I.

PRONOUN

1. What is a pronoun

Pronoun is a word that replaces a noun in a sentence. Pronouns are used so

that our language is not cumbersome with the same nouns being repeated over and
over in a paragraph.

Some examples of pronouns include I,me,mine,myself,she, her,hers,herself,we,

us,ours,and ourselves.You may have noticed that they tend to come in sets of four,
all referring to the same person, group or thing.

He, him, his and himself, for example, all refer to a male person or
something belonging to him.
They, them, theirs and themselves all refer to a group or something
belonging to a group, and so on.
The truth is that there are many different types of pronouns, each serving a
different purpose in a sentence.

2. Personal Pronoun

Personal pronouns is a pronoun which refers to a person or thing.Personal

pronouns can be the subject of a clause or sentence. They are: I, he, she, it, they,
we, and you.

Example: They went to the store.

Personal pronouns can also be objective, where they are the object of a verb,
preposition, or infinitive phrase. They are: me, her, him, it, you, them, and us.

Example: David gave the gift to her.

Possession can be shown by personal pronouns, like: mine, his, hers, ours, yours,
its, and theirs.

1
 Subject Pronoun

Subject pronouns are often (but not always) found at the beginning of a
sentence. More precisely, the subject of a sentence is the person or thing that lives
out the verb.

He and I had a fight. This sentence has two subjects because he and
I were both involved in the fight.
He broke my kneecaps. You get the idea. To him, I must now pay my
children's college funds.

Although I is not at the beginning of the sentence. It is the person living out the
action and is,therefore,the subject.

Object Pronoun

Object Pronouns is. By contrast, objects and object pronouns indicate the
recipient of an action or motion. They come after verbs and prepositions (to, with,
for, at, on, beside, under, around, etc.).

I begged him for more time.

I tried to dodge the crowbar, but he hit me with it anyway.
Just then, the police arrived and arrested us.

3. Possessive Pronoun

Possessive pronouns mine, yours, ours, theirs, his, hers, theirs indicate
possession and they are used as pronouns when they are not followed by the
nouns possessed.

Example:
Is the new car in the park yours?

2
 Yes,it is;it is mine.
4. Reflexive Pronoun
Reflexive Pronouns myself,ourselves,yourself,yourselves,himself,herself,
Itself,themselves are used as the object of a transitive verb in which the subject is
co-referential to the object.
Example:
I could see my self in the calm water.
Dont cheat yourself by playing truant.
She always admires herself in the mirror.

5. Indefinite Pronoun

Indefinite Pronouns these pronouns do not point to any particular nouns,

but refer to things or people in general. Some of them are: few, everyone, all,
some, anything, and nobody.

Example:

Everyone is already here.

Few are chinese.
Some are keronese.

6. Distributive Pronoun
Distributive Pronouns refer to such pronouns as each,both,either,neither,
Everyone as used in the following.
Example:

All the students got ten dollars each.

Neither of the two boys could swim.

7. Demonstrative Pronoun

Demonstrative Pronouns there are five demonstrative pronouns: these,

those, this, that, and such. They focus attention on the nouns that are replacing.

Example:

3
 These are all the books iam looking for.
What are those which are glittering in the sky.

8. Interrogative Pronoun

Interrogative Pronouns refer to those question words which constitute

substitutes of nouns these pronouns are used to begin a question: who, whom,
which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, and whatever.

Example:

Who will you bring to the party?

What has made you sad?
From whom did you get this novel?

9. Relative Pronoun

Relative Pronouns is, These pronouns are used to connect a clause or

phrase to a noun or pronoun. These are: who, whom, which, whoever, whomever,
whichever, and that.

Example:

The driver who ran the stop sign was careless.

The cartridge which he bought was not compatible to the printer.

10. Exclamatory Pronoun

The only exclamatory pronoun in english is what which is used for

expressing a suprise. It may be used alone or with a noun pharase.

Example:

What a gigantic building!

What a man you are!
II. ARTICLE
1. what is a article

Article is an adjective. Articles modify nouns. English has two

articles: The and a/an. The is used to refer to specific or particular nouns.

4
a/an is used to modify non-specific or non-particular nouns.We
call the the definite article and a/an the indefinite article.

For example:

if I say, "Let's read the book," I mean a specific book.

