Term Paper of MPOB

On
Simulation Training

Submitted To:
Submitted by:

Lovely Professional University 2008-10

 Contents
 Meaning of Simulation
 Emergence of Simulation
 Review of Simulation
 How Companies are handling
Simulation Training
 Critical Appraisal
 Bibliography
 Meaning of Simulation
Simulation is the imitation of some real thing, state of
affairs, or process. The act of simulating something
generally entails representing certain key
characteristics or behaviours of a selected physical or
abstract system. Simulation is used in many contexts,
including the modeling of natural systems or human
systems in order to gain insight into their functioning.
Other contexts include simulation of technology for
performance optimization, safety engineering, testing,
training and education. Simulation can be used to show
the eventual real effects of alternative conditions and
courses of action.

Emergence of Simulation
There is a new generation entering the workforce, one
that craves continual interaction, visual information
and multisensory stimulation in learning
environments. Known as Generation Y, this group
grew up with video games and came of age during the
communications technology era. As a result, they are
accustomed to absorbing new information through
interactive multidimensional methods. That’s why the
Fortune 500, military and government organizations
have turned to visually rich simulations as a way to
captivate and train this group of multitaskers.
Behind these realistic training scenarios is powerful
technology. Much like an artist needs a paintbrush to
create a masterpiece, scenario developers need
technology tools to create highly realistic simulations.
With the emergence of more sophisticated software,
2008 promises to be an eventful year on the
simulation front, particularly as different organizations
start using more sophisticated training scenarios. To
kick off the new year, here are the top five trends —
from advances in artificial intelligence to new types of
training scenarios — that are shaping the simulated
learning environments of tomorrow.
1. Highly realistic training scenarios aren’t just
for soldiers anymore.
Until recently, training simulations were too costly for
organizations outside of the defense community to
obtain. However, as the technology for developing
training scenarios becomes more widely adopted and
affordable, simulations are becoming a popular
training tool in the domains of emergency
management, homeland security and border patrol.
For example, developers of training scenarios can now
leverage weather data to simulate weather conditions
that police and rescue workers will encounter when
dealing with an emergency situation. Simulations can
even be used to study the potential impact that
disbanding a local gang would have on a community,
or for determining evacuation procedures for a
building that hasn’t even been erected yet.
2. Training games are becoming more realistic
than games designed for entertainment.
Serious games do more than entertain. They help
employees, soldiers and emergency response workers
develop the skills they need to further their
professional development. For example, artificial
intelligence tools, originally designed for the
development of video games, also are used to create
immersive training simulations for the military. Using
AI software, developers create more dynamic and
lifelike training scenarios that enable trainees to
interact with virtual people in real-world contexts.
Traditionally, the entertainment industry was years
ahead of the serious games market when it came to
developing realistic scenarios and special effects. But
the need for simulations to involve intelligent
characters who move and act like real people —
particularly within the military — is prompting
developers to use highly sophisticated development
tools. This heightened reality will see more developers
of serious games turn to more sophisticated AI
software, which will help create more complex and
realistic scenarios.
3. New types of training scenarios are driving
new simulation technology.
A new type of training that combines reality with
virtual environments is coming to the spotlight. Now
used primarily for soldier training, these scenarios
involve a blend of live-action role-playing, simulated
environments and scenarios, and virtual effects.
During a live flight training exercise, for example,
trainers can use virtual radars to simulate enemy
aircraft. This puts trainees, flying real aircraft, in the
same type of high-stress environment they are likely
to encounter in an actual combat situation. This is
particularly beneficial because flight training with
multiple aircraft can be quite expensive. By combining
virtual information with live flight training, trainers can
push a pilot’s skills to the limit.
Because there will be a demand to create exercises
crafted around particular missions and environments,
live training will create a need for adaptable software
that allows users to quickly and easily modify
synthetic environments to meet their specific
requirements.
4. Joint missions are driving the development of
interoperable solutions.
Geographical boundaries have been lifted with
advances in computing and communications.
Distributed mission operations, which enable military
personnel from around the globe to train together in a
virtual world for combat missions, are now being used
to collaboratively train and develop procedures. But
for these types of simulations to be successful,
different computer systems have to communicate
with each other. Interoperability standards, like HLA
1516, DIS and CIGI, are making it possible for all the
components in a simulation system to work together.
In the years to come, interoperability standards will
become more refined and U.S. Department of Defense
projects will increasingly require specially certified
interoperability solutions. As a result, more developers
of simulations will adopt open standards as the
primary means of communications protocols between
applications. As these standards become more widely
integrated into technology and adopted by the
industry, we expect to see data and applications being
repurposed and combined in innovative and
revolutionary ways. Tomorrow’s applications will be
able to leverage all past development in new
simulation contexts. Furthermore, simulations created
within newer departments, such as the Department of
Homeland Security, will be interoperable with legacy
systems.
5. There is a greater focus on the end-user
experience.
In order to captivate today’s generation of young
military recruits, organizations are raising the bar for
realism and demanding scenarios that are rich in
features and highly accurate. With improvements in
visualization technologies and the increasing
sophistication of artificial intelligence tools, the end
result is an enhanced training experience with
extremely realistic scenarios. This means that trainees
sitting in a stationary seat actually feel like they are
flying a military aircraft or are bobbing up and down
at sea in a large vessel. It’s common for trainee pilots
to come out of training sessions drenched in sweat
because they’ve forgotten they are not really dealing
with an emergency landing or fending off enemy
forces.
Conclusion: Effective training and powerful
technology go hand in hand
A generational shift is happening across the
workforce. The video game generation no longer
consists of kids and young adults having fun at home,
but now includes first responders, office employees
and soldiers at work. Through simulations that
leverage powerful technology, CLOs can effectively
engage and captivate this group of young people, who
have come to expect more than textbooks when it
comes to training. With advances in technology,
training scenarios will continue to advance in the
years to come, creating even more effective
opportunities and outcomes for interactive learning.

