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a) Load
b) c)
Grid Series
Static Grid Inductor
Static Load
Switch Switch
Grid AC/DC DC/AC Load
AC/DC
AC/DC DC/AC Bidirect.
Fig. 1; Schemes of the (a) passive standby UPS topology; (b) line-interactive UPS topology; (c) double conversion UPS topology.
UPS
Output Isolation Positive Switch
Switch Gate
Lower limit
Negative
Capacitor Negative Positive Grid
Switch Period
a) b) c)
Fig. 2; (a) Complete scheme of the TTS; (b) Principle of operation when a voltage notch takes place in the grid; (c) Control circuitry of the
positive and negative switches.
takes place, the sensed load voltage will fall below the
II. O PERATION CONCEPT lower limit and, as a consequence, the positive capacitor
The Transfer Time Suppressor (TTS) bases its principle will be connected to the load through the positive switch
of operation on providing energy to the load during the (fig. 2c). Therefore, sensed load voltage is again higher
transfer time (fig 2a). There are two main options for than the lower limit and the capacitor is disconnected.
storing this energy: This process is repeated until the UPS restores its output
voltage to a normal value. This results in the modulation
x batteries
of the voltage capacitor and leads to a sinusoidal
x capacitors waveform (with some ripple) applied to the load. As can
Batteries have a larger energy density than capacitors, be seen, a typical bang-bang control is used. In the
but they would need a charger. This would also increase negative period, the process is similar but using the
the complexity and cost of the overall design. On the other negative capacitor and negative switch. It should be noted
hand, capacitors can be charged directly from the grid that during this negative period, if a notch takes place, the
with a diode. Considering that the TTS will be supplying exceeded limit will be the upper one (fig. 2b and 2c).
energy only during the transfer time, which lasts for a few Initially, the voltage will become higher than this upper
milliseconds, the energy density is not a key issue. limit and, hence, the negative capacitor will be connected
Furthermore, the most common voltage value for batteries to the load through the negative switch. As in the positive
is 12V (or 48V with 4 batteries connected in series). This period, when the negative capacitor is connected, the
results in the need of boosting this voltage to the grid sensed load voltage becomes lower than the upper limit
nominal value. and the negative switch is opened again. This results in a
It should be noted that if the cost and/or the complexity sinusoidal voltage applied to the load, but with a certain
of the TTS is high, a line-interactive UPS equiped with a ripple. As it will be explained, due to the short duration of
TTS would be more expensive and/or complex than a the tranfer time, this ripple may be acceptable for some
double conversion UPS and, hence, less competitive. aplications.
Considering this and the low energy density needed, Voltages surges elimination will be explained later.
capacitors are chosen to store the energy that the TTS will First, it should be noted that another switch, different from
supply to the load. the positive or the negative one, is needed in order to
The control method is very simple. Load voltage is isolate the TTS and the load from the UPS output when
sensed and constantly compared with two voltage limits the grid experiments an abnormal situation. If this
(fig 2b). Considering a positive period, if a voltage notch isolation switch is not implemented, energy from the TTS
a) b)
Fig. 3; (a) Control circuitry of the isolation switch; (b) Principle of operation when a voltage surge takes place in the
voltage grid.
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will flow not only to the load, but also to the grid and the only be providing energy during the few milliseconds of
measurement systems at the output of the UPS. This the transfer time and, hence, the reduction of the ripple
isolation switch is opened when the sensed load voltage is generated by this bang-bang control is not a key issue. As
above the upper voltage limit or below the lower one, a consequence, no output filters are needed and the size
regardless of wether the grid is in the positive period or and cost of the whole system can be minimized. Another
the negative one (fig 3a). It will be closed again when the important consequence is that the typical design
load voltage is restored to normal values by the UPS. It considerations cannot be applied. Later in the paper, the
should be noted that the control of this switch is slightly design procedure employed will be explained.
different front the positive or negative switch control: As can be seen, the whole system is very simple (fig
once a voltage notch or a voltage surge is detected, the 2a). The pair of capacitors has a reasonably small size due
isolation switch is opened and remains in that state wether to the short duration of the transfer time. The positive and
the sensed load voltage is restored by the TTS. Only when the negative switches are implemented with MOSFETs.
the load voltage is restored by the UPS, and not by the Their parasitic diodes work as rectifiers for charging the
capacitors of the TTS, the isolation switch will be closed capacitors and, hence, no extra diodes are needed. The
again. As will be exlained later, a low cost low size isolation switch should have a very short reaction time and
microcontroller is implemented in the TTS control. While it should also allow current flowing in both directions.
