them. Pumpkin seeds are a popular snack that can
be found hulled or semi-hulled at most grocery stores. Per ounce serving, pumpkin seeds are a good
source of protein, magnesium, copper and zinc.[30]
Pumpkin seed oil
Pumpkin seed oil

Pumpkin seed oil, a thick oil pressed from roasted pumpkin seeds, appears red or green in color
depending on the oil layer thickness, container properties and hue shift of the observer's vision.[31]
[32]
When used for cooking or as a salad dressing, pumpkin seed oil is generally mixed with other oils
because of its robust flavor.[33] Used in cooking in central and eastern Europe, it is considered a
delicacy in traditional local cuisines such as for pumpkin soup, potato salad or even vanilla ice
cream.[citation needed] Pumpkin seed oil contains fatty acids, such as oleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid.[34]
Other uses
Canned pumpkin is often recommended by veterinarians as a dietary supplement for dogs and cats
that are experiencing certain digestive ailments such as constipation, diarrhea, or hairballs. The high
fiber content helps to aid proper digestion.[35]
Raw pumpkin can be fed to poultry, as a supplement to regular feed, during the winter to help
maintain egg production, which usually drops off during the cold months. [36]
Pumpkins have been used as folk medicine by Native Americans to treat intestinal worms and
urinary ailments, and this Native American remedy was adopted by American doctors in the early
nineteenth century as an anthelmintic for the expulsion of worms.[37] In Germany and southeastern
Europe, seeds of C. pepo were also used as folk remedies to treat irritable bladder and benign
prostatic hyperplasia.[38][39] In China, C. moschata seeds were also used in traditional Chinese
medicine for the treatment of the parasitic disease schistosomiasis[40] and for the expulsion of tape
worms.[41] Chinese studies have found that a combination of pumpkin seed and areca nut extracts
was effective in the expulsion of Taenia spp. tapeworms in over 89% of cases.[42][43][44]

Culture
Halloween

A pumpkin carved into a jack-o'-lantern for Halloween

Pumpkins are commonly carved into decorative lanterns called jack-o'-lanterns for
the Halloween season in North America. Throughout Britain and Ireland, there is a long tradition of
carving lanterns from vegetables, particularly the turnip, mangelwurzel, or swede.[45][46] The practice of
carving pumpkins for Halloween originated from an Irish myth about a man named "Stingy Jack".
[15]
The turnip has traditionally been used in Ireland and Scotland at Halloween, [47] but immigrants to
North America used the native pumpkin, which are both readily available and much larger making
them easier to carve than turnips.[47] Not until 1837, does jack-o'-lantern appear as a term for a
carved vegetable lantern,[48] and the carved pumpkin lantern association with Halloween is recorded
in 1866.[49]
In the United States, the carved pumpkin was first associated with the harvest season in general,
long before it became an emblem of Halloween.[50] In 1900, an article on Thanksgiving entertaining
recommended a lit jack-o'-lantern as part of the festivities that encourage kids and families to join
together to make their own jack-o'-lanterns.[50]
Association of pumpkins with harvest time and pumpkin pie at Canadian and
American Thanksgiving reinforce its iconic role. Starbucks turned this association into marketing with
its pumpkin spice latte, introduced in 2003.[51] This has led to a notable trend in pumpkin and spice
flavored food products in North America.[52] This is despite the fact that North Americans rarely buy
whole pumpkins to eat other than when carving jack-o'-lanterns.
Chunking
Pumpkin chunking is a competitive activity in which teams build various mechanical devices
designed to throw a pumpkin as far as possible. Catapults, trebuchets, ballistas and air cannons are
the most common mechanisms. Some pumpkin chunkers breed and grow special varieties of
pumpkin under specialized conditions to improve the pumpkin's chances of surviving a throw.
Pumpkin festivals and competitions

Giant pumpkins cultivated for size competitions

"Giant pumpkins" are orange variants of the giant squash, Cucurbita maxima. Growers of these
"pumpkins" often compete to see whose pumpkins are the most massive. Festivals are often
dedicated to the pumpkin and these competitions.
The record for the world's heaviest pumpkin, 2,624.6-pound (1,190.5 kg), was established
in Belgium in 2016.[25]
In the United States, the town of Half Moon Bay, California, holds an annual Art and Pumpkin
Festival, including the World Champion Pumpkin Weigh-Off.[53]
Folklore and fiction
There is a strong connection in folklore and popular culture between pumpkins and the supernatural.
Famous examples include the following:
Folklore
 A commonplace motif of people being turned into pumpkins by
witches.

