2011 Automobile Maintenance

Advanced Course for the

Industrial Technical
Instructors

ClclSS No. : - - - _ . _ - - - -

Name:
--------------------------
.1nstructor : _ _ _W_U;..;;..,oI",'....;;;.C~h.;;....-i-m_i
n.......
9 _ __
 Operation practice of circuit board
BASIC ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRONICS
1. MEASURING VOLTAGE
1. Connect the red test lead to the positive terminal (V-Q--/4) of the tester, and the
black test lead to the negative terminal (COM) of the tester.

Black test
lead

2. Connect the test leads to the load in parallel. In this instance, make the connection
so that the current flows from the positive test probe (red) to the negative test
probe (black). This means that the positive test probe should be closer to the
positive terminal of the power source, and the negative probe should be farther
from it

'~ -=
Blac;k lead

2.MEASURING CURRENT
1. Select the appropriate range of the direct current (DC A) to be measured. (First
select the highest range, then adjust the selector to the appropriate range.)
If the tester has DC A terminals for two or more ranges, be sure to connect the. test
lead wires to the correct terminals.
 P
P=Vxl.I=V
10(W)
I : 12 (V) : 0.8 (AI
o.SA: 800 rnA Connect the
( 12 V 10W black test
" Select the DC 10 A terminal lead
'..
~

~--- Connect the red

test lead here
for 200 mA to 10 A Connect the red
test lead here
for up to 200 rnA
*

2. Break the circuit to be measured, then connect the tester between those two
terminals. This means that the tester must be connected in series to the electric
source and loads.
In this instance; make the connection so that the current flows from the positive
test probe (red) to the negative test probe (black). (The positive test probe will be
closer to the positive terminal of the power source, and the negative test probe
will be farther from it>

Disconnect the
term.inal

'" Red test

lead

*
Reference
In the case of an analog type circuit tester, read the scale corresponding to the selected
range.

2
3. MEASURING RESISTANCE

1. Connect the red test lead to the positive termi nal (V-O- *" )
of t he t ester, and t he
black test lead to the negative terminal (COM) of the tester.
2. Disconnect the load to be measured, and then connect the test lead to both ends
of the load . .Either terminal of the tester may be connected to either end of the
load -- polarity is not important:

Red tast lead

I'
,/
Black test
lead

Reference
In the case of an analog type circuit tester, before measuring resistances, you must
calibrate the tester. Do this by selecting the appropriate range, then bringing the two
probes into contact w ith each other. FinaUy, adjust the calibrating switch until t he
needle indicates 0 Q.
Note that the mark.ed divisions on the scale are not even, but become closer together
as the resistance increases.
Therefore. when is necessary to measure the resistance more precisely. select the
range so that the needle moves within the right from the center of the scafe.

...... Clo~ divisions

3
RESISTOR COLOR CODE
Solid resistors have a color code printed on them which indicates the resistance value.

1. Four..colored Resister

~ CO~OR MULTIPLIER
I
ALLOWANCE

Black l%
Brown H,' 2%

Red

Green

Gold 10 '

Silv~r to,1 10 %
j---- - ---"""It------ - -+------ --- - -_._'.~--+--------J'
1-1 N_o_
, fl_c___ _........,I_ _ __ _........_ _ ~ _ _' - - -_ _ ,_ _ __"___' 20 % ~,

4
 2. Five-colored Resister

~ ~ != t ~
1= \
~ f=
I-
:v;<
~ I

! . 1
-"
COLOR
"

1ST FIG. 2NO FIG. r 3RO FIG. MULTIPLIER ALLOWANCE

Black 0 0 0 100 1%

~
1 1 1 10' ;t2%
Red 2 2 2 10l -
Orange 3 3 3 1P -
Yellow 4 4 4- 11)4 -
Green 5 5 5 105 -
Blue 6 6 6 104 -
Purple 1 7 1 101 -
Gray 8 8 8 10 -
White 9 9 9 10" -
Gold - - - 10-1 5%

Sliver
None
II
-
-
-
-
-
-
10~

-
10%

20%

Exampte
,
.l<j
: I i (1
LGOld ft5%) ~Gold (5%)

~
:~~
' - - - - Red (10Z) {1fl
I , Blade (0) (0.
' - - - - -:- Red (Z) --Green 1.51
, __ Yellow (4)
R=20x10 2
R=450x 102
=20000
=450000
=2k!lS"o
=45k!l5%

5
 CONTINUITY TEST
A continuity test checks if the circuit (wires, contacts, etc.) Inside an electrical device or
system is disconnected (open) or connected (closed).

1. Connect the red test lead to the positive terminal (V-Q- _ ) of the tester, and the
black test lead to the negative terminal (COM) of the tester.

2. Set the function switch to the

buzzer [.l))} position.

3. Connect the test lead to the

circuit under test

4. The built~in buzzer sounds

when the resistance of the Continuity
-dn:uitjs
circuit under test is below the closed
threshold level, to show that
the circuit is live (continuity
e xists).

4. CURRENT AND POWER CONSUMPTION

.~
~ .

L-1 .d_ ~ ,_ .

6
 1. Measure the current flowing LAMP I!CURRENT BRIGHTNESS
through the circuit. '<"<t<""""'''''
~...... ~
" ,- ..... -
L-li '-~"
2. Replace L-1 with L-2, then with
}e'W}
';;:.. 0
~ A
"" "- '.
t- :~~J
L-3, measuring the amperage at L-2 { ,-S'W) A ":
:0"'--

3.
each step_
Compare the brightn ess of L-l,
I L3 (;k4'W)
"2.
! A "~i1
L-2 and L- 3.

1. Calculate the respective resistance values of L-l (12 V-l0 W), L~2 (12 V-5 W) and L-3
(12 V~ 1.4 W).
2. Measure the resistance of l-1, L-2 and L-3.

* fn the calculations, the resistance 'Values obtained are for when current is flowing
through the lamps and the lamps are lit up. Therefore, the resistance values
obtained in the calculations are greater than the values obtained when the
resistances of the lamps themselves are measured (when the lamps are cool).

AESISTANCE RESIST AN CE
LAMP
ICalclIl,at,foo}
SA
""lJ ,Cr
t l {12 v ;,J-IYWl A
=

lamp lights up
&12 V ~10W)
0.8 A - - - - -- - - - ; - - . - - - - - - -

TIme 4

5. FUNCTIONS OF RELA VS

Relay 1

L-2 S-1

7
 Relav2
\(.c:: \ (:" <D. S
-SL.

L-2 5-'

1. Turn on the main switch before turning on $-1.

2. Exchange Relay 2 for Relay 1, then repeat step 1.
3. Check the operation of the relay and lamp in steps land 2 above.,

S-10n )
Relay 1
S~ l Off L-2 ( )

, 8 ... 1 On L-2 ( )
Relay 2
~ , , _ ['.Ie
A ._.s. ....
I5-1 ()ff _..._. 1L-2 { )

Relay 1
The contacts are open when current is not flowing through the coif, but they close
when current flows through the coil. Thus this type of relay is known as a normally
open relay or a make relay.

- Example of Use -

Horn relay

Ught control switch

* *
8
 Relay 2
The contacts are closed when current is not flowing through the coil, but they open
when current flows through the coil. This type of relay is known as a normally closed
relay or a break relay.
- Example of Use -

Fanrelav

Fan motor

Water temp.
0: switch
*
6. OPERATION OF CAPACITORS

What is, the function of a capacitor?

Make a circuit corresponding to the etectricalcircuit diagram below. (Connect it to a
terminal with a 2200 JlF capacity)

-NOTES-
1. C-1 shows two capacitors with different capacitances connected in parallel,' (See
Hlustration at right betow.)
2 . Since the capacitors used have polarity, be sure to connect the end with the +
symbol to the power supply side of the circuit.

2200~
C1
~2200 l1Fl-

470JlF

9
 1. Turn 5-1 on and check the condition of the LED (L-4).
Condition of tED (l~4l [C-1 : 2200 JlF]

G:. ~'~" T ' Q '".l cC:. ""."