Review of Simulation
Simulation has been used for many years to train
aviation and military personnel for work in hazardous
environments. Effective and safe performance in these
settings requires both highly skilled individuals and a
high degree of team coordination. In addition to
individual competence, communication between team
members and decision making become particularly
important during the management of crisis scenarios.
The following are some of the reviews of simulation
training by some authors.
 Simulation is yet another training methodology
that can be utilized. Simulation is basically just
walking an employee through the motions of a
skill in a controlled environment until they master
the skill. The benefits of this training methodology
are that they train employees to perform specific
skills needed for their job, and simulations help
train employees to respond appropriately to
unexpected events in a controlled environment.
The drawbacks to simulation are again based on
money. In certain cases where simulating
machines are needed, the cost can be
extraordinarily high. Therefore simulation
exercises that utilize these kinds of devises are
often times limited to larger businesses or to
companies that are located close to companies
that lend out simulators.
By: Alvaro Fernandez

 Aviation simulators can be extremely valuable

to aviation students, potential students, and
established pilots. In addition, flight simulators
can simply be a lot of fun for anyone, even those
who have no interest in ever becoming a pilot.
Simulation programs range in complexity and
features from the basic, PC versions to full room,
360 degree, virtual reality simulators. The most
popular and full-featured PC flight simulator is
the Microsoft Flight Simulator program. The
program is generally marketed and purchased as
a video game, but is a complete simulator that is
used by pilot instructors, students and
experienced pilots to learn and refresh skills. Full-
fledged simulators, known as Full Flight
Simulators (FFS) duplicate most aspects of
 being in an airborne plane. They feature a full
replica cockpit with full-size instruments and
functional yoke. They are mounted on six-cylinder
motion platforms that can simulate all six degrees
of freedom – three linear movements and three
rotations – that a plane in flight can experience.
Those training in an FSS get in, buckle up, and
carry out procedures just as they would in a real
plane. Higher level Flight Training Devices (FTDs)
are just like mini simulators, some even featuring
visual systems. However, they don’t have a
moving platform like the FFS does have.
By: Chris Narfundle
 Physicians, nurses and emergency responders
work quickly in emergency situations to
determine what is wrong with a patient and what
needs to be done to help them. Many times this
requires the administration of a medication.
Months of research later, PharmProps, LLC was
formed, offering extremely realistic simulated
medication products that provide all of the
necessary elements required for safe, effective
medication administration training. As the picture
shows, the simulated medications are quite
realistic, but easily identifiable as training
simulations due to the brightly colored labels and
the inclusion of the "Training Use Only" and "Not
For Human Use - Contains No Medication" tags.
All of PharmProps products contain only water, for
safety purposes. Finally there is a product that
will allow educators and trainers to address the
 medication administration training needs of
medical professionals in a safe, legal and
effective manner.
By: Barb Wilt
 Someone interested in online currency trading
can learn all about the advantages of trading in
currencies. After a brief introduction, the
professionals will explain to the prospective day
trader what the foreign currency exchange is and
how it began. Having a solid background of