the opening of the isolation switch is commanded by an Hence, it has been implemented with a pair of MOSFETs
analog circuit (fig. 3a), the responsible for closing it will connected source to source. This gives the isolation
be the microcontroller. switch a very short reaction time and allows current
The way in which the isolation switch is controlled flowing in both directions. The sinusoidal upper and lower
allows the TTS to protect the load against not only voltage limits are generated by a low-cost low-size
notches, but also voltage surges. Considering a voltage microcontroller, which is also responsible for some other
surge in the positive period, the sensed load voltage will logic actuations (i.e.: closing the isolation swith when the
raise over the upper limit (fig 3b). This will not close voltage is restored). The resulting system has low cost and
either the positive or the negative switch (fig 2c), but it low size and, hence, the connection of a TTS to a line-
will open the isolation switch (fig 3a). As a consequence, interactive UPS does not represent a significant increment
the load will not be longer affected by the voltage surge in the cost or size of the UPS. Nevertheless, its transfer
but, in the same way, it will not be longer connected to the time would be eliminated.
grid (UPS output) and, hence, its voltage will decrease as
in a voltage notch. Therefore, the situation will now be III. I MPLEMENTATION OF THE SYSTEM
similar to the one in which a voltage notch is affecting the In fig. 2a the complete scheme of the TTS is shown.
load and the positive capacitor is being connected to it. The capacitors should be rated for more than 375 V. The
The only difference is that in the first case the UPS enters transfer time, the maximum critical load and the minimum
in the stored energy mode as a consequence of a voltage acceptable output voltage are the most important variables
notch while, in this second case, the UPS enters in this
in determining the capacitance needed. Two 470-PF bulk
mode due to a voltage surge. If the voltage surge takes
capacitors are needed to supply 1500 W during 3 ms. The
place during the negative period, the exceeded limit will
calculation to determine its size is the following:
be the lower one and, as in the positive period, the
isolation switch will be opened. The capacitor connected where Ecap and Vcap are the energy and the voltage of
will be the negative one and the limit used to modulate the the capacitor and C is its capacitance. The voltage
capacitor voltage will be the upper one. provided by the TTS should be within the same tolerances
as the UPS. Hence, considering (1):
As it has been said, this control strategy implies a
significant voltage ripple. Nevertheless, the TTS would
Ecap = 0.5CVcap2 (1)
driver
LOAD
driver
control
driver
Control
Circuitry Mains
Ground Ground
Fig. 5; Photograph of the prototype. The heaksink of the isolation
Fig. 4; Complete scheme of the TTS including the control signals switch is not shown. The small transformer on the left side of the
and the grounds needed. PCB is used by the auxiliary circuitry.
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Finally, it should be noted that a low-cost low-size
microcontroller is responsible for generating both the
Ecap_ini = 0.5CVinpk2 (2) upper and the lower levels. As a consequence, it needs to
be synchronized with the load voltage. This is achieved in
Ecap_fin = 0.5C(Vinpktol)2 (3) a very simple way: two diodes clamp the load voltage and
a resistor limits the current though them. This allows the
where Ecap_ini and Ecap_fin are the energy level of the microcontroller to perfectly detect when the load voltage
bulk capacitor before and after the notch has been filled, is changing from the positive to the negative period and
Vinpk is the peak value of the voltage and tol is the synchronizes both limits with the load voltage. Another
tolerance of the UPS output voltage. function of the microcontroller is closing the isolation
Considering that the notch only lasts for a few switch when the voltage is restored by the UPS, as this
milliseconds, it is possible to calculate the energy does not need a very short reaction time. Nevertheless,
demanded by the load as if its voltage were constant and opening the isolation switch should be done in a very
equal to Vinpk (which would be clearly the worst case): short period of time. Hence, an analog circuit (two
comparators), and not the microcontroller, is responsible
Eload_max = Vinpk(Pload_max / Veff_load)2tnotch (4) for this actuation. For the same reason, the control of the
positive and the negative switches is also done by an
where Eload_max is the maximum energy demanded by analog circuit.
the load, Pload_max the rated power of the UPS and tnotch the
maximum duration of the UPS transfer time. IV. E XPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The energy demanded by the load is supplied by one of A prototype of the proposed system has been built and
the capacitors. Hence: tested (fig. 5). It is designed for 230 V, 3 ms of transfer
time and 1500 W load. As has been explained, with these
Ecap_ini = Ecap_fin + Eload_max (5) specifications two 470 F capacitors are enough to protect
the load from any grid fault during the 3-milliseconds
With (2), (3), (4) and (5), considering the given transfer time. A BUK456 (n-channel MOSFET) is chosen
specifications and setting a tolerance of 70%, two 470-F for the positive switch and a STB9NK70Z (p-channel
capacitors are needed (one for the positive period and one MOSFET) is chosen for the negative one. Two IRFBE20
for the negative one). have been selected for the isolating switch; due to the
The positive switch is implemented with an n-channel maximum load which can be connected, heat sink is
MOSFET while the negative switch is implemented with a needed for this switch. The experimental results for a
p-channel one. The reason is simplicity. With these types voltage notch are presented in fig 6a-6c. Fig. 6a shows the
of MOSFET, both gate control signals are referred to the load voltage when the TTS is not connected to the UPS.