2. Turn both the main switch and $-1 off.

3. Modify the circuit in accordance with the electrical circuit diagram below.

, .....
. L-'" '

C'-1
(22OO IlF)i

5-1

1-...
4. Tum $-1 on and check the condition of the LED (L~4).

Condition of tED tL-4t 1e.1 : 2200 JlF]

I~~c O~J G'"+ ~. J

10
 Replace the 2200 J1F capacitor with the 470 )IF capacitor used in C-1. and check ho'tl
5.
the operation of LED (L-4) changes with the differences in the capacitance of th
capacitors.

CIRCUIT B 1 CIRCUIT 82

L-4

Co1
(470 J-lA _

5-1
1.

Condition of LED (l-4) Conditi.on of LED (l-4)

[Col: 470 p.FJ le-1 : 470 J.lf]

CIRCUIT A 1
When a direct current voltage is applied to a capacitor, current flows through tt~
circuit until the capacitor is charged (this is called charging current)
Current stops flowing when the capacitor is fully charged.

Charging
current
-....
.c

~ L:...------:n=m=.-~-

"---~----

*"

II
CIRCUIT A 2
When a charged capacitor is shorted. current flows from the capacitor (discharge
current).
The discharge current is at first large and gradually decreases to O.
The direction in which current flows during charging is the opposite of the direction
in which it flows during discharging.

Discharge
current Discharge current.
/,/ Discha.-ge voltage
,r

Time -4

* *
CIRCUIT B 1 AND B 2
The greater the capacitance of the capacitor. the longer the charging and
discharging time. That is, the greater the capacitance of the capacitor, the longer the
current (charging and discharge current) flows and the longer the LED (l-4) lights
up.

TYPES AND APPEARANCE OF CAPACITORS

Styrene Capacitors Mica Capacitors

Ceramic Capacitors Paper Capacitor

12
 1. Electrolytic Capacitors
Since an electrolytic capacitor operates by electrolytic action, its terminals have polarity
(positive and negative), so they must be connected correctly in terms of their polarity,
In order to distinguish electrolytic capacitors from other types of capacitors, special
graphic symbols are used to represent them. as shown below. Note that the
electrolytic capacitors are marked to show their pola rities:

-
-11~

~
+.. .. --j. ~+
~z
~4'
W '. .. - or .. . .

Electrolytic Capacitor

The maximum temperature at which a capacitor can be used isgeneraUy specified. If

the capacitor's temperature exceeds this temperature, it will either destroy the
capacitor or degrade its properties. When capacitors are to be used in places with high
atmospheric temperatures, capacitors with high temperature specifications should be
used.
Capacitors with no temperature specifications can generally be used in places with
temperatures up to 80 .. 85 C.

Maximum use temperature

/'
./
./

2. Reading Capacity of Capacitors M 20% 1

"'10/, 0
r - - --; K .... ... j'"
J ... ;3:5% _
-*-' -, ...

. . ~'O.''': '~PF
...
i. ~
""

O.Ol l/.l.Fl

~
.. nowance
.. Number of zerOS
ad as is

13
7. OPERATION OF DIODES

1. Make a circuit corresponding to the electrical circuit diagram below. then check the
operation of the lamp.

-CAunON -
Never use L-1 or l-2, as D...1 will burn out.

2. Change the direction of D-1. then check the operation of the lamp.

Circuit A Circuit B

l-3 CURRENT FLOW

CIRCUIT A ON
CIRCUITS Or= r.__. __._-
'-",:.,,-:.

A diode is represented by the symbol D or graphically as shown below. The $mall end
of the triangle points in the direction of the now of current. The anode is represented
by the symbol A,and the cathode by the symbol K.

A D K

A.n ode (+) ---~_*I-- Cathode (-)

14
 _-~c=:Dr-----

0 _- --1.""'1 ---------K
0

=<= ,>=
Color code Dot Graphic symbol

*
The direction in wnich current flows thr ougn a diode is called the forward direction,
and the opposite direction is called the reverse direction. In a forward direction
connection r the terminal connected to the positive (+) side of the power supply is
called the anode, and the terminal connected to the negative (~) side of the power
supply is called the cathode. A cathode mark is made on diodes themselves to
identify their direction.

r-u
Flows Current does
not flow

Forward-direction Rev.....-direction
connection
* connection
*

A certain minimum voltage is required to get the diode to allow a current to pass
through it. This vOltage differs depending upon the material out of which the diode
is constructed:
Silicon diode: about 0.7 V
Germanium diode: about 0.3 V
The diode acts as a resistance in the circuit and causes a corresponding vOltage
drop:

15
Silieon
diode

If a reverse voltage is applied, an extremely small current ("reverse leakage current")

wiUflow.
However, if this reverse voltage is increased enough, the amperage of the current
aUowed through by the diode will suddenly increase greatly. destroying the diode.
This is caned diode breakdown. and this voltage is called the breakdown voltage.

Germanium diode

Silicon diode
Breakdown
voltage

100 V
Reverse 1V Forward bias
hias

Reverse *
current

8. OPERATION OF ZENER DIODES

1. Make a circuit corresponding to the electrical circuit diagram below, then measure
V 1 when L-3 goes on.

-CAUTION-
Never use L-1 or L-2. 8S 0-2 will bum out.

16
 Main switch

L-3

D-2
Sub-
$Owitch

A! Forward-direetion connection.
*
2. Chan.ge the direction of D-2, then measure \12 when L-3 becomes on.

V 1 {circuit A}

vi
*--,.....,"',
,
'0''

Main switch Main swftch

Sub-
switch

.A: forward connection. B: Reverse conne~tion

a. Forward Connection
Current flows through the Zener diode in the same way as an ordinary diode.
b . Reverse Connection
Current begins to flow through the Zener diode when the vo.tage exceeds a carta! n
level.

The Zener diode is like an ordinary diode in that it allows current to flow in the forward
direction. However, it differs from an ordinary diode in that .its reverse breakdown
voltage (Zener voltage) is much lower than that of an ordinary diode.
Furthermore, a voltage higher than the breakdown voltage can be applied to a Zener
diode without damaging it.
When a voltage higher than the breakdown voltage is applied to a Zener diode. the
current suddenly increases so that the voltage difference between both terminals of
the Zener diode is maintained at approximately the Zener voltage. This characteristic
of the Zener diode makes it useful in constant voltage circuits.

17
 Forward
(:urrent I \ r - - . - - - - - - {-'(+l
R
0 .2
B,.aakdown (Zener)
volta ge 0.1
_ J 5 2.5 ) Input
voltage
10 -15 V
Output
voltage
5 V

Zener threshold
Reverse 10
[0 0.5
Forward bias
1.0
I VZ:5V /
--~ bias

20
...........- - - - . . l Reverse
I
(-)lJ---~"""""'~-----('}H
I
current
Constant
* *

9. OPERATION OF LEDs

1. Make a circuit corresponding to the electrical circuit diagram below, then check the
operation of the LED (L~4).

2. Change the dire,ctioo of the lEO (l..4t then check its operation .

.- .~ """",:""",- .
LED (L~4) CURRENT FLOW
-- - "'Ph v ,'

CIRCUIT A I
o:~ ~
<.
10\,<\
"""" A
CIRCUIT B
~
:1
II orr- . I
'0 , G l"
\

Circuit A Circuit B

18
fn circuit A. the LED is connected in the reverse direction, so current does not flow and
the LED does not light up_
In circuit 6, the LED is connected in the forward direction, so current flows and the LED
lights up.

An LED has the same general characteristics as an ordinary diode.

The only difference is that a LEO lights up when turrent flows through it_
Longer life and cooler operation than an ordinary tight bulb.
Low power consumption.
There are two basic types of LED:

IW;--~ Anode
(thin)
Anode
(lon9 wire)

Cathode Cathode
($hott wire) (thick)

10. OPERATION OF TRANSISTORS

MEASUREMENT 1

Make a circuit corresponding to the electrical circuit diagram below.

19
1. Turn S-1 on. '
.....
2. Measure the current flowing through S-l and L2 when $-1 is turned on, then off.

