UNESCO

The United Nations Educational, Scientic and Cul- lution on 21 September 1921, to elect a Commis-
tural Organization (UNESCO)[2] is a specialized sion to study feasibility.[9] On 18 December 1925, the
agency of the United Nations (UN). Its purpose is to con- International Bureau of Education (IBE) began work as
tribute to peace and security by promoting international a non-governmental organization in the service of inter-
collaboration through educational, scientic, and cultural national educational development.[10] However, the work
reforms in order to increase universal respect for justice, of these predecessor organizations was largely interrupted
the rule of law, and human rights along with fundamental by the onset of World War II.
freedom proclaimed in the United Nations Charter.[1] It After the signing of the Atlantic Charter and the
is the heir of the League of Nations' International Com- Declaration of the United Nations, the Conference of
mittee on Intellectual Cooperation. Allied Ministers of Education (CAME) began meetings
UNESCO has 195 member states[3] and nine associate in London which continued between 16 November 1942
members.[4][5] Most of its eld oces are cluster oces to 5 December 1945. On 30 October 1943, the neces-
covering three or more countries; national and regional sity for an international organization was expressed in the
oces also exist. Moscow Declaration, agreed upon by China, the United
UNESCO pursues its objectives through ve major pro- Kingdom, the United States and the USSR. This was
grams: education, natural sciences, social/human sci- followed by the Dumbarton Oaks Conference proposals
ences, culture and communication/information. Projects of 9 October 1944. Upon the proposal of CAME and
sponsored by UNESCO include literacy, technical, and in accordance with the recommendations of the United
teacher-training programmes, international science pro- Nations Conference on International Organization (UN-
grammes, the promotion of independent media and CIO), held in San Francisco in AprilJune 1945, a United
freedom of the press, regional and cultural history Nations Conference for the establishment of an educa-
tional and cultural organization (ECO/CONF) was con-
projects, the promotion of cultural diversity, translations
of world literature, international cooperation agreements vened in London 116 November 1945 with 44 gov-
ernments represented. A prominent gure in the initia-
to secure the world cultural and natural heritage (World
Heritage Sites) and to preserve human rights, and at- tive for UNESCO was Rab Butler, the Minister of Edu-
cation for the United Kingdom.[11] At the ECO/CONF,
tempts to bridge the worldwide digital divide. It is also
a member of the United Nations Development Group.[6] the Constitution of UNESCO was introduced and signed
by 37 countries, and a Preparatory Commission was
UNESCOs aim is to contribute to the building of established.[12] The Preparatory Commission operated
peace, the eradication of poverty, sustainable develop- between 16 November 1945, and 4 November 1946
ment and intercultural dialogue through education, the the date when UNESCOs Constitution came into force
sciences, culture, communication and information.[7] with the deposit of the twentieth ratication by a mem-
Other priorities of the organization include attaining ber state.[13]
quality Education For All and lifelong learning, ad-
The rst General Conference took place from 19 Novem-
dressing emerging social and ethical challenges, foster-
ing cultural diversity, a culture of peace and buildingber to 10 December 1946, and elected Dr. Julian Hux-
inclusive knowledge societies through information and ley to the post of Director-General.[14] The Constitution
communication.[8] was amended in November 1954 when the General Con-
ference resolved that members of the Executive Board
The broad goals and concrete objectives of the inter- would be representatives of the governments of the States
national community as set out in the internationally of which they are nationals and would not, as before, act
agreed development goals, including the Millennium De- in their personal capacity.[15] This change in governance
velopment Goals (MDGs) underpin all UNESCOs distinguished UNESCO from its predecessor, the CICI,
strategies and activities. in terms of how member states would work together in the
organizations elds of competence. As member states
worked together over time to realize UNESCOs man-
1 History date, political and historical factors have shaped the or-
ganizations operations in particular during the Cold War,
the decolonization process, and the dissolution of the
UNESCO and its mandate for international co-operation USSR.
can be traced back to the League of Nations reso-