If I say, "Let's read a book," I mean any book rather than a specific book.

Definite Article: the

The definite article is used before singular and plural nouns when the noun
is specific or particular. The is used to refer to a specific or particular member of
a group.

For example: I just saw the most popular movie of the year." There are many
movies, but only one particular movie is the most popular. Therefore, we use the.

Indefinite Articles

Indefinite Articles A and an

"A" and "an" signal that the noun modified is indefinite, referring
to any member of a group.

For example:

"My daughter really wants a dog for Christmas." This refers to any dog.
We don't know which dog because we haven't found the dog yet.

"Somebody call a policeman!" This refers to any policeman. We don't

need a specific policeman; we need any policeman who is available.

A/an is used to refer to a non-specific or non-particular member of the

group. For example: "I would like to go see a movie." Here, we're not talking

5
 about a specific movie. We're talking about any movie. There are many
movies, and I want to see any movie. I don't have a specific one in mind.

using a or an depends on the sound that begins the next word:

a + singular noun beginning with a

consonant: a boy; a car; a bike; a zoo; a dog

an + singular noun beginning with a

vowel: an elephant; an egg; an apple; an idiot;an orphan

a + singular noun beginning with a consonant sound: a user (sounds like

'yoo-zer,' i.e. begins with a consonant 'y' sound, so 'a' is
used); a university; a unicycle

an + nouns starting with silent "h": an hour

a + nouns starting with a pronounced "h": a horse

In some cases where "h" is pronounced, such as "historical," you can

use an. However, a is more commonly used and preferred.
a historical event is worth recording.
If the noun is modified by an adjective, the choice
between a and an depends on the initial sound of the adjective that
immediately follows the article:

o a broken egg

o an unusual problem

o a European country (sounds like 'yer-o-pi-an,' i.e. begins with

consonant 'y' sound)

6
Remember, too, that in English, the indefinite articles are used to indicate
member ship in a group:

I am a teacher. (I am a member of a large group known as teachers.)

Brian is an Irishman. (Brian is a member of the people known as Irish.)

Count and Noncount Nouns

The can be used with noncount nouns, or the article can be omitted entirely.

"I love to sail over the water" (some specific body of water) or "I love to
sail over water" (any water).

"He spilled the milk all over the floor" (some specific milk, perhaps the
milk you bought earlier that day) or "He spilled milk all over the floor"
(any milk).

"A/an" can be used only with count nouns.

"I need a bottle of water."

"I need a new glass of milk."

Most of the time, you can't say, "She wants a water," unless you're implying, say, a
bottle of water.

Geographical use of the

There are some specific rules for using the with geographical nouns.

Do not use the before:

7
 names of most countries/territories: Italy, Mexico, Bolivia;
however, the Netherlands,the Dominican
Republic, the Philippines, the United States.

names of cities, towns, or states: Seoul, Manitoba, Miami.

names of streets: Washington Blvd., Main St.

names of lakes and bays: Lake Titicaca, Lake Erie except with a group of
lakes likethe Great Lakes.

names of mountains: Mount Everest, Mount Fuji except with ranges of

mountains like the Andes or the Rockies or unusual names
like the Matterhorn.

Do use the before:

names of rivers, oceans and seas: the Nile, the Pacific.

points on the globe: the Equator, the North Pole.

geographical areas: the Middle East, the West.

deserts, forests, gulfs, and peninsulas: the Sahara, the Persian

Gulf, the Black Forest, the Iberian Peninsula.

8
 III. VERB and ADVERB
1. Verb

What is a verb

verb is a word which mainly functions as the predicate of a sentences.A

verb is one of the main parts of a sentence or question in English.
In fact, you cant have a sentence or a question without a verb! Thats how
important these action parts of speech are. The verb signals an action, an
occurrence, or a state of being. Whether mental, physical, or mechanical, verbs
always express activity.

2. Physical Verbs

Physical verbs are action verbs. They describe specific physical actions. If
you can create a motion with your body or use a tool to complete an action, the

9
word you use to describe it is most likely a physical verb.The physical verb
examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

Lets run to the corner and back.

I hear the train coming.

Call me when youre finished with class.

3. Mental Verbs

Mental verbs have meanings that are related to concepts such as

discovering, understanding, thinking, or planning. In general, a mental verb refers
to a cognitive state.The mental verb examples in the following sentences are in
bold for easy identification.