,
8-1 Al A2 tAMP

OFF ,_'} f ~~
0 A () A
ON "\ . 1. '(Y\ A \0'1 -A O[,J

Make a circuit corresponding to the electrical circuit diagram below.

MEASUREMENT 2

1. Tum S-1 on
.2. Measure the current flowing through S-1 and l -2 when S-l is turned on. then off.

S-1 Al At LAMP

OFF 0 A 0 A ~f
ON 4",1 ~A \IP0.c\ A (\) ~S

1. When S-l is turned on, current flows through L-2, and l-2 tights up.
2. The current flowing through l-2 is larger than the current flowing through $-1.
The construction of a transistor is of two different types, expressed by the following
symbols:
1. NPN TRANSISTOR
As shown in the diagram beloW, wheQ a direct-current voltage is applied from
the base to the emitter (that is, when a bias voltage is applied), current flows from
the base to the emitter. This current is called the base current (I 8). When the
base current flows. the transistor turns on, and current flows from the collector to
the emitter (collector current: C).

20
 c

B--+--I
E: Emitter
B~BaH
c: Collecter
E

NPN transIstor
(Tr-1)
*' NPN

2. PNP TRANSISTOR
As shown in the diagram below. when a direct-current voltage is applied from
the emitter to the base (a bias voltage is applied), base current (I B) flows from
the emitter to the base. This turns the transistor on, and current fJows from the
emitter to the collector (col/ector current: f C).

B--r-tl
E: Emitter
B: 81mJ
c: Collecter
C
PNP transistor
(Tr-2)
* PNP

MEASUREMENT 3
Make a circuit corresponding to the electrical circuit diagram below.

21
1. Turn S~1 on.
2. Check what happens to A 2 when the knob of the variable resistor {R-61 is lurned.
changing t he base current {A 1~ .
.----------~--'"-'-----"~--------

~ ~t{ , 2 vvd\
o I(.!'L
L _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ ~---~ - - - ~----,j

When the base current becomes greater, the collector current becomes greater. That
is, the collector current can be controlled by the base current.

,FUNCTIONS OF TRANSISTORS
1. SwitchingFunction
A transistor can be used as a relay; When base current (I B) is made to flow,
collector current will also flow, and when base current is cut oft collector current
will also stop flowing. This means that, in effect. the transistor is operating as a
relay and can be used, for example, to turn a lamp on and off as shown in the
illustration below.

IC---

2. Amplification Function
By applying a minimal base current (I B) to a transistor, a large collector current
(J q can be made to flow.
The rate of amplification of this current (hFE) is normal1y from 10 to 3,000, as
determined by the follOWIng formula:
Ie
hFE :: fB
In addition, the following relationship exists between the base current (I B) and
collector current (Ie) and the emitter current (I E):
IE = 18 + Ie

d
le =
IC:O.99A 0.99 A
I B-O.01 A .

I a :: 0.01 A 0.--+--1

IE:: 1.00 A

22
11.
INSPECTION
1. CHECKING FOR OPEN CIRCUITS

What is the best way to check for an open circuit?

~ETHOD 1 (Using a test lamp

One method of checking for an open circuit is to use a test lamp. This method is
effective when a large current is f lowing through the circuit. but if the current flowing
in the circuit IS small, the lamp itself will not be able to light up, and it will be difficult to
judge correctly whether the circuit is open or not.

I METHOD 2(~S~~g a multl-tester/

EXAMPLE 1
In the circuit below, the lamp will not light up even when the switch is on (as above),
leading one to think that there may be an open somewhere in the circuit.
The location of the open circuit can be found by measuring the voltage at each
terminal.

Switch

-- *
As shown in the illustration above, the voltage at eacn terminal is measured in order,
beginning at the terminal near the power source. If, for example, the tester indicates
that the power supply side O'f connector B has a voltage of 12 V while the load side of
the same connector has a voltage of 0 V, then we can conclude that the open circuit is
located in connector B.

23
 EXAMPLE 2
What does it mean if the lamp does not fight up in the following circuit?

7V

1 *
In this case also, measure the voltage at each terminal in order.
1. If the results show that the voltage on the power supply side {lamp side> of
connector C is 12 V, while the voltage at the ground side is 0 V, then the circuit
is open at connector C.
2. If the voltage is 0 V at both sides of connecter C, we may conclude that the
circuit is open between connector B and connector C.
3. If the voltage is 12 V at both sides of connector C, we may conclude that the
drcuit is open between connector C and ground.

I
(3

- *' - * *'
(11 (2) (3)

Make the circuit shown in the illustration below, using two lead wires with connectors
and l -2.
Check for an open circuit using a multi-tester.

24
 l-2

V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V8
t.oc.tlon
of <>P6'I
circuit
V V V V V V V V

( METHOD 3 (Usi~"g a service wire)

If the lamp shown in the illustration below will not light up even when 12 V (power
supply voltage} is detected at the lamp's power supply side connector, where cou ld
the trouble be? ~

Connec1;r)t A

lZV

In this case, there are four possible causes:

1. The wire between the lamp and connector B is open.
2. The wire between the lamp and ground is open.
3. There is poor ground wire contact.
4. The (amp bu~b is burned out.

25
 To determioe which of the four possible causes above is the actual cause, connect the
lamp to connector B using a service wire. The circuit is open between the lamp and
connector B, if the lamp goes 00.
If the lamp does not go on. connect the lamp directly to ground with the service wire.
The circuit is open between the lamp and ground. or there is poor ground wire
contact. if the lamp goes 00.
If the lamp still does not go on, then the lamp is burned out.

Service wi..,

(1) (2) 13) (4)

REFERENCE
The difference between EXample 1 and Example 2 below is the location of the switch.
1. Example 1
The switch is before the load.
Since no power is supplied to the load when the switch is off, both V 1 and V 2 will be 0
V.
The voltage measured at V , will be the same as the power supply voltage when the
switch is on, so the tester will indicate 12 V. Since V 2 will be measured on the ground
side of the load, it will Indicate 0 V. (The voltage drop from the load will cause V 2 to be
OV.)

2. Example 2
The switch is after the load.
Since the power supply voltage is applied to the load when the switch is off, V1 will
measure 12 V.
In addition. since no current will be flowing through the load when the switch is off,
there will be no voltage drop on the ground side of the load, and V 2 will Biso measure
12V.

The voltage measured at V 1 will be the same as the power supply voltage when the
switch is on, so the tester will indicate 12 V. Since V 2 will be measured on the ground
side of the load, it will indicate 0 V. (The voltage drop from the load will cause V 2 to be
OV.)
26
 Except for the ignition switch, most electrical circuits in Toyota vehicles have the
switches connected on the ground side of the loads as in Example 2.
The correct voltage conditions at each circuit should be understood thoroughly when
checking for an open circuit.

VOLTAGE atV 2

The voltage at V 2 will be the result of subtracting the voltage drop {Vd) generated by
the load from the power supply voltage.
V2 = VE - Vd
The voltage drop generated by the load is determined USing Ohm's law by the
following formula:
V d ;:; I (Current flowing through the circuit) )( R
Therefore, when the switch is off, I .. 0, so Vd becomes Q V, as seen in the following
formula:
V d=O CAlx: R (0, =ONJ
That is. since current is not flowing through the circuit when the switch is off, the load
does not generate a voltage drop.
As a result, V 2 becomes 12 V, as seen in the following formula:
V2 ;:;VT-Vd
=: 12 (V) - 0 (V) ;:; 12 (V)

Fill in the tables below with the condition of the switch and the values for voltages V 1
and V 2 When the lamp is on and when it is oft

27
 112V I12V

i
LAMP
--
SWITCH V1 V2
--
LAMP I SWITCH V1
-
V2

I-----
ON !
ON ..... __. - - -----
OFF OFF

28
 2. CHECKING FOR POOR CONTACT

What is the best way to check for poor contact?

If everything in the circuit below is normal, the lamp will light up normallV. In this
case, the pow e r source voltage is applied to the lamp, and the p otential difference
between the two terminals of the switch is 0 V.

