INDEX

DECLARATION I

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT II

ABSTRACT III

LIST OF FIGURES
VII
LIST OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.
1 HEART BYPASS SURGERY

1.1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 STRUCTURE OF HEART 2

3 BLOOD FLOW IN HAERT 3

4 THE ERA OF NANOROBOTS 6

4.1 Exploring Small Medical Nanorobots 6

4.2 Nanorobots in the Blood Stream 8

5 STEPS INVOLVED IN CABG SURGERY 9

6 SURGERY USING NANOROBOTS 11

6.1 Properties of the Nanorobot 11

6.2 Components in Nanorobots 11

6.3 Introduction of Nanorobot into the body 11

6.4 Movement of Nanorobot in the body 11

6.5 Driving of Nanorobot to the site of plaque 12

 6.6 Treatment of the plaque 13

6.7 Source of power for the nanorobots 13

6.8 Means of recovery from the body 14

6.9 In case of any emergency 14

6.10 Assumptions 15

7 ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS 16

7.1 Advantages 16

7.2 Applications 16

8 CONCLUSION 19

REFERENCES 20
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG NO. NAME OF THE FIGURES PAGE NO.

1.1 Nanorobots 1

2.1 Basic Structure of Heart 2

3.1 Circulation of Blood flow in Heart 3

3.2 Coronory Artery Bypass Graft 5

4.1 Nanorobots Carrying Red Blood Cells 7

4.2 Medical Nanobots 8

4.3 Respirocytes 8

4.4 Nanorobots working in blood stream 9

5.1 Representation of Heart Bypass surgery 11

6.1 Structure of Nanorobots 14

6.2 Nanorobot inside the Red Blood Cell 15

7.1 Nanorobots in Surgery 17

7.2 Nanorobots in Cancer Detection 18

7.3 Nanodentistry 19
 Replacement of Heart Bypass Surgery Using Nanorobots

CHAPTER 1
HEART BYPASS SURGERY
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Robot, computer-controlled machine that is programmed to move, manipulates
objects, and accomplishes work while interacting with its environment. Robots are able to
perform repetitive tasks more quickly, cheaply, and accurately than humans. The term
robot originates from the Czech word robot, meaning compulsory labour. It was first
used in the 1921 play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) by the Czech novelist and
playwright Karel Capek. The word robot hat been used since to refer to a machine that
performs work to assist people or work that humans find difficult or Undesirable.
A nanorobot can be defined as an artificially fabricated object able to freely diffuse
in the human body and interact with specific cell at the molecular level. Nanorobots will
be able to analyze each cell types surface antigens to recognize if the cell is healthy, what
the parent organ is, as well as almost all information about the cell, and using chemo tactic
sensors, certain molecules and cells could be identified and easily targeted for action.
The figure shows a schematic representation of nanorobot that can be activated by
the
cell itself when it is needed.

Figure 1.1: Nanorobots

CHAPTER 2
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 Replacement of Heart Bypass Surgery Using Nanorobots

STRUCTURE OF THE HEART

The heart is an amazing organ. It beats thousands of times each day, every day, for
the entire life. In the process, it pumps about 5 million gallons of blood through the entire
body. The human heart resembles the shape of an upside down pear. It is a
hollow muscle that pumps blood throughout the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic
contractions. An adult human heart has a mass of between 250 and 350 grams and is about
the size of a fist. It is located anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum.
The heart is enclosed in a double-walled sac called the pericardium. It has two leaflets, the
superficial is called the parietal pericardium and the inner one is the visceral pericardium.
The outer wall of the human heart is composed of three layers. The outer layer is called
the epicardium, or visceral pericardium since it is also the inner wall of the pericardium.
The middle layer is called the myocardium and is composed of cardiac muscle which
contracts. The inner layer is called the endocardium and is in contact with the blood that
the heart pumps. The human heart has four chambers, two superior atria and two inferior
ventricles. The atria are the receiving chambers and the ventricles are the discharging
chambers.