I know the answer.

She recognized me from across the room.

Do you believe everything people tell you?

4. States of Being Verbs

Also known as linking verbs, state of being verbs describe conditions or

situations that exist. State of being verbs are inactive since no action is being
performed. These verbs are usually complemented by adjectives. The state of
being verbs in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

I am a student.

We are circus performers.

Please is quiet.

10
 5. Types of verb

A. Regular verb

Regular verb refer to those verb in which the past tense and the past
participle forms are made up simply by the addition of the inflectional morpheme-
ed,and therefore,such as askasked-asked. Some verbs may have their
conjugations in both regular and irregular forms such as show-showed-showed or
show-showed-shown.

B. Irregular Verbs

Irregular verbs are those that dont take on the regular spelling patterns of
past simple and past participle verbs. The spellings of conjugation can be similar
in three forms such as cut-cut-cut, put-put-put,or similar in the second and the
third forms such as bring-brought-brought,or completely different in the three
forms such as sing-sang-sung,speak-spoke-spoken etc.

C. Transitive Verbs

Transitive verbs are action verbs that always express doable activities.
These verbs always have direct objects, meaning someone or something receives
the action of the verb. A Transitive verb which is followed by one object is called
mono- transitive verb such as accept,answer,bite,blow,catch,drive,kill,take,etc.

The boy accepted the offer although he had just been beaten.
The mad dog bit the old woman on the leg.
The drunken man drove the car in the high speed.
The crocodile has killed two fishermen this week.
He took my new pen without permission.

D. Intransitive Verbs

Intransitive verbs are action verbs that always express doable activities. No
direct object follows an intransitive verb.

11
 The meeting will begin at nine oclock.
The number of attendance increases gradually.
After drinking cold water he sneezes terribly.

E. Action Verbs

Action verbs express specific actions, and are used any time you want to
show action or discuss someone doing something.

F. Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs are also known as helping verbs, and are used together
with a main verb to show the verbs tense or to form a question or negative.

Stative Verbs

Stative verbs can be recognized because they express a state rather than an
action. They typically relate to thoughts, emotions, relationships, senses, states of
being, and measurements.

Modal Verbs

Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are used to express abilities,
possibilities, permissions, and obligations.

Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal verbs arent single words; instead, they are combinations of words
that are used together to take on a different meaning to that of the original verb.

12
 ADVERB

2. Adverb

Adverb is a word used to describe the verb (the verb), adjective

(adjective), or another adverb. English adverb is one of eight part of speech.which
may be a simple form (fast, there, usually), or shaped phrases (adverb phrase).

2. Types, functions, and Sample adverb

1.Time : stating the time of an activity / event (now, today, yesterday).

2. Manner : states how an activity is done or event occurs (automatically,

beautifully, fast).

13
 3.Degree : stating to what extent (degree or degrees) an activity / event
(absolutely, barely, really).

4. Modality : express the degree of confidence / expectations (Likely,maybe,

probably).

5. Frequency: states how often an activity or event performed or occurs (always,

Often, rarely).

6. Place & Direction: stating the place and direction occurrence of an activity /
event (here, in, somewhere).

7. Purpose: answering the question "why" (for a reason, to buy some clothes).

8. Focus: indicates that what was discussed is limited to the part that is focused
(also, just, only).

Example of adverb:

1. Please call me later, I'm studying now.

2. He is watching the football match there.

A. Adverb Placement & Order

Adverb Placement: adverb may be placed at the beginning (Maybe I call

her tonight), middle (They've recently went home), or end of a sentence (He
always drives fast).

If there is more than one adverb in a sentence, we need to follow the rules adverb
order: Manner - place - frequency - time - purpose.

Example adverb order

I took the cooking course for three days every week last month.

B. Degree adverb

14
Degree adverb To declare a comparison, it can be used adverb in the form:

1. positive degree: comparing equality (She walks as slowly as a turtle).

2.comparative degree: to compare two things (She walks slower than a turtle).

3.superlative degree: to compare three or more (She runs the most slowest in my
class).

C. Adverbial clause

Adverbial clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adverb and

provide information about the verb, adjective, or another adverb in independent
clause in a complex sentence.

Examples of adverbial phrase

When he didnt come last night, he notified by phone.