foreign currency trading origins will
give them a starting point to build their strategies on
throughout the course.While learning online currency
trading from professionals, students in the course will
learn all about the main currency markets and learn
how to use the foreign currency markets to their best
advantage. Some people trade only in the currency of
their own country and never see the financial benefits
that others do that invest their monies in multiple
foreign currency exchanges.When they have learned
how to read currency charts and the terminology used
in phone trading, then they will be able to trade
currencies throughout the foreign currency trading
course and learn how to make a profit. These simulated
training courses are very beneficial to helping people
become successful traders on the foreign currency
exchange market.
By: Jim Brown
 How companies are handling
simulation training
INCORPORATION OF SIMULATION-BASED training
provides numerous benefits to corporations.This article
explores how companies are using simulation-based
training today to achieve these benefits. From the
avation industry to medical field simulation-based
training is increasing employee performance,skill level,
and saftey.

• Simulation in Aviation Industry

Technical companies that are required to train
employees on dangerous or expensive equipment are
most likely to benefit from simulation-based training.
Simulations allow the user to observe the impact of
their choices without the outcomes having any impact
on the real operation. Trainees can learn how to
respond to emergencies, how individual actions and
decisions effect entire processes, and how to operate
complex pieces of equipment.
Figure 1. Simulated Airplane cockpit.
The airplane cockpit simulation takes on a new
approach to simulation training. The user has the
opportunity to observe how all the components of the
cockpit work together. This approach allows the user to
gain a persepctive of the interactions and correlations
between the numerous components contained in an
airplane cockpit.

This type of system development can support a great

variety of training needs. The simulation gears the user
to focus on the integration, interaction, and correlation
of all the components in the cockpit and provides them
with a learning environemnt that is equalivent to the
actual system itself.
Medical Respirator Pump
The medical respirator pump provides medical
personnel with the benefit of interactive training on a
simulation. Through the use of simulations, valuable
operating equipment is not tied up and the risk of
injurying patients is decreased..

Users can train off-line and at another location out of

the hospital facility any time. Hopitals can test and
certify personnel for competency in through the task-
based courses. In addition, records on each user can
electronicaly be maintained through an LMS.
Anesthesia Machine
The Anesthesia Machine simulation offers the following
benefits of interactivity:
 • Show Me: users are shown how to perform
functions on the machine
• Try Me: users try performing the functions on their
own
• Freeplay: users can interact create their own
senarios while operating the machine.

PGM Tester
The PGM Tester simulation is designed with cause and
effect senarios. Mechanics can trigger vehicle faults
and instantly observe the result in the simulation.

After completing an on-line course, users need to

practice what they just learned on a simulated PGM
Tester. First users are provided with senario based
exercises. On screen text provides the user with step-
by-step instructions and feedback to complete the
execise correctly.

Next, the user has the opportunity to try the exercise

on their own. In this situation users receive feedback
for incorrect steps, but must perform the procedure
without guideance. The user can practice performing
procedures as if they were operating the real device.