Figure 2.1: Basic Structure of Heart

CHAPTER 3
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 Replacement of Heart Bypass Surgery Using Nanorobots

BLOOD FLOW IN HEART

The heart is a complex organ, using four chambers, four valves and multiple
blood vessels to provide blood to the body. The flow through the heart is equally
complex, with blood moving through the heart, then the lungs, before returning
again to the heart.
Blood returns to the heart from the body via two large blood vessels, called
the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. This blood carries little oxygen,
as it is returning from the body where oxygen is used.

Figure 3.1: Circulation of Blood flow in Heart

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 Replacement of Heart Bypass Surgery Using Nanorobots

The blood first enters the right atrium. It then flows through the tricuspid valve
into the right ventricle. When the heart beats, the ventricle pushes the blood through the
pulmonic valve into the pulmonic artery. This artery is unique. It is the only artery in the
human body that carries oxygen-poor blood.
The pulmonic artery carries blood to the lungs where it picks up oxygen, and
leaves the lungs and returns to the heart through the pulmonic vein. The blood enters the
left atrium, and then descends through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. The left
ventricle then pumps blood through the aortic valve, and into the aorta, the blood vessel
that leads to the rest of the body.
The valve at the top of each ventricle opens to allow it to fill, while the valve at the
bottom makes sure the blood doesnt leak out. When the ventricle is full, the top valve
closes and the bottom valve opens. The ventricle squeezes the blood out forcefully through
the bottom valve. Essentially, the valves keep the blood flowing in the correct direction
through the heart.
Heart bypass surgery is used to treat heart disease when the coronary arteries are
blocked. The doctor treats the problem by giving the blood a new pathway to the heart.
Hence the name Bypass surgery. There are two main coronary arteries--the right coronary
artery and the left coronary artery. The right coronary artery splits off into two more
arteries, known as the right marginal artery and the posterior descending artery. The left
coronary artery splits into two additional arteries as well--the circumflex artery and the left
anterior descending artery. This makes six total arteries in the human heart.

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 Replacement of Heart Bypass Surgery Using Nanorobots

If one of these outer arteries gets blocked, it causes a heart attack. A blockage like
this is normally caused by fatty deposits that build up in the heart's arteries over the course
of many years. When one of the heart's arteries gets blocked and a person has a heart
attack, one common procedure is to perform heart surgery and sew in a new piece of blood
vessel to bridge over (bypass) the blockage. In many cases, the surgeon will fix not only
the immediate problem, but also other arteries on the heart that are starting to look
blocked.
In some cases, the surgeon can perform this operation while your heart is still
beating. This is called "off-pump" coronary bypass surgery.

Figure 3.2: Coronary Artery Bypass Graft

If the surgeon repairs three of the arteries, it is called a triple bypass. If four
arteries are repaired, it's a quadruple bypass. The blood vessel used to create the bypass is
taken from the chest or the leg as the body has several vessels that can be removed without
doing harm.
Arteriosclerosis is a common arterial disorder characterized by thickening, loss of
elasticity, and calcification of arterial walls, resulting in a decreased blood supply.
Atherosclerosis is a common arterial disorder characterized by yellowish plaques
of cholesterol, lipids, and cellular debris in the inner layer of the walls of large and
medium-sized arteries.

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 Replacement of Heart Bypass Surgery Using Nanorobots

CHAPTER 4
THE ERA OF NANOROBOTS
Stress induced by disease or infectious attack generally leads to changes in the
chemical content of the cell which in turn trigger the nanorobots.