Shorten adverbial clause (reduced adverbial clause) can be carried out on the
condition in the complex sentence there is only one subject.

IV. NOUN CLAUSE and NOUN PHRASE

1. Noun clause

What is a Noun clause

Noun clause is a dependent clause that acts as a noun. Noun clauses begin
with words such as how, that, what, whatever, when, where, whether, which,
whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, and why. Noun clauses can act as
subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, predicate nominatives, or objects of a
preposition.

Noun Clause Examples

15
Whoever thought of that idea is a genius.

( Whoever thought of that idea is a noun clause. It contains the subject whoever
and the verb thought. The clause acts as a subject in the sentence.)w

On weekends, we can do whatever we want.

( Whatever we want is a noun clause. It contains the subject we and the verb want.
The clause acts as a direct object in the sentence.)

The focus of our work is how we can satisfy customers most effectively.

( How we can satisfy customers most effectively is a noun clause. It contains the
subject we and the verb phrase can satisfy. The clause acts as a predicate
nominative in the sentence, identifying focus.)

Choose a gift for whomever you want.

( Whomever you want is a noun clause. It contains the subject you and the verb
want. The clause acts as an object of the preposition for in the sentence.)

Whichever restaurant you pick is fine with me.

( Whichever restaurant you pick is a noun clause. It contains the subject you and
the verb pick. The clause acts as a subject in the sentence.)

Be sure to send whoever interviewed you a thank-you note.

( Whoever interviewed you is a noun clause. It contains the subject whoever and
the verb interviewed. The clause acts as an indirect object in the sentence.)

Do you know what the weather will be?

( What the weather will be is a noun clause. It contains the subject weather and the
verb phrase will be. The clause acts as a direct object in the sentence.)

16
My greatest asset is that I am a hard worker.

( That I am a hard worker is a noun clause. It contains the subject I and the verb
am. The clause acts as a predicate nominative in the sentence, identifying asset.)

Its important to think about why we make certain decisions.

( Why we make certain decisions is a noun clause. It contains the subject we and
the verb make. The clause acts as an object of the preposition about in the
sentence.)

I wonder how long we should wait here.

( How long we should wait here is a noun clause. It contains the subject we and
the verb phrase should wait. The clause acts as a direct object in the sentence.)

Always give whichever audience you perform for a great show.

( Whichever audience you perform for is a noun clause. It contains the subject you
and the verb perform. The clause acts as an indirect object in the sentence.)

Im packing extra snacks for when we get hungry.

( When we get hungry is a noun clause. It contains the subject we and the verb get.
The clause acts as an object of the preposition for in the sentence.)

2. Functions of noun clause

There are at least five Functions of noun clause in english.

1. Subject of a clause

A noun clause may function as the subject of a clause as highlighted in italic

in the following.

17
 a. What you say is true.
b. That the world is round is not naturally realized by most people.
c. Where he was born in unclear.

2. Object of a transitive verb

A noun clause may function as the object of a transitive verb either direct
object or indirect object as in the following.

a. Most students know that is holiday today.

b. He asked me what my name is.
c. The spectators enjoy where they are not.

3. Object of a preposition

Like transitive verb,prepositions also require an object which maybe in the

form of a noun clause as in the following.

a. All the audiences believe in what the speaker has said .

b. The weakness of his speech was on that he could not give factual
examples.
c. Your question is concerned with why this world was created by God.

4. Subject complement

Any noun clause after such copular verb as to be,become,turn, seem,etc is

said to function as subject complement,which gives the complement,which gives
the complete meaning of the subject.

a. This is what I like very much.

b. Here is where he was born.
c. That was why the big shop was finally closed.

5. Object complement

18
 Object complement supplies a complete sense of the object in a clause and a
noun clause may function as an object complement as given bellow.

a. His uncle makes the institution what he wants.

b. The government makes the prison what is called the hell on earth.
c. Wives should create the condition of home what is termed my home is my
castle.

NOUN PHRASE

2. Noun phrase

What is a noun phrase

A noun phrase is word group with a noun or pronoun as its headThe

simplest noun phrase consists of a single noun, as in the sentence "Bells were
ringing." The head of a noun phrase can be accompanied by modifiers,
determiners (such as the, a, her), and/or complements, as in "The cheerful bells of
the church were ringing."