The jack-o-lantern custom discussed above, which connects to

Halloween lore about warding off demons.
Fiction

In the folk tale Cinderella, the fairy godmother turns a pumpkin into
a carriage, but at midnight it reverts into a pumpkin.

Linus' belief in the Great Pumpkin in Charles M. Schulz's comic

strip Peanuts.

Juice from a pumpkin has magical effects in the short story

"Pumpkin Juice" by R. L. Stine.

In the Harry Potter novels, pumpkin juice, a favorite drink of the

students of Hogwart's School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, is a
recurring element.

The pumpkin hurled by the "Headless Horseman" in Washington

Irving's The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.

Jack Pumpkinhead, a character in the Oz books of L. Frank Baum,

with a pumpkin for a head on a wooden body, brought to life in the
second book.

In Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas, the main

character, Jack Skellington, is "the Pumpkin King."

Precious Ramotswe, the fictional detective from Botswana in The

No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency series of novels by Scottish
author Alexander McCall Smith, often cooks and eats pumpkin.

In a short fiction by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Feathertop from 1852, a

witch turns a scarecrow with a "pumpkinhead" into a man.

The Spider-Man villains the Green Goblin and Hobgoblin use small,
handheld "pumpkin bombs" as a signature weapon.

See also
List of culinary fruits

List of pumpkin varieties grown in the United States

References
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Retrieved 19 October 2006. They continue to be popular choices
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49. Jump up^ Daily News (Kingston, Ontario), November 1, 1866:
The old time custom of keeping up Hallowe'en was not forgotten last
night by the youngsters of the city. They had their maskings and their
merry-makings, and perambulated the streets after dark in a way [that]
was no doubt amusing to themselves. There was a great sacrifice of
pumpkins from which to make transparent heads and face, lighted up
by the unfailing two inches of tallow candle.

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Gastronomically and Socially, The New York Times, Nov. 24, 1895, p.
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52. Jump up^ "Considering Pumpkin Spice and Seasonal

Synesthesia". The American Conservative.

53. Jump up^ "Half Moon Bay Art & Pumpkin Festival: A Brief History".
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Further reading
Ott, Cindy (2012). Pumpkin: The Curious History of an American
Icon. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-99195-
X.
 External links
Wikiquote has quotations
related to: Pumpkins

Media related to Pumpkins at Wikimedia Commons

Pumpkins at DMOZ

[hide]
v

Cucurbita

List of gourds and squashes

Species C. andreana

C. argyrosperma

C. californica

C. cordata

C. cylindrata

C. digitata

C. ecuadorensis

C. ficifolia
C. foetidissima

C. fraterna

C. galeottii

C. gracilior

C. kellyana

C. lundelliana

C. martinezii

C. maxima

C. moorei

C. moschata

C. okeechobeensis

C. palmata
 C. palmeri

C. pedatifolia

C. pepo

C. radicans

C. scabridifolia

C. sororia

C. texana

Squashes Aehobak

Crookneck squash

Gem squash

Summer squash Pattypan squash

Straightneck squash

Tromboncino

Zucchini

Acorn squash

Big Max

Butternut squash

Calabaza

Cushaw squash

Delicata squash

Kabocha
Marrow

Red kuri squash

Winter squash
Spaghetti squash

Turban squash

Connecticut Field pumpkin

Giant pumpkin

1068 Wallace
Pumpkins

Prizewinner

list
 Buffalo gourd oil

Raw materials Pumpkin seed oil

Squash blossoms

Bundevara

Hitlerszalonna

Kabak tatls

Mashed pumpkin

Squash-based Dishes Pepita

Pumpkin pie

Squash soup

Soup joumou

Stuffed squash

Pumpkin carving

Activities Pumpkin chucking

Pumpkin queen

Categories:
Squashes and pumpkins
Crops originating from Pre-Columbian North America
Crops originating from the Americas
Cucurbitaceae
Edible nuts and seeds
Fruit vegetables
Halloween food
Staple foods
Thanksgiving food

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