Figure 4.1: Nanorobots Carrying Red Blood Cells

Nanorobots can be coated with different agent depending on their application or

tissue destination. The external shell is a crucial point because it has to be recognized as a
part of the body (inert coating) and be able to release different size molecules (tunable
porosity). A rigid shell like silica is an ideal matrix that it is not toxic at the nanometer
level. The pore size can be tuned permitting release of different size molecules. The
surface is easily functionalizable with simple chemical methods but most important is that
the silica is not biodegradable permitting a long-term activity in the body. A 1 cm3
injection of nanorobots would be able to deliver selectively into cells at least 0.5 cm3 of
chemical agent, and the sensors could test levels of the chemical to guard against an
accidental overdose. Self-Assembly and Nano manipulation are two main ways for the
production of nanorobots.

4.1 EXPLORING SMALL MEDICAL NANOROBOTS

The artificial respirocytes is a hollow, spherical nanomedical device 1 micron in
diameter. This would serve as a super efficient red blood cell, by providing oxygen or
carbon dioxide molecules. It will act like mini scuba tanks within the blood allowing a
person to hold their breath for more than an hour. It would be a moving thin celled tank
with a brain and sensors.

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 Replacement of Heart Bypass Surgery Using Nanorobots

Fig 4.2: Medical Nanobots

In an emergency situation they can be injected directly into the bloodstream of the
endangered individual. They do not move by their own power, but are carried along in the
bloodstream like natural erythrocytes. Once the respirocytes have dispersed they begin
releasing oxygen and collecting carbon dioxide. If an individual has lost access to a natural
oxygen supply due to drowning, choking, or any other form of asphyxia, respirocytes can
release oxygen throughout the bloodstream until the danger has been removed.

Respirocytes make it possible to breathe in oxygen-poor environments or in

situations where normal breathing is physically impossible. Prompt injection with a
therapeutic dose, or advance infusion with an augmentation dose, could greatly reduce the
number of choking deaths and reduce the use of emergency tracheostomies, artificial
respiration in first aid, and mechanical ventilators. The device would provide an excellent
prophylactic treatment for most forms of asphyxia, especially those involving drowning.
Respirocytes could be employed as a long-duration perfusant to preserve living tissue,
especially at low temperature, for grafts (kidney, marrow, liver and skin) and for organ
transplantation. It could also serve as a universal blood substitute.

Figure 4.3: Respirocytes

Respirocytes will literally change the treatment of heart disease. Therapeutic doses
injected into a person at risk for heart disease would give that person enough time after a
heart attack to call their doctor, report their heart has stopped and get to the emergency

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 Replacement of Heart Bypass Surgery Using Nanorobots

room where they will likely be okay, as long as they are helped within an hour. It could
permit the achievement of major new sports records.
4.2 NANOROBOTS IN THE BLOODSTREAM
Respirocytes have the ability to swim through the blood, or crawl through body
tissue. They would have different types of robotic manipulators, shapes, colors, and
surface textures, sensor arrays. Each medical nanodevice could be designed to do a
particular job, and would have a unique shape and behavior. This image shows
reciprocytes and red blood cells flowing through a blood vessel.

There are many useful power sources for the nanodevices readily available in the
human body and many different ways to communicate with the machines as they do their
work. Each nanorobot would have its own computer and sensor to receive the physician's
messages and compute and implement the appropriate response. And a navigational
network could be installed in the patient's body, with station keeping navigational
elements providing high positional accuracy to all passing nanorobots that interrogate
them. It could be programmed to seek the areas that need oxygen and arrive very rapidly.

Figure 4.4: Nanorobots working in Blood Stream

Once there, it could administer much larger quantities than a single red blood cell
could. The reason for this is that it would be pressurized. The average male human body
has 28.5 trillion red blood cells, each containing 270 million hemoglobin molecules
binding four O2 molecules per hemoglobin By contrast, each respirocytes stores up to 1.51
billion oxygen molecules, 100% of which are accessible to the tissues. To fully duplicate
human blood active capacity, we have to deploy 5.36-trillion devices. If respirocytes are
administered via hypodermal injection or transfusion in a 50% aqueous colloidal
suspension, this requires a standard ~5.61 cm3 therapeutic dose of activated suspension,
taking only seconds to inject at, say, an accident scene. But one of the potential benefits of
nanomedical devices is their ability to extend natural human capabilities.