same ground (fig 4). This simplifies the auxiliary system Fig. 6b shows the load voltage when the TTS is used and
which supplies power to the control circuitry. As has been fig. 6c shows the sensed load voltage and the lower limit
said, the selection of these MOSFETs is not standard. The with a higher time scale. The test done for voltage surge is
TTS will be at full load only during the transfer time of presented in fig. 6d-6f. Fig. 6d shows the load voltage
the UPS. Therefore, efficiency of the TTS is not a key without the TTS connected to the UPS output. Fig 6e
issue and the Rdson is not as important as in other designs. shows the load voltage when the TTS is used. In Fig 6f
Also, the average current (ID) is not a key characteristic sensed load voltage and upper limit detail are presented.
due to the same reason. The most important characteristic As can be seen, this limit clamps the maximum the load
is the maximum peak current (IDM), which should be voltage can reach, but the modulation is done comparing
higher than the maximum current peak value the load may with the lower limit (not represented).
demand. The maximum voltage any of the MOSFET will
have to support is the double of the peak grid voltage. V. C ONCLUSIONS
The MOSFETs of the isolation switch will be normally Passive standby and line-interactive UPSs have a
driving the current given by the UPS. Therefore, the transfer time from normal mode to stored energy mode.
conventional criteria should be attended. The maximum During this transfer time, any voltage disturbance in the
voltage they will have to support, as in the other grid may affect the critical load connected to the UPS. In
MOSFETs, is the double of the grid voltage (during the this paper, a solution to this problem is presented. In the
transfer time, in which this switch is opened). Transfer Time Supressor (TTS), the load voltage is sensed
No heat sinks are needed either in the positive or in the and continuosly compared with an upper and a lower
negative switch. They will only be driving current during limit. If any fault is detected (the sensed load voltage is
the transfer time and, as its duration is quite short, their out of the area defined by the lower and the upper limit),
temperature will not be increased. The isolation switch the isolating switch is opened. The load is then connected
may need heat sink depending on the Rdson of the to a capacitor and this connection is modulated in order to
MOSFETs and the power the UPS is supplying to the obtain a sinusoidal voltage applied to the load. This is
load. achieved by means of a bang-bang control. As a
As mentioned above, eliminating the voltage ripple is consequence, during the transfer time the load voltage is
not a key issue and, as a consequence, no filters or sinusoidal but with some ripple. Considering the short
inductors are needed. This considerably reduces the size duration of the transfer time, this may be acceptable for
and the cost of the overall system. It should be considered many pieces of equipment. Hence, the TTS make line-
that this ripple may be acceptable for certain loads interactive UPS more competitive than double conversion
connected the UPS. Nevertheless, this ripple can be UPS in many situations.
reduced by adding a filter capacitor to the TTS output.
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a) d)
b) e)
c) f)
Fig. 6. (a) Load voltage (125 V/div) without STS during voltage sag; (b) Load voltage (125 V/div) with a STS connected to the UPS; (c) Sensed
load voltage (5 V/div) and lower limit (5 V/div); (d) Load voltage (125 V/div) without a STS during a voltage surge; (e) Load voltage (125 V/div)
with a STS connected to the UPS; (f) Sensed load voltage (5 V/div) and upper limit (5 V/div). Modulation is done comparing with the lower limit.
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[7] Jun-Keun Ji, Jan-Hwan Kim, Seung-Ki Sui, Hyo-Sung Kim A Conference Proceedings 2003, Volume 3, 23-26 June 2003. Pag(s)
Novel Three-Phase Line-Interactive UPS System with Parallel- 5 pp.
Series Active Power-Line Conditioning Capabilities Using AC [11] Radhakrishna, C., Eshwardas, M., Chebiyam, G. Impact of
Line Reactor IECON 2004, Volume 2, 2-6 Nov 2004. Pag(s): Voltage Sags in Practical Power System Networks Transmission
1861-1866. and Distribution Conference and Exposition 2001. Volume 1 28-
[8] A. Fernandez, M. Arias, V. de Prado, M. M. Hernando and J. Oct, 2-Nov 2001. Pag(s):567-572.
Sebastian, A Switch-Mode Converter to Fill Voltage Sags in [12] Dong-Myung Lee, Habetler, T.G., Harley, R.G., Keister, T.L.,
Interactive Uninterruptible Power Supplies, APEC06, 19-23 Rostron, J.R. A Voltage Sag Supporter Utilizing a PWM-
March 2006. Page(s): 7 pp. Switched Autotransformer Transactions on Power Electronics,
[9] M. Arias, A. Fernndez, D. G. Lamar, M. Rodrguez, M.M. Volume 22, Issue 2, March 2007 Page(s):626 635.
Hernando Simplified Voltage Notch Filler for Interactive [13] Po-Tai Cheng, Chian-Chung Huang, Chun-Chiang Pan,
Uninterruptible Power Supplies, APEC06, February 2007. Bhattacharya, S. Design and implementation of a series voltage
Page(s):1373-1378. sag compensator under practical utility conditions Transactions
[10] Dong-Jun Won, Seon-Ju Ahn, Il-Yop Cheng, Joong-Moon Kim, on Industrial Applications, Volume 39, Issue 3, May-June 2003
Seung-Il Moon A New Definition of Voltage Sag Duration Page(s):844 853.
Considering The Voltage Tolerante Curve Power Tech
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