=
If the switch contacts are bumed out. what will happen?
Burned out switch contacts will cause the contact resistance to increase. This generates a
potential difference (voltage d rop) between both terminals of the switch corresponding to
the size of the resistance. As a result, the voltage from the power source that would
normally be appl ied to the lamp is reduced by the voltage drop caused by the extra
resistance in the switch cOntacts, and this will cause the la mp to light up dimly.

f2V

Elltra
resistance =
In this way, poor contact at switch contacts or at connectors can be detected by measuring
the voltage drop in the circuit.

-NOTES-
1. Extra resistance in a circuit can also be detected by measuring the resistance with a
mufti-tester, but a multitester cannot measure small resistance values (0.1 n or less).
2. In a normal circuit. the voltage drop due to switch contacts or connectors will be 0.2 V
or less when a current of1 A is flowing.

29
3. CHECKING FOR SHORT CIRCUITS

What is the best way to check for short ciruits?

The location of a short circuit can be found by checking continuity with a multi-tester.

EXAMPLE
What will happen in the following circuit jf a fuse is blown?

Switch

*
First turn off the switch and remove the fuse from the circuit, then disconnect each
connector. Next check the continuity between each terminal and ground. If the circuit
is not conductive, the circuit is okay, If the circuit is conductive, that circuit may have a
short circuit.

First turn off the switch and remove the fuse from the circuit, then disconnect each
connector. Next check the continuity between each terminal and ground. If the circuit
is not conductive, the circuit is okay. If the circuit is conductive, that circuit may have a
short circuit.

Remove fuse.

OK

I
No
continuity
Continuity

1 *

30
 ELECTRICAL PARTS
j NAME ILLUSTRATION NO. SPECIFICATIONS a"TY
L-1 12V lOW
-A~
(6, 1
Lamp g1 ' " "\ L2 12V
(~~ 5W
~-'>)oA J
"'-'"

./
2
I ""-... . -1;\.
.
" .:.",/
_/
L-3 12V 1.4 W 1
R-l 100 n 2W 1
R-2 200n lW 1
I /~
Resistor l, ,r/ l;P',-,.....' )
~.i:. /~
R--3 soon lW 1
--....,.:...// /
R-4 100kn lJ4W 1
R-5 300 kn 1/4W ,1

Variable
Resistor
J!a
~
l ~ -~</ R-6 50 kQ, variable 1
' . . ."
.~. .t ' /
".,.

~h
Switch f~~~'
~ -:.~- )
. Swl On-off switch 1
( ~~~,~';.~ ,,."
..,"::/-
.. ~ .

Make relay {M4)

Relay 1 1
(normaUy open)
Relay (t'.~
1"* .' .-
.:;r""',)
--.....://
.~~. y~-
....
,..::. ' /-<
Relay 2
Break relay {B4)
(normally closed)
1

Electrolytic capacitor
Capa.c itor
(Condenser) C-l 16V 2200 ~F 1
16V 470 llF

LED
(:"'.:i!;'~..y
., .s;,;v ,/ L-4
12 V 1/4 W
{with 100 a resistor} 1
"~,,
............./,/'""
.

Normal diode
1
Diode /~
<~)
~.
....
~ )
D-1 12 V2.SA
Cot-" - ~./' ./"
.~' Zener diode
D-2 12 V, Vz".,S-7 V 1

,... - I~
. --...... --
r' Tr-1
NPN,2 A 30W,
ICIIB=140 1

Transistor (if,T/
:~
J.;'<" . ",;~;,.
1":~'J
..;,,:, /,./'
(with 200 n resistor)
: /

...,......" "-: ""r"" I PNP, 2 A 30W,

I 1
....... -./'~
Tr-2 IC/I.B=l40
.J J (with 200 n resistor)

31
 Operation practice of circuit .... arti
I.To switch (S-l) direct control of light (L-I) is extinguished.
Tip: When the switch is ON when the light bulb; switch OFF when the light bulb went out.

\ ' '

1~IV i
f.I

2.Circuit based on the above questions, join the relay (Relay-I) control of the role oflight
bulbs.
Tip: The relay switches ON when the role of light bulbs, switch OFF when the relay is not
the role of light and extinguish.

L- I

I
.." " '\
12c1IV ---
1

32
3.Circuit based on the above title, by adding transistors (Tr-2) control of the role of relay.
Tip: When the relay switches ON when the role of light bulbs; switch OFF when the relay is
not the role of li~ht and extinguish.

1\
.,".,
S-J

12lV

4.Title based on the above circuit by adding capacitors (C-I: 16V2200/lF) to form a delayed
switch.
Tip: the role of basic Ibid circuit, but switches from ON to OFF after the cut, after 3 seconds
delay bulbs out.

S-l

12lV

33
5.For the title, by adding resistor R-3 to the appropriate location, so that light bulb go out after
8 seconds delay

Jr l

Col
l
"~"\
12lV
5-1
....---
 Basic electronics training
A " Diodes

Diodes and appearance of the package pin

1. Diode test
materials: D571 or D471 diode 1
(1) use of electricity table to check the direction of diodes
(2) ifthe wiring diagram left R =-----1forward bias)
(3) If the wiring diagram right R =_(reverse bias)
(4) This diode is normal?_

+"
A-----eiiiD~----K
1t~

~I K
(5) of the wiring diagram below to check whether the light bulb?
(6) removing the Diode check whether the light bulb?
(7) will be the Di o d e collective reverse check whether the light bulb?

-....-'
O.9V
I . SV

2 ' Zener Diode

( 1) 12V power supply when the A circuit light bulb is lit? _____
( 2) 12V power supply when the B circuit light bulb is lit? ---'--"'-""--
( 3) Measurement using the voltage meter when B circuit the light bulb is lit, Zener
voltage of the Zener Diode Vz = V

ZD

(4) As up wiring diagram power supply of 12V, when the switch is ON Whether the
light bulb ? --'--"'-'-
( 5) Zener voltage of the Zener Diode Vz = V
( 6 ) The use of ammeter measuring the current flowing through the circuit I =_mA
3 ' Constant voltage use of Zener Diode
materials
Zener Diode : RB602B
Fixed resistor: 1000 (1I4W) , 2000 (1I4W)
switch
(1) Following the wiring diagram of the power supply of 12V when the switch Off,
the measurement of S-point voltage Vs = 6 V r;,)
( 2) when the switch On, the measurement of S-point voltage Vs = Cc 0 -"y
(3) use Ammeter measuring current of the release circuit I = ~A

loon
R. \00

r---t...- - - . S.-!
5.9.
1lII0I 2000
Rz 'Zoo

4 ' Photoconductive cell

materials
Photoconductive cell : Cds (12 qJ )

Fixed resistor: 2000 (1I4W)

( 1 ) Measurement of Photoconductive cell resistance value, ray irradiation resistance

R= L ' When no light irradiation R= --.!..
 (2) Following of wiring diagram the use ammeter measurement current of the circuit
of the ray irradiation I=_mA
( 3) When no light irradiation I =_mA
(4) Use voltage meter measured the voltage at both ends of Photoconductive cell '
When CdS-ray irradiation voltage V =_V
( 5) When no light irradiation voltage V =_V

CdS

5 ' The use Photoconductive cell control of the 1 amp

( 1) The wiring diagram below When no light irradiation CdS , the light bulb is lit?