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 Replacement of Heart Bypass Surgery Using Nanorobots

CHAPTER 5
STEPS INVOLVED IN CABG SURGERY
The use of nanorobot based on the nanotechnology that will be used for replacing
the existing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery that involves so many risks
to the patient. However, no matter how highly trained the specialists may be, surgery can
still be dangerous. So nanorobots is not only the safe but also fast and better technique to
remove the plaque deposited on the internal walls of arteries. The heart bypass surgery
reroutes the blood supply around clogged arteries to improve blood flow and oxygen to the
heart. The arteries that bring blood to the heart muscle (coronary arteries) become clogged
by plaque (a buildup of fat, cholesterol and other substances). This can slow or stop blood
flow through the heart's blood vessels, leading to chest pain or a heart attack. Increasing
blood flow to the heart muscle can relieve chest pain and reduce the risk of heart attack.
So the surgeons go for this surgery by taking a segment of a healthy blood vessel from
another part of the body usually from leg and make a detour around the blocked part of the
coronary artery. The surgery involves an incision in the middle of the chest and separation
of the breastbone and after detouring, the breastbone is joined using wire and the incision
is sewed.

The entire surgery can take 4-6 hours. After the surgery, the patient is taken to the
Intensive Care Unit. For a few days after the surgery, the patient is connected to monitors
and tubes.

After release from the hospital, the patient may experience side effects such as:
Loss of appetite, constipation.
Swelling in the area from which the segment of blood vessel was removed
Fatigue, mood swings, feelings of depression, difficulty sleeping
Muscle pain or tightness in the shoulders and upper back.

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 Replacement of Heart Bypass Surgery Using Nanorobots

Figure 5.1: Representation of Heart Bypass Surgery

The incision in the chest or the graft site (if the graft was from the leg or arm) can
be itchy, sore, numb, or bruised. The surgery may also lead to loss of memory and mental
clarity. To overcome all these problems that are involved in the bypass surgery, we are
going for nanorobots, which can replace this techniques efficiently and effectively. These
nanorobots will remove the clot without any surgical procedure. Just a small incision is
made into the femoral artery to insert this nanorobot, from where it is moved to the site of
the plaque by the use of its nano components that are attached to it.

The frequency of infections with each category type of open heart surgery
compared according to preoperative creatinine clearance is given below:

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 Replacement of Heart Bypass Surgery Using Nanorobots

CHAPTER 6

SURGERY USING NANOROBOTS

6.1 PROPERTIES OF THE NANOROBOT

The nanorobots structure will have two spaces that will consist of an interior and
exterior. The exterior of the nanorobot will be subjected to the various chemical liquids in
our bodies but the interior of the nanorobot will be a closed, vacuum environment into
which liquids from the outside cannot enter. A nanorobot will prevent itself, from being
attacked by the immune system by having a passive, diamond exterior. The diamond
exterior will have to be smooth and flawless to prevent Leukocytes activities since the
exterior is chemically inert and have low bioactivity.

6.2 COMPONENTS IN NANOROBOTS

An electric motor is attached to this nanorobot for its propagation inside the
circulatory system in the blood vessels. The microprocessor, artery thermometer, camera,
rotating needle are also incorporated in this nano machine, which perform the vital role of
the nanorobot. The microprocessor control the overall operation of this nanorobot .The
radioactive material is impregnated and is made as a part of the exterior surface, which
helps us to trace the nanorobot at any period of time. The magnetic switch is also
provided.

6.3 INTRODUCTION OF THE NANOROBOT INTO THE BODY

This nanorobot gets access into the body through a large diameter artery so that it
may be without being too destructive in the first place. This artery should be traversed
easily to gain access to most areas of the body in minimal time. The obvious candidate is
the femoral artery in the leg. This is in fact the normal access point to the circulatory
system for operations that require access to the bloodstream for catheters, dye injections,
etc., so it will suit our purposes nicely.