• Simulation in US Army PEO Stri

Every Soldier who deploys uses some type of
simulation to train critical Warfighting skills.
Simulations help our Soldiers hone their skills, rehearse
their missions and return to their families safely when
their missions are complete. PEO STRI responds quickly
to critical, emerging requirements with innovative
acquisition and technology solutions and puts the
power of simulation into the hands of America's
Warfighters!

• Simulation Training and Resident

Performance of Singleton Vaginal
Breech Delivery

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether simulation training

improves resident competency in the management of a
simulated vaginal breech delivery.

METHODS: Without advance notice or training,

residents from 2 obstetrics and gynecology residency
programs participated in a standardized simulation
scenario of management of an imminent term vaginal
breech delivery. The scenario used an obstetric birth
simulator and human actors, with the encounters
digitally recorded. Residents then received a training
session with the simulator on the proper techniques for
vaginal breech delivery. Two weeks later they were
retested using a similar simulation scenario. A
physician, blinded to training status, graded the
residents' performance using a standardized evaluation
sheet. Statistical analysis included the Wilcoxon signed
2
rank test, McNemar , regression analysis, and
paired t test as appropriate with a P value of less than .
05 considered significant.

RESULTS: Twenty residents from 2 institutions

completed all parts of the study protocol. Trained
residents had significantly higher scores in 8 of 12
critical delivery components (P < .05). Overall
performance of the delivery and safety in performing
the delivery also improved significantly (P = .001 for
both).

CONCLUSION: Simulation training improved resident

performance in the management of a simulated vaginal
breech delivery. Performance of a term breech vaginal
delivery is well suited for simulation training, because it
is uncommon and inevitable, and improper technique
may result in significant injury.

• Training Provided by RANA

International Inc.
An innovative three-day program incorporating an
interactive change management simulation designed to
introduce management concepts and skills critical to
leading organizational transformation.
1. Uses a combination of workshop training and
multimedia computer technology to sensitize and orient
the senior members of the organization to managing
change.
2. Helps the senior team and the other affected work
units to model the change and establish the sequence
of events that needs to take place from the beginning
to the end of the change.
3. Structures the Change Projects and mentors and
coaches its leaders and members as they roll out the
desired change to the rest of the organization. Then
monitors the movement forward of the culture change
and helps the organization work with areas of concern.
Benefits of this Workshop:
- Introduce, adjust and sustain change
- Create a readiness to change
- Support change agents
- Understand several established models of change.
- Distinguish between those traditional skills necessary
to manage and those needed to manage change
- Identify why change efforts often fail and the means
to avoid these obstacles
- Execute an actual change management simulation in
a risk-free environment

ARS project & communication

ARS Projects & Communication is a pioneer of Project
Management Simulation trainings in Europe. It was
created in 1985 in Sophia Antipolis to service European
Companies.Our training programs objective is to
enhance or develop further capabilities of Project
Management professionals to handle their jobs be
those technical or personal development modules.