See Examples and Observations below. Also see:

a. Examples and Observations

"Panting, Harry fell forwards over the hydrangea bush, straightened up

and stared around.

19
 "The home of the Little family was a pleasant place near a park in New
York City."

"When the story was finished, I read it to my teacher, and I recall now
vividly the pleasure I felt in the more beautiful passages."

"I would hold my laugh, bite my tongue, grit my teeth, and very seriously
erase even the touch of a smile from my face."

"McSorley's bar is short, accommodating approximately ten elbows, and is

shored up with iron pipes."

"The wells and water table had been polluted by chemical pesticides and
fertilizers that leached into the earth and were washed by rain.

"The men in the class--there were a few older students, veterans--listened

with good-natured interest, and the girls gazed at the instructor with rosy-
faced,shy affection.(Bernard Malamud, A New Life, 1961)

b. Identifying Noun Phrases

Noun phrases can be replaced by pronouns. (The noun phrases in the

following.

E.g. My father gave this book to my mother.

(He gave it to her.)

The principle of substitution is essential in grammatical analysis. We

cannot possibly hope to characterize all of the possible noun phrases of English
on the basis of form. Just thinking about the possible structures that can serve as

20
subjects of sentences should convince you that an exhaustive catalog of noun
phrases would be, if at all possible, incredibly long and complex. Consider, as a
single example, the subject of the preceding sentence: Just thinking about the
possible structures that can serve as subjects of sentences. In form, this string of
words is nothing like the prototypical noun phrases described above, yet a
pronoun can substitute for it (It should convince you), and it functions quite
naturally in a noun phrase slot.

Noun Phrases and Modifiers

"More than one determiner can introduce a noun phrase.

for example, all and our in

In the initial sorties all our aircraft have returned safely

A noun head may also have more than one postmodifier. Two postmodifiers are
exhibited in I think it is a pity that LB is the only major corporation I have
worked for where this has been a problem.

The noun head is corporation and the two postmodifiers are I have worked
for and where this has been a problem. The second postmodifier modifies the
whole of the preceding noun phrase, including the first postmodifier, since clearly
the writer does not want to generalize by extending the reference to major
corporations where he has not worked. On the other hand, the two postmodifiers
in modify the head separately:

we could not trace the invoice dated 22nd March 1990 for 43.13. We could
reverse the order of the postmodifiers without changing the meaning."
(Sidney Greenbaum, Oxford English Grammar. Oxford Univ. Press, 1996)

Simple and Complicated Noun Phrases

21
"A noun phrase is a unit that can have very simple or very complicated internal
structure:

(3a) Simple noun phrase: the dog

(3b) Complicated noun phrase: the big black dog that always barks at me as I
try vainly to sneak past the junkyard on my way home from my piano lesson

The phrase in (3b) has quite a bit of internal complexity, and therefore requires a
lot of mental processing. However, once it is processed, it can enter into larger
structures as easily (well, almost as easily) as simple structures such as (3a). They
are both just noun phrases as far as the structure of the larger clause is concerned.

Noun-Noun phrase

"This kind of noun phrase can cause problems for EAL [English as an
additional language] writers, in our experience. An example of a noun-noun
phrase is 'resource availability.' This phrase means 'availability of resources.' To
shorten phrases like this, it is very common in scientific English for the second
part (of resources) to be moved in front of the headword (availability). When this
happens, the part that moves is always written in its singular form (resource) and
the preposition is omitted. Style Advice: Noun Phrases in Technical Writing and
Global English "Most forms of controlled English suggest revising noun phrases
that are more than three words long. However, even a two- or three-word noun
phrase can be unclear or ambiguous. For example, in the following sentences,
someone who is not familiar with the subject matter cannot fully understand the
two-word noun phrases, because each individual word has multiple possible
meanings:

22
- If you haven't imported a filter, the default is a unity gain.
- The tracking loop mitigates the effects of multi-path interference on code-phase
errors.On the other hand, some longer noun phrases are easy to comprehend--
especially if part of the noun phrase is a proper noun. As long as the reader
understands the two-word noun phrase dialog box, the four-word noun phrase in
the following sentence is comprehensible:

In the Advanced Options dialog box, use the arrows to adjust the percentage.

" Clearly it is important to keep noun phrases as short as possible in English. But
even the short ones often need to be explained or defined in order for translators
to be sure about their meanings."