6.4 MOVEMENT OF NANOROBOT IN THE BODY

We will use the circulatory system to allow our device to move about. But to get
access to the site of operation of the nanorobot, it must have active propeller. So for that

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 Replacement of Heart Bypass Surgery Using Nanorobots

purpose we will be using an electric motor which will be having shrouded blade design so
as to avoid damage to the surrounding tissues (and to the propellers) during the inevitable
collisions.

6.5 DRIVING OF NANOROBOT TO THE SITE OF PLAQUE

Long-range sensors will be used to allow us to navigate to the site of the plaque
closely enough so that the use of short-range sensors is practical. These would be used
during actual operations, to allow the device to distinguish between healthy and unwanted
tissue.
Long-range sensor: Radioactive dye

Short-range sensor: Arterial thermometer

Device for monitoring the whole operation: TV camera

A radioactive fluid is introduced into the circulatory system and its progress
throughout the body is tracked by means of a fluoroscope or some other radiation-sensitive
imaging system. The major advantage of this radioactive dye technique is that it follows
the exact same path that our nanorobots would take to reach the operations site. By
sufficiently increasing the resolution of the imaging system, and obtaining enough data to
generate a three dimensional map of the route, it would provide valuable guidance
information for the nanorobots.
A small amount of radioactive substance is impregnated as part of the micro robot.
This would allow its position to be tracked throughout the body at all times. After reaching
the site of location the internal sensor is used to find out the exact location of the plaque
and also by using TV camera the plaque can be more precisely located. The area where the
temperature exceeds than the maximum limit set in the nanorobot, will be operated on by
the nanorobot i.e. that part will be cut by the rotatory needle attached to the nanorobot.

A TV camera in the device helps in transmitting the picture outside the body to a
remote control station, allowing the people operating the device to steer it and also to view
the internal environment of the circulatory system.

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 Replacement of Heart Bypass Surgery Using Nanorobots

Fig 6.1: Structure of Nanorobots

6.6 TREATMENT OF THE PLAQUE

As soon as the nanorobot detects the site of plaque using camera and thermometer,
it will activate the rotating needle and the diamondchipped burr grinds the plaque into
micro particles, which then travel harmlessly through the circulatory system and are
eventually eliminated by the body. Cutting procedure is monitored using the camera and
care is taken that it will not cut the surrounding tissue.

6.7 SOURCE OF POWER FOR THE NANOROBOT

The nuclear power is carried onboard to supply required amount of energy for the
operation of the device. This would be relatively easy to shield given the amount of fuel
involved, and it has other advantages as well. The same radioactive material could be used
for power and tracking, since the casing must be hotter than body temperature to produce
power and there would be no worries about running out of power, or insufficient power to
get the job done. At the micro scale, shielding and power conversion are relatively easy,
making this method extremely practical.

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 Replacement of Heart Bypass Surgery Using Nanorobots

Fig 6.2: Nanorobot inside the Red Blood Cells

6.8 MEANS OF RECOVERY FROM THE BODY

After the anorobot has removed the plaque, and its function is over, it has to be
removed from the body. This can be made possible by guiding the nanorobot to anchor a
blood vessel that is easily accessible from outside, and perform a small surgical operation
is performed to remove it.

6.9 INCASE OF ANY EMERGENCY

In case of some unanticipated situations where we want to switch off the nanorobot
immediately, can be done by a magnetic switch that has been provided in it. Once the
nanorobot has been inserted into the body, it starts operational only when a bar magnet is
moved over it. This movement of magnet in one direction only makes the magnetic switch
in on condition, and the nanorobot becomes active. So if anyhow in between the task of
removing the plaque , we encounter any problem where shutting off the nanorobot is the
only solution so we go for making the magnetic switch off by moving the bar magnet
again that will terminate all the running functions of this nanomachine.