1
2 2 ACTIVITIES

Among the major achievements of the organization is main outcome of the 1968 conference was the creation of
its work against racism, for example through inuen- UNESCOs Man and the Biosphere Programme.[31]
tial statements on race starting with a declaration of In the eld of communication, the free ow of informa-
anthropologists (among them was Claude Lvi-Strauss) tion has been a priority for UNESCO from its begin-
and other scientists in 1950[16] and concluding with the nings. In the years immediately following World War II,
1978 Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice.[17] In eorts were concentrated on reconstruction and on the
1956, the Republic of South Africa withdrew from UN- identication of needs for means of mass communication
ESCO claiming that some of the organizations publica- around the world. UNESCO started organizing training
tions amounted to interference in the countrys racial
and education for journalists in the 1950s.[32] In response
problems.[18] South Africa rejoined the organization in to calls for a "New World Information and Communica-
1994 under the leadership of Nelson Mandela.
tion Order" in the late 1970s, UNESCO established the
UNESCOs early work in the eld of education included International Commission for the Study of Communica-
the pilot project on fundamental education in the Mar- tion Problems,[33] which produced the 1980 MacBride re-
bial Valley, Haiti, started in 1947.[19] This project was port (named after the Chair of the Commission, the No-
followed by expert missions to other countries, includ- bel Peace Prize laureate Sen MacBride).[34] Following
ing, for example, a mission to Afghanistan in 1949.[20] the MacBride report, UNESCO introduced the Informa-
In 1948, UNESCO recommended that Member States tion Society for All[35] programme and Toward Knowl-
should make free primary education compulsory and edge Societies[36] programme in the lead up to the World
universal.[21] In 1990 the World Conference on Education Summit on the Information Society in 2003 (Geneva) and
for All, in Jomtien, Thailand, launched a global move- 2005 (Tunis).
ment to provide basic education for all children, youths In 2011, Palestine became a UNESCO member follow-
and adults.[22] Ten years later, the 2000 World Education ing a vote in which 107 member states supported and
Forum held in Dakar, Senegal, led member governments 14 opposed.[37][38] Laws passed in the United States in
to commit to achieving basic education for all by 2015.[23] 1990 and 1994 mean that it cannot contribute nancially
UNESCOs early activities in the eld of culture included, to any UN organisation that accepts Palestine as a full
for example, the Nubia Campaign, launched in 1960.[24] member. As a result, it withdrew its funding which ac-
The purpose of the campaign was to move the Great Tem- counted for about 22% of UNESCOs budget.[39] Israel
ple of Abu Simbel to keep it from being swamped by also reacted to Palestines admittance to UNESCO by
the Nile after construction of the Aswan Dam. During freezing Israel payments to the UNESCO and imposing
the 20-year campaign, 22 monuments and architectural sanctions to the Palestinian Authority,[40] claiming that
complexes were relocated. This was the rst and largest Palestines admittance would be detrimental to potential
in a series of campaigns including Mohenjo-daro (Pak- peace talks.[41] Two years after they stopped paying their
istan), Fes (Morocco), Kathmandu (Nepal), Borobudur dues to UNESCO, US and Israel lost UNESCO voting
(Indonesia) and the Acropolis (Greece). The organiza- rights in 2013.[42]
tions work on heritage led to the adoption, in 1972, of the
Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cul-
tural and Natural Heritage.[25] The World Heritage Com-
mittee was established in 1976 and the rst sites inscribed
2 Activities
on the World Heritage List in 1978.[26] Since then impor-
tant legal instruments on cultural heritage and diversity
have been adopted by UNESCO member states in 2003
(Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cul-
tural Heritage[27] ) and 2005 (Convention on the Protec-
tion and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expres-
sions[28] ).
An intergovernmental meeting of UNESCO in Paris in
December 1951 led to the creation of the European
Council for Nuclear Research, which was responsible for
establishing the European Organization for Nuclear Re-
search (CERN)[29] in 1954.
Arid Zone programming, 19481966, is another example
of an early major UNESCO project in the eld of natural
sciences.[30] In 1968, UNESCO organized the rst inter-
governmental conference aimed at reconciling the envi- UNESCO oces in Braslia
ronment and development, a problem which continues to
be addressed in the eld of sustainable development. The UNESCO implements its activities through the ve pro-
gramme areas of Education, Natural Sciences, Social and

