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INTRODUCTION
In order to increase the efficiency of growth of rice crop, factors in proper management,
such as planting method, water, fertilizer, weeds, and pests and diseases, must be considered.
According to International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), 37% of rice crop is wasted due to
diseases. These diseases damage the crop and may cause withering of rice plants if not treated.
The only way to identify the right cure is to distinguish the specific disease present on the rice
plant. Early detection of these diseases is needed especially for infectious diseases that may
spread on other healthy crops. Many ways have been established in determining the disease in
rice plant but each technique has limitations such as it is for laboratory settings and requires
specialists and professionals to interpret the data. These situations may not lead to the desired
prevention of spreading of diseases and may be too late to give the cure since these limitations
Plant disorders have two classifications namely, biotic and abiotic. Biotic diseases are
caused by living organisms or pathogens (bacteria, fungi, mites, insects, and nematodes) and are
infectious. Abiotic diseases are caused by environmental stresses or other non-biological factors
such as temperature, air pollution, nutrient deficiencies, and/or chemical injuries (Cloyd, 2016).
The necessities has grown bigger in keeping crops from pests that cause these mentioned
diseases which reduces the losses in productivity, and generating quality products that comes
after meeting the needs in water, good seeds and fertilizers (Javier, 2016). These have been
persistent issues worldwide that circulate around agricultural fields, especially for matters that
include food loss caused by disease causing infections to crop (Yi Fang and Ramaraja
Ramasamy, 2015). According to the article Computer and Electronics in Agriculture (A Review
of Advanced Techniques for Detecting Plant Diseases), infections in plants contribute to major
production and economic losses in agriculture industry across the globe. Identifying accurately
the disease present in plants as early as possible serves as the key element to boost and diminish
Oryza Sativa (asian rice) is regarded as the Philippines most important staple crop
(Library of Congress) that accounts for around 20% of the GVA (Gross Value Added) of the
Philippine Agriculture (Gonzales, 2013). In this paper, Oriza Sativa (Asian Rice) is given priority
in determining the diseases that damage and destroy rice fields. Every year, farmers experience
an average of 37% wasted rice crop due to diseases (IRRI). This signifies that the identification
There two types of plant disease detection. These include direct and indirect detection.
Direct detection, such as, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Fluorescence in-situ Hybridization,
molecular and serological methods and the disease causing pathogens are directly detected to
provide accuracy in identifying the disease (Yi Fang and Ramaraja Ramasamy, 2015). Indirect
transpiration rate change and volatile organic compounds released by infected plants (Yi Fang
and Ramaraja Ramasamy, 2015). Each method has limitations (Yi Fang and Ramaraja
Ramasamy, 2015). However, the said applications are for only to laboratory settings which
require skilled personnel to operate. These means of disease detection will not be of great
In this project study, the main aim is to determine the disease of the rice plant. According
to IRRI, an average of 37% is wasted in the rice crop because of diseases, every year. If the
disease is determined as early as possible, we can lessen this 37 percent. Philippines is the
biggest rice importer for about 10% of the country's annual consumption. (ricepedia.org) This is
mainly because, our rice fields are converted to urban, population growth and the infrastructure
for rice irrigation is not properly maintained and for transport infrastructure, we lack in good-
quality roads. (IRRI) These reasons lead to lesser production and high demand. If the demand is
high, the price will also increase, this price increase heightened by the lesser production. If the
determination of the disease will lead to immediate solution, therefore, the production will
increase. It will affect the farmers. Higher production means, higher income. It will affect the
citizens. Rice is the Philippines most important crop because it is our staple food. (ricepedia.org)
If the production increases, the price may reduce even though there is a high demand. According
to Department of Agriculture Secretary Manny Piol on the rice production programs that aims
to rice self-sufficiency and even to be a rice-exporting country, it may reduce the price of rice
because we are eliminating the middle men in the exportation, because they are the ones
controlling the buying and selling price of rice in the market. (Update.ph, 2016) On the long run
it has an economic impact to our country. If the Philippines become a exporting-country, assuring
that we are already self-sufficient, our foreign income will increase upon exporting.
1.3. Objectives
This study aims to formulate an alternative way in biotic disease identification of Oriza
To create a database containing the 5 major biotic diseases of Oriza Sativa which
The study will focus on using image processing on identifying diseases of Oriza sativa.
The study will focus on using different techniques of image processing to identify the diseases
present in the Oriza sativa plant for the purpose of having a portable device that will quickly
determine the diseases. This study will analyze and study the current techniques used for
determining disease causing bacteria. Recent studies show that the current identification
techniques are done in the laboratory and will take time to have results.
The study will not tackle the laboratory analysis of the bacteria that causes the diseases
but will discuss the physical appearance of the plants affected by the bacteria. Since this project
aims to have a portable disease detection device on Oriza sativa, the proposed project will be
This proposal makes use of an image acquiring device such as digital cameras which can
capture and store an image of a rice plant Oriza Sativa under observation. This image is sent to a
processing device which outputs the diseases present on the plant. The processing stage includes
image pre-processing and digital image processing. The device initially conducts the image pre-
processing stage in which the input image is converted to numerical data values readable by the
program in the device. The digital image processing stage makes use of the collected data and
conducts different image processing techniques to determine significant features present on the
image such as color, shapes and patterns. The identified color and patters from the input image
represented by data values are correlated to the existing list of data values obtained from pre-
acquired images representing the rice plant diseases. The pre-acquired images representing the
rice plant diseases are considered the controlled variable. Identifying a match with the controlled
variable dictates the current status of the rice plant Oriza Sativa under observation. The device
will output the type of disease present on the rice plant Oriza Sativa under observation.
. Image Acquisition
Image Pre-processing
Bibliography
Flynn, P. (2003, September 12). Biotic vs. Abiotic - Distinguishing Disease Problems
from Environmental Stresses. Horticulture & Home Pest News .
IRRI. (n.d.). How to Manage Pests and Diseases. Rice Knowledge Bank .
IRRI. (n.d.). IRRI. Retrieved September 26, 2016, from Why does the Philippines
import rice?: http://irri.org/news/hot-topics/why-does-the-philippines-import-rice
Javier, D. E. (2016, April 30). What to do with agriculture in 2016 and beyond.
Manila Bulletin .
Library of Congress, W. D. (n.d.). Philippines: A Country Study: Rice and the Green
Revolution. Rice and the Green Revolution .
Update.ph. (2016, August 31). Update Philippines. Retrieved September 26, 2016,
from Philippines moving toward rice self-sufficiency, rice-exporting country:
http://www.update.ph/2016/08/philippines-moving-toward-rice-self-sufficiency-rice-
exporting-country/8943
Yi Fang and Ramaraja Ramasamy. (2015, August 6). Current and Prospective
Methods for Plant Disease Detection. Biosensors .