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 Replacement of Heart Bypass Surgery Using Nanorobots

6.10 ASSUMPTIONS
The nanorobot to be designed must be biocompatible.
The size of the nanorobot should not be more than 3 micron so as, not to block
any
capillary.
The nanorobot should resist the corrosive environment of the blood vessels.
The nano particles that are attached to this nanorobot should be held tightly and
must be durable.

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 Replacement of Heart Bypass Surgery Using Nanorobots

CHAPTER 7
ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

7.1 ADVANTAGES:
The nanorobots do not generate any harmful activity as they work only in specific site as
told by the physician.
Rapid elimination of diseases.
Nanorobots might also reproduce copies of themselves to replace worn out unit, a process
called self replication.
The major advantage of Nanorobot is the durability which in theory is thought be for bout
decades and centuries.

7.2 APPLICATIONS:

Nanorobotics in Surgery:

Surgical nanorobots are introduced into the human body through vascular systems
and other cavities. Surgical nanorobots act as semi-autonomous on-site surgeon inside the
human body and are programmed or directed by a human surgeon.

Figure 7.1: Nanorobots in Surgery

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 Replacement of Heart Bypass Surgery Using Nanorobots

2. Diagnosis and Testing:

Medical nanorobots are used for the purpose of diagnosis, testing and monitoring
of microorganisms, tissues and cells in the blood stream. These nanorobots are capable of
noting down the record, and report some vital signs such as temperature, pressure and
immune systems parameters of different parts of the human body continuously.
3. Nanorobots in Cancer Detection and Treatment:

The current stages of medical technologies and therapy tools

are used for the successful treatment of cancer. The important aspect
to achieve a successful treatment is based on the improvement of
efficient drug delivery to decrease the side-effects from the
chemotherapy.

Figure 7.2: Nanorobots in Cancer Detection

Nanorobots with embedded chemical biosensors are used for detecting the tumor
cells in early stages of cancer development inside a patients body. Nanosensors are also
utilized to find the intensity of E-cadherin signals.

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 Replacement of Heart Bypass Surgery Using Nanorobots

5. Nanodentistry is one of the topmost applications as nanorobots help in different

processes involved in dentistry. These nanorobots are helpful in desensitizing tooth, oral
anesthesia, straightening of irregular set of teeth and improvement of the teeth durability,
major tooth repairs and improvement of appearance of teeth, etc.

Fig 7.3: Nanodentistry

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 Replacement of Heart Bypass Surgery Using Nanorobots

CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
Nanomedicine will eliminate virtually all common diseases of the 20th century,
virtually all medical pain and suffering, and allow the extension of human capabilities,
most especially our mental abilities. It is an idea that can be made practical by the exiting
engineering technology. Once this task for designing a nanorobot is accomplished, it will
enable us to get rid of hard plaque in the arteries without any surgical procedure involved
that may be very complex and tedious. The practical implementation of this technique will
mark a great achievement in the history of mankind.

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REFERENCES
[1] Nanomedicine, volume VII: biocompatibility 2003 by Robert A. Freitas.
[2] Langar, Robert, David A. Lavan, Terry Mcguire. Small-scale systems for in
vivo
drug delivery. Nature biotechnology.
[3] Bock, Anne-katrin, Anwyn Dullaart, Volker Wagner, axel Zweck. The
emerging
nanomedicine landscape. Nature biotechnology.
[4] Nanotechnology and miniature robotics Robert reed.
[5] Web site of centre for responsible nanotech.
[7] Charuhas v Thakar, Jean pierre yared, sarah Worley, Kathy cotman and Emil P
Paganini .Kidney International: Renel dysfuction and serious infections after
open heart surgery
[8] PMC: US National Libarary of Medicine National Institute of Health.
[9] National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting.
[10] S. Hede and N. Huilgol. (2006) ""Nano": The New Nemesis of
Cancer ." Journal
of Cancer Research and Therapeutics.

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