( 2) CdS-ray irradiation, the bulb is lit? __

6 ' Thermal diode

materials
Thermal diode: D33A
Fixed resistor: 2000 (1I4W)
(1) Measurement of thermal resistance diodes' When heat resistance R = _
Cold resistance R = ,-\- V"

2QOO

(2) Following of wiring diagram the use ammeter measurement thermal diode
current when the hot 1= 4~mA
( 3) Thermal diode current when the cold I =_mA
( 4) The use of voltage meter measured at both ends of the thermistor voltage
when the hot V= V
( 5) voltage when the cold V= V

7 ' The use of thermal diodes control fan circuit

( 1) As the wiring diagram right cold thermistor' Whether the rotating fan (relay
whether actuation) ? __
( 2) Hot thermistor 'Whether the rotating fan (relay whether actuation) ? __

8 ' Phototransister
materials
Phototransister : TPS601
Fixed resistor: 6800 (1I4W)
LED
 ( 1) Use of multi-meter measuring Phototransister form the two terminal resistance
R = ~ 42r..: _JL
( 2) When Phototransister my irradiation in the lens the resistance whether or not
changes? R = I (, v4 K ~

(3 )The wiring diagram below, When Phototransister ray irradiation in the lens, LED
lights are lit? 0 N

( 4) LED will light out when the light is removed out? NC'l
( 5) When the LED lights light up the use of ammeter the current measurement
circuit? I = _ rnA 'Z 0 ')

9 ' Optical couplers

By the light emitting diodes, phototransister packed in pairs from a group known
as the Optical couplers_
A c

K E
materials
Optical couplers : P507A
Fixed resistor: lkO (I/4W) , lOkO (1I4W)
transistor (D235)
bulbs: 1.5W-3W/12V
Shading plate: There are 4-5", open the hole

( 1) The wiring diagram is as follows, attention can be seen from the side where
Optical couplers C and E mark.

Ita IOkO

A c
12V

023S

( 2) Connect the power to see whether the light bulb?

( 3) Shading plate inserted to see whether the light bulb out? __
( 4) Using Ammeter measuring current of the Optical couplers emitter and transistor
base I= rnA (no shading)
( 5) Using Ammeter measuring current of the Optical couplers emitter and transistor
base I= rnA (shading)
B . . Transistor
a . . The appearance of Figure BJT transistors

B
C
E

Collector 9 7 Collector

~l
9 Bas. 105
Emitter 2 4 Emitter
Bas.

(I)
o
-B
E
0

"
C (case) c E C E

E B ~
pti

P~

NPN!fl PNP~
b ' Barrier potential test

(1) Measurement using the voltage-meter B, E inter-polar voltage VEF.=_V

(2) Measurement using the voltage-meter E, B inter-polar voltage VEB=_ V

BeE

c ' Action test transistors

12V

1. transistors testing
materials
transistor (D571)
Fixed resistor: IKO (1I4W)
Variable resistance knob
: 250 Kn (1I4W)
'IUII'iiE

250kn

( 1) Knob to the right side of variable resistor (small resistor) base current measured
at this time Is =_mA D/L
( 2) Use of multi-meter measuring C, E inter-polar the internal resistance
RCE= 0 ~
(3) Knob to the left side of variable resistor (big resistor) base current measured at
 this time Is = rna
(4) At this point C, E inter-polar the internal resistance RCE= 0
(5) Measurement using the voltage meter B, E inter-polar voltage VFE= V

lItO

2. Transistor switch test

materials:
transistor (D235)
Fixed resistor: 7500 (1I4W)
Variable resistance knob: 1000 (1I4W)
bulbs: 1.5W-3W/12V

( 1) The wiring diagram above, the variable resistor rotary knob points to just light
bulbs, the measurement ofS-point voltage Vs= V V v'lS
( 2) Light bulb, the resistance of variable resistor R= 0 ~ ~4_q
( 3) Rotary variable resistor knob to just put out light bulbs, the measurement of
S-point voltage Vs=_V 1) .::' ~~_
( 4) Just put out light bulb, the resistance of variable resistor R=
3. Transistor amplification test

materials :
transistor (D235)
Fixed resistor : 7500 ( 1I4W )
Variable resistance knob : 1000 (1I4W)
bulbs: 1.5W-3W112V

12V
B

II) E

( 1 )The wiring diagram above, the variable resistor knob slowly from the left to right
rotation when the light bulb just stopping point connecting the ammeter
measuring base current 1s= __mA <p.fl..-
( 2 ) Variable resistor knob to maintain the fixed position, measuring collector current
Ic=_mA ( 1~ (~
( 3) At this point the calculation of magnification transistors = ~ . \?t

( 4 ) Second; the variable resistor knob to slowly rotate to the left point just dim bulbs
stop connecting ammeter Measurement of base current 1s= __mA 0 ~ ~
( 5 ) Variable resistor knob to maintain the fixed position, measuring collector current
Ic= __mA
( 6) At this point the calculation of magnification transistors = \ \0.<
4. Darlington amplification test
materials:
relay: 12V (Magnetic field coil current of about 70-100mA)
. transistor (D235) 200
Fixed resistor : l KO (1I4W )
Variable resistance knob: lOOKO (1I4W)
bulbs: 1.5W-3W/12V

.:Ci!t
illI!i Ef)
.:c=
IOOkO
1001<0

C OZ3S
B

,-./
l1::i!i: E ifiiltD23S'II tll~ DZ3S
1'OJ~ mlf!l
"'~ti:j]I)~
B ~~
DE

Illfi e
( 1) As the wiring diagram, the relay is connected to the power Whether the relay
actuation ? ( ) Whether the light bulb? ( )
(2) The use of ammeter measuring base current Is = _ _rnA ;
The use of calculation methods Is = rnA
( 3) Measured collector current Ic = _ _rnA
( 4) At this point the calculation of magnification transistors
( 5) Why is there action transistor, the relay does not action? _ _ _ _ __

E 023S

lUiS
(6) D235 uses two transistors of the wiring diagram is as follows, the relay is
connected to the power Whether the relay actuation? ( )?
Whether the light bulb ( ) ?

emS

( 7) The use of ammeter measuring base current Is = _ _rnA

( 8) Measured collector current Ic = _ _rnA
( 9) At this point the calculation of magnification Darlington amplification

E 0235 IIi!!!
c. Logic circuit

1. Did not close the door warning lights blinking circuit

[900~r~1Wnl3f]lUJ~r~lUJw~13f]
IUJOPEN, *1UJ~~I3f]IUJ CLOSE
OR i'f"1:E1f[r~~~IUJWiJb!m

V+

~
A B C D
\ ~

Y
I

~ ~
<:>
~

-=l=" 5551f1El. -==-

tJtHWl~
2. Automotive airbag detonation circuit

+12V

n~
gl~rmg

biW~~~
~iN~~~
 Tester Description
l.power source -ACHOV

8 FUSE
2A

r1 ~~WRE
Fig 1
2.power supply
NO.1 NO.2
POWER POWER
SUPPLY SUPPLY
Adj. DC Power Supply

NO.1 .......1I-tM-t NO.2

Adj ~ ......- -.... Adj

NO.1 NO.2
Out put !+-........... Output

NO.1 NO.2
power trip power trip
indicator indicator

NO.1 NO.2
power power
Resetsw Resetsw
Fig 2 power supply

3.AC HOV power supply 110V AC SOurce

~
~ DC Power Suppfy

Fig 3 AC power supply "

?
e"
= 1
. "'.
+
0';
;E
".
I"",

+12
co
!OC
{.

4. DC 12V power supply

~
5 ' -~
2
~o
.
., ,"
(;<0 r6 -o
= .'"
GND3
. 0'- . __ __

Fig 4 DC power supply

1
5.Signal Generator
a. Clock pulse generator

GND3 100 11( 10K lOOK 1M

One Pul. . Generator

Botton sw

Fig 5
b. Function signal generator

waveform
selection
sw

Ftrlch
switching 1k tOk:

frequency @ .~itj-
coarse

frequency
tuning sw

amplitude
adg

Fig 6

2
6. Transformer

Tranaforrner

Fig 7
7.Control Relay
6V +8V Control Relay

~~~'. I;~H t-t~l~~ ~ 1

~
a. normal open type
h. normal close type ~
'). c NOI 18
00
00

Speaker
8. Speaker
0.25W ~ . .. ~ 19

9. Relay
I +12V
12V
~gi

~
a. normal open type
.'-
h. normal close type
00
00-

10.Buzzer
DC 3-5V 21

* rn
Push Button SWitch
11. Push Button switch
Release --off 16 ~fffi~ gH ~I 22
Push--on NC C NO[ .. )

~,~ H
~I..fO"OLJ ~. ~. I . OFF

12.Push switch

3
13.Rocker switch

Fig 8
14.Resistors

Fig 9
IS.Capacitors
a. Electrolytic capacitor-DCSOV, Divided into positive and negative
h. Fixed ceramic capacitor-DC50V

16.Diode
a. Si Diode -DCSOV11A
h. Zener Diode--1I4W
c.LED

4
 Practice 1 Measure DC Voltage
1.Measureing DC Voltage

Adj.. DC PIaww ~

~()
MIi\. Vl Mu.. Mn. V2 Max.

10V -=- ~V2

+ VI IlNDI -+v:t

Fig 1 Fig 2

RMt1

00 0

IUiU
tiSWfilOV

Fig 3
( 1) Figure 1 Wiring
( 2) Adjust the voltage according to Figure 2 to 10V
( 3) Measured according to Figure 3
Vl= V2= - - -

5
 Practice 2 Measure AC Voltage
I.Measureing AC Voltage

~Vl--....,
I R40 I
100K

A42 V2
200K

Fig I
( I) Figure I WIring
( 2) Function signal generator Placed sine wave
position
(3) Rang E : Placed Ik position
( 4) Amplitude : adjustment AC voltage range
'Wg_
FUnd1
.Io -iii<

Vpp=lQV
RlInQ!I
( 5) Frequency : Placed in the middle
( 6) Use ACV20 test
VI= V2= - - -
(7) Oscilloscope measuring voltage VI
( 8) Oscilloscope measuring voltage V2

Fig 2

i
~
!
J~ ~
I I

'\ i i r
i/
i.\ 1
IOVp-p
.\ 1 J 1\
: \ 'J
!

t I
F'" i
t
t
,! t
I
;
jJ
'-f 1
Fig 3

6
 it -t - ......

;- !

I !

r-
I I .

:~t.
~

! I "
. ,.
"- .<

-
r
1 - -" ~

f
l 1 1 I 1 1= I I 1 I J
Tlma/div: VOltage/dlV: Tlme/dlv: Voltage/dlv:

7
 Practice 3 Diode Applications
I.The center tapped full wave rectifier

I
01 I
!

AD R14-1K ; 'i
1
i, ~ '.
110V
."" F--I--+----+--I

lit . . . . .
Tlmeldlv: Voltaae/cllv:

( 1 ) Figure 1 WIring
( 2) Connected to the AC
(3) Use DCV20 test VO = _ __
(4) Oscilloscope measuring voltage VO

8
2.The bridge full wave rectifier

110 +12V
Vo

AO R14-1K
.. -,
110V

1
l-'-'+--+--+----l-+----+---+----+--~ I-
o -12V

.I.~
Timefdiv: Voitage/dlv:

I
I
I
~--~I

~ w.=.ffl~
f 000 I
D
HO
I I I
L _________ J L ___ -----------------~
I
__--'-""N:
~),;~&lIl1I1JU

II 3 #I. lKo.mll... ~u~

( 1 ) Figure 1 Wiring
( 2) Connected to the AC
(3) Use DCV20 test VO = _ __
(4) Oscilloscope measuring voltage VO

9
3.Filtcr circuit

:::1.
o +
.....
a
I
AC
110V

o -"t2V
.- I I
Iill . . . .
nme/dlv: Voltage/dlv:

t";. -.tI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ ..... ~-~ . . . . . . . _ ........... ~. . . - - - .. - .. _ - - - .. ---- - -- - -.- - ,

,-----,.
I
I
I
....,...--.,;~~ I
rG;;;;;;;;;;-ta:
I
I
I
I

-~

o 000 I
I I I
L _________ J L ____________________ J

( 1 ) Figure 1 Wiring
( 2) Connected to the AC
(3) Use DCV20 test V )KO = _ __
( 4) Oscilloscope measuring voltage V)KO

10
4. Voltage Regulator
.~IIJ:
1 3 Va
7805
2 04 :::t
0 ~
0
T"':
.... + 2 0
~
+ ~
I I
AC 0 'o:t
T"" 0 T"':
110V 0 II:
03

o ~12V

Dloe:
r----~-~---------W----M---------------~-------,
_oe!l'tiO ~ 1jOlfAO ___

P...l"=ffl~
Iiiililm
L... ___ ..

( 1 ) Figure 1 WIring
( 2) Connected to the AC
(3) Use DCV20 test V \KO = _ __
(4) If the regulator 7805 replaced 7812 V\KO= _ __

11
5.Zener diode

R14
1K

ZD2
-l VA1
10K

-=- VA1
12V 10K Va

1
1
2 3

%en
Diode
I
.r -----_-
DO IPOww Supply I

t23 1Ui
w..::::mu. 10KQ
.m m
"M
~mVR1~
U:1 1;2 3

~-~~
100t( lIOI( 10K
iii 3 Mil JOJ(OiiJftmlUl
VIU V1'I:I
"'"

( 1) Figure 1 Wiring
( 2) Connected to the DC
(3) Use DCV20test VIOK n= _ __
( 4) Adjust the variable resistor t0500 {] test V IOKn = _ __
( 5) Adjust the variable resistor to IK {] test V IOKn = _ __
( 6) Adjust the variable resistor to 5K {] test V IOKD = _ _ _
12
(7) Adjust the variable resistor to 10K [2 test V 10K 0 = _ _ __
(8) Oscilloscope measuring voltage VIOKO

I,
J
i

.,', . T
,

i
l1me/dlv; Voltag~/dlv:

II 4 ."lOKnVRlllm~

13
6.0ptical diode and Light Emitting Diode

Photo Diode LED 1

12V -=- R14

1K

Ill . . . .

( 1) Figure 1 Wiring
( 2) Connected to the DC
(3) Use ammeter measurement current of the circuit of the no light irradiation 1= rnA
VLEDI= _ _V

( 4) Use ammeter measurement current of the circuit of the light irradiation I=_rnA
VLEDI= V

14
 Practice 4 Bipolar Junction Transistors
la. Transistors as electronic switches

'l
LED1
-' 1
Vo
j

: V3?hl1flU
: ~ 2V
L ____ .. ____._____ .__ .,'-.-.-+--'

( 1 ) Figure 1 Wiring
( 2) Adjust the power supply output voltage to 2V and connected to input Vin ' the LED is lit?_
(3) MeasureV390o= '1}V1)( VlED = t) A.''L Vc= (\ ,6\0
(4) Measure Ic= ~ .,~ ~ Is = t, ~
( 5) Calculate j3 = lei IB = (J -\

( 6) LED Bias Voltage about 1.5V Forward current about 20mA

15
1b. Transistors as electronic switches

__------1---~-------.--_o+5V

R10 R11
470 410

Q7 Q8
2$0 2S0
1815 1815

r------------------------------------~

( 1 ) Capacitor charge time t= RC=47KxlO f.1 =0.47Sec ' LED action exchange time is about 0.5
seconds
( 2) Figure 1 Wuing
( 3) Adjust the power supply output voltage to 5V
(4) Press the switch LED lights are alternately \QI)
(5) Measure VCE= 0 p~'b (LED no lights) VCE= ') 0'\ (LED lights)
Interval of about=_
l _ Sec --=::: rx.
O 16
( 6 ) Figure 3 Tum off the power to replace the lOOK [2 resistor two 47K [2 resistors' Measure VCE
= 0 ' \ If (LED no lights) VCE = J .\V\. ( LED lights) Interval of about = ~ Sec ',0(1 \
( 7) Large resistance change when the capacitor charging time _ _

r------------------------------------
I
I
I
I
I
I

3 .~6'1fi100kO~)