CONNECTOR

1. connector

Connector refer to word phrase which function to link,syntactically or

semantically,two word,phrase,or clauses. Connectors are differentiated into
conjunction,relatives,Wh-words,conjunctive adjuncts,and continuatives.

Conjunction

Conjunctions also known as structurals,mainly,function to connect two

clauses syntactically but they may also connect two word or phrase in a clause.
Conjunctions are differentiated into coordinate conjunctions and subordinate
conjunctions.

A. Coordinate Conjunction

23
 Coordinate Conjunctions refer to those Conjunctions which are used
compound sentences to connect two independent clauses such as
and,or,so,then,but,for,still,yet,and then,and so,and yet,and therefore or else,etc.

E.g : Linguistics is emprical but literature is not.

B. Subordinate Conjunction

Subordinate Conjunctions refer to those Conjunctions which are used

complex sentences to connect dependent clause to the independent clauses such as
if,unless,because as,since,after,before,though,althought,even thought,etc.

E.g : you will never be succesfull unless you work hard.

C. Correclative Conjunction

Correclative Conjunctions refer to those Conjunctions which consist of

more than one word and they are used in compound sentences to connect two
independent clauses but the usage is intervened by some parts of the clauses such
as either,or,neither,nor,both,and not only but also,no sooner,than,whether,or(not),

E.g : After the accident the child can neither speak nor cry.

Relative

Relative is an anaphoric word which is used in a complex sentences to connect

the dependent clause to the independent clause,which directly follows its
antecedent in the independent clauses. Relative are differentiated into Relative
pronoun,Relative determiners,Relative adjucts and Restrictive and Non-restrictive
Relatives.

24
 1. Relative pronoun

A relative clause may be introduced by such relative pronoun as

who,whom,which,and that. Who as a relative pronoun is used for human
antecedent as the subject of a relative clause.

E.g : john steinbeck is an author who has won a nobel prize.

Whom as a relative pronoun is used for human antecedent as the object of a

process or preposition.

E.g : is this the boy whom you mean?

The relative pronoun which is used for non-human antecedent as either a subject
or an object in the relative clause.

E.g : children like books which are colourful.

That as a relative pronoun may be used to replace the other three relative
pronouns who,whom and which orn condition that it is not preceded by a
preposition.

E.g : john steinbeck is an author who/that has won a nobel prize.

That is compulsory if the noun phrase as the antecedent makes use of certain
words such as only, little,all,something etc.

2. Relative Determiner

A relative clause may also be introduced by the Relative Determiner which

and whose, which must be followed by a noun. Which is used to indicated cognate
identity for non-human antecedent and it is usually preceded by a preposition.

3. Relative Adjunct

25
 Relative Adjuncts in english cover such interrogatives as
why,when,where,and how which are used to connect the dependent clause to the
independent clause and express semantic features of adjuncts.

4. Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Relative

Restrictive relative clause has some salient features as follows.

Nonrestrictive Relative clauses has the following features.

Interrogative word

Interrogative words also known as question words or wh-words,when used not

in the interrogative sentences,function as aconnector although they still carry their
main function, that is,for,enquiry.

1. Interrogative pronoun

Interrogative pronouns when used as connectors in hypotactic clause,are found

in the dependent clause to connect it to the independent clause expressing
pronominals(pronoun without antecedent). There are six intrrogative pronoun in
english who,whom,whose,what,which,and whether.

E.g :Nobody knows who has broken the chair.

2. Interrogative adjunct

Interrogative adjuncts when functioning as connectors,are used in hypotactic

clause to connect the dependent clause to the independent clause expressing
adjuncts. They are four Interrogative adjuncts in english namely
why,where,when,and how.

E.g : The teacher asked the students why they came late.

26
 3. Interrogative determiner

Interrogative determiners are characterized by their natural which is followed

by a noun. Besides their function as question words they may also function as
connectors in hypotactic clause. From the Interrogative words in english. Three of
them may be used as Interrogative determiners i.e.what,which and whose.

E.g : what kind of food she likes to have is not clear.

Conjunctive adjunct

Conjunctive adjuncts also called conjucts refer to word or phrasess whuch

express adjunct but function to connect the meaning of two independent
clauses,thought unnecessarily conjoined structurally.

27