Through its EPM Public Trainings Workshops, ARS is

truly creating a China and European Contact Point of
Project Management Professionals with different levels,
bringing them together in a unique interactive learning
environment. You'll find there leading edge thinking on
project management issues, benchmark information,
and on top added value, but also invaluable networking
opportunities. More than 1500 participants have joined
our EPM Project Management activities from 100
different companies. We offer differet trainings include
all factors of project management. ARS project &
communication is based in Beijing.
 • Simulation-Based Training Facility Opens,
Focusing on Power Generation Industry
As utility company executives make plans to meet the
growing electricity needs of the Southeast, they’re also
watching their most experienced personnel approach
retirement age. Finding enough skilled personnel to
operate complex power-generation facilities poses one
of the most critical challenges facing the industry
today. Collaboration between Baltimore-based GSE
Systems and the Georgia Institute of Technology offers
one solution: a new way of learning that combines
traditional classroom training with hands-on experience
using advanced computer simulations of complex
industrial facilities. Simulations have long been used to
train pilots, but are relatively new to other types of
Industrial training.
To provide that innovative learning environment, GSE
has built a multi-million-dollar simulation and education
center at Georgia Tech’s Global Learning Center in
Technology Square. The company officially opened the
facility – the first of its kind in the United States – with a
ceremony September 13
The center includes more
than a dozen LCD panels
driven by a powerful
computer to simulate the
many key systems
operated from the
control room of an GSE Systems and Georgia
electric generating plant. Tech have created a new
Student operators can simulation and education
adjust controls and center in Technology
immediately see the Square on the Georgia
effects of their actions Tech campus.
not only on the system
they are controlling, but
also on the rest of the
plant. Realistic warnings
indicate potentially dangerous conditions to which the
students must respond. Three-dimensional models
show the systems and exact components being
controlled.
“The simulation allows plant systems to be integrated
so the student operators really see the issue and
understand the problems,” added Johnson. “We can
show them how to operate everything from the
simplest system to the whole interrelationship of the
systems.” GSE sees a major market for its “education
through simulation” training, and plans to add
simulations for nuclear power generating stations,
petroleum refineries, desalinization plants, oil and gas
platforms, distribution facilities – and perhaps more.
GSE operates a similar simulation training facility at
Strathclyde University in Scotland. It serves companies
all around the world, including the Middle East, where it
is building another center in the United Arab Emirates.
• Thales Training & Simulation
Thales Training & Simulation lets pilots fly high while
their feet are firmly on the ground. The company, a
subsidiary of French aviation company Thales, makes
and sells simulation equipment and provides training
services for operators of civil and military airplanes and
helicopters; it also provides services for heavy trucks
and military vehicles and power plant operation
centers. Thales estimates that more than 40 airlines
and most of the world's major militaries have been
customers; sales are about equally split between civil
and military markets. Europe accounts for about 70% of
sales.
Products
Thales have build numerous types of aircraft (fixed
wing and helicopter) simulators, including:
• Fixed Based - No motion platform, normally housed
in a dome, commonly military application. Full
flight simulators can also be fixed based, these are
generally basic training devices that have no
visual and are control trainers only.
• Full flight Simulators - A fully immersed
simulation that has a motion platform, can be
either hydraulic or electric (newer simulators)
• Military simulators - These can simulator parts of
aircraft (fuselage), water based vehicles or ground
 systems, they are designed to simulate the look
and/or feel of the environment.
• They also manufacture driver simulators for trucks
(heavy goods vehicles) and military vehicles
including tanks.
• The range of simulators includes nuclear power
plant simulators (for operator training) and small
arms simulators for training army, police, etc

Critical Appraisal
Looking ahead we can criticize Simulation on the
following grounds:
 Model building requires special training: It is an art
that is learned over time and through experience.
Furthermore, if two models of the same system are
constructed by two competent individuals, they
may have similarities, but it is highly unlikely that
they will be the same
 Simulation results may be difficult to interpret:
Since most simulation outputs are essentially
random variables, it may be hard to determine
whether an observation is a result of sysyem
interrelationships or randomness.
 Simulation modeling and analysis can be time
consuming and expensive: Skimping on resources
for modeling and analysis may result in a
simulation model and analysis that is not sufficient
to the task.
 Simulation may be used inappropriately:
Simulation is used in some cases when an
analytical solution is possible, or even preferable.
This is particularly true in the simulation of some
 waiting lines where closed-form queueing models
are available, at least for long-run evaluation.
 . Although numerous simulators are available for

training technical skills in surgery and endoscopy,

we need to integrate these into the training
curriculum in a structured manner. we need to
integrate mannequin based simulations into the
nursing and medical curriculums and understand
how and when it may make its most effective
contribution.
 By a process of task analysis we need to
understand much more about what makes a
simulation realistic and effective. Costly and
complicated mannequins and simulators may not
always be necessary for effective training
 We need to develop reliable and valid measures of
individual and team performance to underpin both
training and evaluation of training.
 Finally, we need better evidence of the efficacy and
cost effectiveness of simulation if it is to advance
beyond its current niche to occupy a central place
in medical and nursing training.
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