17
2. Transistor circuit for electronic switching applications(Battery power indicator)

01
4001

zoe
I
12V VIN

I
I

lit 1 1IM

I
I
I
I j,:A~.~ftWl1Wfi
I

I
I
~ImDClSV

l.
~------------------------------~

( I ) Figure I WIring
(2) To replace the battery but the power supply voltage adjustment not to exceed I5V
(3) VIN to voltage meter measurement
When the red light VIN = __
When the yellow light VIN = _ _
When the green light VIN = __

18
3. Transistor amplifier(Speaker)

sw

017
0.01#
+12

L___________________ _

( 1) Speaker Specifications O.5W ' 8 (2

( 2) Figure 1 WIring
( 3) Adjust the power supply output voltage to 12V
(4) Measure V Speaker= __ I Speaker= __

( 5) Calculate P Speaker = _ W

19
4. Doing intermittent oscillator circuit transistor

R10
470

sw

+010 OPT
100#
R11
VR3 470
100K +12

Q7 Qf!i
260 2SA
11516 1015

I t
I
I 1
L .- ! J
'"
II

} ; '. I I 1 i'

... ,
!.
' T

! I I
nme/dlv: Voltage/dry:
III 2 M.lS151W~M

( 1) Transformer to use it as a inductor but secondary side is not connected

( 2) Intermittent sound speaker will be issued
( 3) Figure 1 Wiring
(4) Adjust the power supply output voltage to 12V
(5) Measure Transistor (1815) VCE=
( 6) Oscilloscope measuring Transistor (1815) VCE voltage
( 7) Adjust the variable resistor to change view speaker sound
Resistance to change in smaller speakers sound _ __
Resistance to change in larger speakers sound _ _
( 8) Adjust the variable resistor to change view Transistor (1815) VCE =

20
 . .... ...
r ----------------------------
. ~ ~---
---------~--,
r---------------

I
I

I
r------'I I
I I
I I
. . ____ "J
~~--..... I

~~
OUtN
.. - r:-~-- :

lE3e I . ~-

L3:0
Ii,iI . .. Pr .....

. ..... __ .... J

I~.J. ., ~

[QlQ] h
.W
r. . ..,I.
-
, _ ott{

--

21
5. Transistor amplifier

Va
C4
10"

R20
3k
RE +08
. (R12)
47/l
560

IIIl.au

r
T-
. . .i
!;

nme/dlv: Voitage/div:
III 1 .a.-mujtlJfj

( 1) Figure 1 WIring
(2) Adjust the signal generator frequency f= 1kHz/sin wave ,Output Voltage V = 2mv connected
to Yin
(3) Oscilloscope adjustment TimelDiv =O.2ms' VoltlDiv=O.2V' Probe 1 : 1
( 4) Measure V 0 wave
(5) Measure Ic= lB= - -
(6) Calculate /3 =Ic/ lB= _ _

22
23
6. Darlington circuit

+010
. VR1 100p
10K

Q7
asc
18'1S
=-+sv =-+sv

III IfIt1U&

( 1) Figure 1 (B) Wiring

( 2) Adjust the power supply output voltage to 5V 'IA
( 3) Press switch
( 4) Buzzer is tweet ? _ _
( 5) Measure V390ll = _ __ Ie=
( 6) Figure 1 (A) Wiring
( 7) Press switch
( 8) Buzzer is tweet ?
(9) Measure V390ll = Ie=
( 10) Comparing Figure lA and Figure IB
Figure lA Ie / Figure IB Ie =

24
 Ungton circuit

+010
VR1 1001'
10K

Q7
2SC
1.815
=-+5\1 "::"+5\1

III Wltllm

1) Figure 1 (B) Wiring

2) Adjust the power supply output voltage to 5V 'lA
P) Press switch
( 4) Buzzer is tweet ?
S) Measure V3900 = - - - Ie=
( 6) Figure 1 (A) Wiring
(7) Press switch
(8) Buzzer is tweet ?
(9) Measure V3900= Ie=
(10) Comparing Figure lA and Figure IB
Figure lA Ie / Figure IB Ie =

24
r----------------------------
I
I

I
I
I """~~

I I
I
I
I
:I~I ~
I I I
_______ .. _J :I I

~:____
D.. J
I
I
I
I
I

I
I

:~~~ Dn :
I
I
_... __ .............. J
u t
_____ J

25
 Practice 5 Operational Amplifier
1. Inverting amplifier

+v .
tl---4-OVo

1 741 1
(b) 111

i
!
-'1---1-' -t'-".
,

. , "i " " ,,--, " . i .. I..,

" '._' I ~
,

I
Tlme/div: Voltage/dlv: Tim e/div: Voltage/div:
-M!IWtA"'~DB II 1 mam:WIIJ .ta~1IJ

( 1) Figure 1 (B) Wiring (Figure A is a schematic diagram ,B is the actual wiring diagram)
( 2 ) Adjust the signal generator frequency f = 1kHz/sin wave ,Output Voltage V = O.2V connected
to Yin
(3) Adjust the power supply output voltage to 12V 'lA
( 4) Received positive power supply pin 7 ( + 12V) amplifier ' negative connected pin 4 (
-12V)
(5) Measure Vo= _ __
( 6) Connected to the oscilloscope input signal and output signal watch the voltage waveform

26
tt r.,t :1;:3
........... 1~.........
; ; :~ :i1
' ,..
l#: -:t:~; 5
~ ..... .li'. .;.;;!:'3
. . ....,..

27
2. Non-inverting amplifier

_ _ /If: R40
100K
A40
100K

+v

-- 1 - --
-
741 1
1 ft

I, ....

". I
I

LI ..l ~ ,,
, ' :, "
I '"
!
l

Tlme/dlY: VOltag.1d1Y: nme/dlv: Voltage/dlv:

~1IWta.A--~~Jaf
la~_ . ~t7jI!Q III ~III .m.~

( 1 ) Figure 1 (B) Wiring (Figure A is a schematic diagram ,B is the actual wiring diagram)
(2 ) Adjust the signal generator frequency f= lkHzlsin wave ,Output Voltage V=O.2V connected
to Vin
(3) Adjust the power supply output voltage to 12V 'IA
( 4) Received positive power supply pin 7 ( + 12V) amplifier 'negative connected pin 4 (
-12V)
(5) Measure Vo= _ __
( 6) Connected to the oscilloscope input signal and output signal watch the voltage waveform

28
mym, r;: :-~~ -; ~ : _ ~ ltm nuru c:;;zt!J e:;~RS~ ~ ~
.!~ w EXIT'
~"".;.~ __ ~. ""........... ... tot . . . . . _ "'......... .... . . . _1'- ~.".. ...... o 0 0 0 L-f-_--'-_'ii--->

29
3. Comparator

VRI
lQK

(a) 1UYI.

( 1) Figure 1 (B) Wiring (Figure A is a schematic diagram ,B is the actual wiring diagram)
( 2) First with Multimeter measured thermistor resistance value and then calculating the value of
variable resistor (RlxR4= R2xR3 )
(3) Adjust the power supply output voltage to 12V 'IA
( 4) Buzzer is tweet _ _
( 5) Using the heat source close to the thermistor when the buzzer sounds to measure the thermal
resistance Rth =
( 6) Survey Comparator 2 and 3 pin voltage Yin = __
(7) Measure Vout= _ __

30
 ~IIO &, Analog 10
I ...... .... IP . . . . .:to. ...
I .~ i\:: :~ r:::~ (~~g~1 I:;~~I
100K
-.._~
___
!DC
Vft2
___
10K
VR;;...;..;.;.'_.."
I
I g --------
~-
,~tl!!!::!!..
--------------
:!, ::;:~;o
...... 1IIt. . . . . . . .
"L!~t~:e.
~~~~;:~- :i
-"e~

:.=::::~."
~.
I~~:~
-~8

t'~::"._
I:::~:I 1 l;g;:1
:!!'. .
~p:;~:
........
,*~;;I
..-we ...
::!:!!!:!!'
r;~2;. ~: ~ :t ,:~,:;:g~~ J~~~;p~~ t~:;;. ~;1 c:~ t~~~;;;

p-
- ~IP '-_----'I ~ 4111
I~ I~ ] P
ImmzZi
rwa~a.~.

!~!!~:'!6
fin:::ill]
r_a.e~.
Ill;llll~
~.a,
.... ltn~'V
~.
Iw.*~ ==
.......
,....DI . . .m.~

!!!!l;e
~

~!!!:
~ .g-
~,g;Jlli
:rnaa .......
"<p
. 'ri tft-Cr ,

[~~ ~i:~~i5
...........

Ig- i:tz-~, C::;. ~

I~ I ~1 ] P
Ig~~~~~~,; g~::::.:~ ,;::::~:~ I:: , ~~.~I~ ~ 74111 2,3 llaA.ta ~: ~~~;t
~.,. . . ..., ..... " ...,~."'. ..."'........ ~. flflllt-!t...... .., . ~ .............

31
4. Buzzer

r---------~~--~12V

( 1) Figure 1 Wiring
(2) Use of multi-meter measuring Phototransistor form the two terminal resistance
R=
( 3) When Phototransistor light irradiation in the lens the resistance whether or not changes ?
R=
( 4) Buzzer is tweet _ _
(5) When Phototransistor light irradiation in the lens measure Transistor Vc= _ __ Ic=

32
 DC Power Supply

,,,
I
Vc I
UJt?'J.ld I
I
-----.I
I
Q I
I
I
' - - - -....... ,
---_.&._----_ .. _--..)

33
 Practice 6 Basic logic circuits
1. NOT gate

4069

4069

sw
~
LEDl
12V..::..

I AHI
1.~ 12V -=-
I
IiI 2erlill

( 1 ) Figure 1 (B) Wiring (Figure A is a schematic diagram ,B is the actual wiring diagram )
(2) NOT-gate IC No. 4069 there six NOT-logic gates
(3) NOT-gate IC No.4 prefix voltage 3-15v
( 4) NOT-gate Ie No 14 pin connected power (12V) , No7pin connected ground
( 5) Switch off LED lights are lit? ~
( 6) Switch on LED lights are lit? ~

34
 ~~!!::::!.
GI~t;::~]
!!;!.!!!::!!:.
C::::::!!j
.......
1!::3
P'-_ _----'I P.L -_ _- - - '

~q;-;D:~
..... ~ .....G .....

~!' !;;ii

."D.~1IiI
~~.
fo !=: !' ~~ #i
- .t*Ya .....
:!:!!e~:!!e:
-tt~~
..
:....
:;!!:!:~
_
...
...
fQi~;~;J
...Na ., ....
:!!~~.

:~~ r;.!-~t:4 199::~~*

-------,- ---------_.-
run!!] uam%1
- N8 ...~.jIio... "" 'Ha.",.~
igf g;~ ~
""' wit ...... ""'.
~
- . . ... 16....
~
-~ ~
In;1.g;t
-~o~ ~
rnnTII
~Nn.e.~
.: 1Ii
0.
bd

35
2. AND gate

SW.A 144081

SW.A
~
12V -=- LED1
OW.B

I Rut
Uk 12V..=...
I
.2 Hili

(1) AND-gate Ie No. 4081 there four AND-logic gates

( 2) Figure 1 (B) WIring (Figure A is a schematic diagram ,B is the actual wiring diagram)
( 3) Two switches are off LED lights are lit? ( !~ '\ .
( 4) Only A switch to on LED lights are lit? ~

( 5) Only B switch to on LED lights are lit? r !

( 6) A switch and B switches are on LED lights are lit? .n..LL

36
 ::--=~=;... !~:i'~;!. ..... .... ".. _... .... ."".D
I~::~:*:~I it~::m:J .g m ~ ~~:!l ;:~:i1 Ima ~;~~I
SW A
?__ :J [ ._._
..=:J ~ [:::J ~~ CJ ~ " fi CJ l,.._-.-1IUtI--_-SWItlch--

.... .
~g*~mil m:mI
....... ...,
...'''''''''''~''''.
t'~:~:;=G """""'.,
~!. . . . . . . . . , , " .

f.~!g~~~6J ~;~.; ~m

t:~:' ~::::: t::~ ~~' :;

~~* ~. r~ . . . .~.

37
3.0Rgate
.~'ElM-III;

SW.A. 144011

SW.A

12V ...=... IOW. S

I 12V.=...
I
25!
1I1 1 . . .1I1

( 1) OR-gate Ie No. 4071 there four OR-logic gates

( 2) Figure 1 (B) Wiring (Figure A is a schematic diagram ,B is the actual wiring diagram)
( 3) Two switches are off LED lights are lit? 0\ "
( 4) Only A switch to on LED lights are lit? {, ~ \
( 5) Only B switch to on LED lights are lit? i'" \, \

( 6 ) A switch and B switches are on LED lights are lit? 0,\)

38
 /
'I

:!t~!!:!!::$. _"'-!Ii'" .,.... !P~ ~ ...... ~ .,.. '. . ... 9W.

1~:~2~ : :~1 1~:~tJ ~ ~ I~:::I *:~:# Jg~-:'~

SW A
,-P__-,I ,-p_ _-,I p~1 CJ P""wi CJ CJ D .........
-. -"-'ltot-
-.-ewl-.toh--

::=:e~::~ .. ! -~~;-Sl
I~::::::~
.... ........
~

=:!=-::2_
l*:~~ t: :~
"'-(II(II'4'."f!'4
~2~::~~.
fIi~l
!fln.oM
-1)1"'"
:, ~::='2
~_
. ..
:e~:2
~
~- ...

~ : :*'
.... ()I&.
.....
.. ..... -
_0.. Aa
JITf:l
.... ~ft
::~::i
[f;!l
~".
r.. t; <'l

~m~g~ ~W~~ Imm~~1
~
t;llinJ ~ ~ ~

==:1
~

~-'~~"-'~l t C'---'~-"l r:'"~Cl [---"] p'.-071 I f '-'W'"-"'l f}---]

J
~:~~::::~
.... "'.... ID.t'"'.
:=:.:=~:.
tgIfim
I~. ;; :~:~~~
~. I!I ..... -a.'"':.
; ::~: :~i
+"~" ,IIt"".~
1.~:;~ ..,.
U.m;ll
:;::::~i
~~" ......
:;:~;fll.
~illll!
,:Ir~:
~ I~

g:~~~~ , ~
"'I'-1IIi"
:~;;:-

~
..
..,.k SW B
I
I
I
~ 1P 1,-p_\ _-->1 L IS .J r-[-
._. ==--=-~'I [:~ .J~~==== I

E;",..,-.._ _ .

L _________ _

39
4. NAND gate (Seat belt monitor circuit)

SW.A 144011
4

SW.A.

12V=- sw.a

I R1S
1.~ 12V=-
I

112U&

( 1) NAND-gate Ie No. 4011 there four NAND-logic gates

( 2) Automotive LED lights that can start the car seat belt fastened
( 3) Figure 1 (B) Wiring (Figure A is a schematic diagram ,B is the actual wiring diagram)
( 4) Ignition Switch (Fire) on.
( 5) Two switches are off LED lights are lit?
( 6) Only A switch to on LED lights are lit?
( 7) Only B switch to on LED lights are lit?
( 8) A switch and B switches are on LED lights are lit?

40
 lED

...... ...... ....... .~.. ~.. .~

I::!!~ f-::*, ~:~!1 ~::21 t#::#J .[ m SW B

e!::::~:~1
~~::~:!:::~DI ~~:::!~::~ ,.
............
.,m ...... o

rrrrrm !~~;I,~T~
n~;';'
b!"VR:i-,..jJ

~ 1~ "
t;*~-:~.:']
............ Gi$.lt~t~ WJlillJ
::~!::::~. = :;!~~~~~..
-..........
..w.. " ......
=:.:=-~~ ..
t.:.g~*~~t4
- ........"'"

~~:~~~~
:::::= ....
~=f::J
t2~~g~:ij
... ........"' .... II!I~
::r.:t...
- ~
~
......"..
00<

:=r-~
UIitUll [%rnI~~ :!':;Jlt~ I lii~.ttt; lit:lm ~;~tt;!~~ ~.~.:,;L

p ! '--_---'I
P e
... . .__- '1' I P_..a..
I
_---'..J> I ~ <lOtI I ~ , ~
I
~~~~m~ i~~mml ~lllt;~;] I [t;It~J ~~tt~~ li~;;j.~
L _____________ _
..... n ...... cr-. ....C!t~ ... . IDf'-C

_ _____ J
SW A

41