Human Sciences, Culture, and Communication and In-
formation.
Education: UNESCO supports research in
comparative education; and provide expertise
and fosters partnerships to strengthen national
educational leadership and the capacity of countries
to oer quality education for all. This includes the
UNESCO Chairs, an international network of
644 UNESCO Chairs, involving over 770 in-
stitutions in 126 countries.
Environmental Conservation Organisation
Convention against Discrimination in Educa-
tion adopted in 1960
Organization of the International Conference
on Adult Education (CONFINTEA) in an in-
terval of 12 years
Publication of the Education for All Global
Monitoring Report
Publication of the Four Pillars of Learning
seminal document
UNESCO ASPNet, an international network
of 8,000 schools in 170 countries
UNESCO does not accredit institutions of higher
learning.[43]
UNESCO also issues public 'statements to educate
the public:
Seville Statement on Violence: A statement
adopted by UNESCO in 1989 to refute the no-
tion that humans are biologically predisposed
to organised violence.
Designating projects and places of cultural and sci-
entic signicance, such as:
Global Geoparks Network
Biosphere reserves, through the Programme
on Man and the Biosphere (MAB), since 1971
City of Literature; in 2007, the rst city to be
given this title was Edinburgh, the site of Scot-
lands rst circulating library.[44] In 2008, Iowa
City, Iowa became the City of Literature.
Endangered languages and linguistic diversity
projects
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Her-
itage of Humanity
Memory of the World International Register,
since 1997
Water resources management, through the
International Hydrological Programme (IHP),
since 1965
3
World Heritage Sites
World Digital Library
Encouraging the free ow of ideas by images and
words by:
Promoting freedom of expression, Freedom of
the press and Freedom of information legisla-
tion, through the International Programme for
the Development of Communication and the
Communication and Information Programme
Promoting universal access to ICTs, through
the Information for All Programme
Promoting Pluralism and cultural diversity in
the media
Promoting events, such as:
International Decade for the Promotion of a
Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the
Children of the World: 20012010, pro-
claimed by the UN in 1998
World Press Freedom Day, 3 May each
year, to promote freedom of expression and
freedom of the press as a basic human right
and as crucial components of any healthy,
democratic and free society.
Criana Esperana in Brazil, in partner-
ship with Rede Globo, to raise funds for
community-based projects that foster social
integration and violence prevention.
International Literacy Day
International Year for the Culture of Peace
Founding and funding projects, such as:
Migration Museums Initiative: Promoting the
establishment of museums for cultural dia-
logue with migrant populations.[45]
UNESCO-CEPES, the European Centre for
Higher Education: established in 1972 in
Bucharest, Romania, as a de-centralized of-
ce to promote international co-operation in
higher education in Europe as well as Canada,
USA and Israel. Higher Education in Europe
is its ocial journal.
Free Software Directory: since 1998 UN-
ESCO and the Free Software Foundation have
jointly funded this project cataloguing free
software.
FRESH Focussing Resources on Eective
School Health.[46]
OANA, Organization of Asia-Pacic News
Agencies
International Council of Science
UNESCO Goodwill Ambassadors
4 5
ASOMPS, Asian Symposium on Medicinal
Plants and Spices, a series of scientic confer-
ences held in Asia
Botany 2000, a programme supporting tax-
onomy, and biological and cultural diversity
of medicinal and ornamental plants, and their
protection against environmental pollution
The UNESCO Collection of Representative
Works, translating works of world literature
both to and from multiple languages, from
1948 to 2005
GoUNESCO, an umbrella of initiatives to
make heritage fun supported by UNESCO,
New Delhi Oce [47]
3 Ocial UNESCO NGOs
UNESCO enjoys ocial relations with 322 international
non-governmental organizations (NGOs).[48] Most of
these are what UNESCO calls operational, a select
few are formal.[49] The highest form of aliation to
UNESCO is formal associate, and the 22 NGOs[50]
with formal associate (ASC) relations occupying oces
at UNESCO are:
UNESCO Institute for Water Education in Delft
4 Institutes and centres
The institutes are specialized departments of the orga-
nization that support UNESCOs programme, providing
specialized support for cluster and national oces.
5 Ocial list of UNESCO prizes
UNESCO currently awards 22 prizes[62] in education, sci-
ence, culture and peace:
Flix Houphout-Boigny Peace Prize
OFFICIAL LIST OF UNESCO PRIZES
L'Oral-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science
UNESCO/King Sejong Literacy Prize
UNESCO/Confucius Prize for Literacy
UNESCO/Emir Jaber al-Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah
Prize to promote Quality Education for Persons with
Intellectual Disabilities
UNESCO King Hamad Bin Isa Al-Khalifa Prize for
the Use of Information and Communication Tech-
nologies in Education
UNESCO/Hamdan Bin Rashid Al-Maktoum Prize
for Outstanding Practice and Performance in En-
hancing the Eectiveness of Teachers
UNESCO/Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of
Science
UNESCO/Institut Pasteur Medal for an outstanding
contribution to the development of scientic knowl-
edge that has a benecial impact on human health
UNESCO/Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environmental
Preservation
Great Man-Made River International Water Prize
for Water Resources in Arid Zones presented by
UNESCO (title to be reconsidered)
Michel Batisse Award for Biosphere Reserve Man-
agement
UNESCO/Bilbao Prize for the Promotion of a Cul-
ture of Human Rights
UNESCO Prize for Peace Education
UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize for the Promotion
of Tolerance and Non-Violence
UNESCO/International Jos Mart Prize
UNESCO/Avicenna Prize for Ethics in Science
UNESCO/Juan Bosch Prize for the Promotion of
Social Science Research in Latin America and the
Caribbean
Sharjah Prize for Arab Culture
Melina Mercouri International Prize for the Safe-
guarding and Management of Cultural Landscapes
(UNESCO-Greece)
IPDC-UNESCO Prize for Rural Communication
UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom
Prize
UNESCO/Jikji Memory of the World Prize
8.3 Executive Board[74] 5

5.1 Inactive prizes 8.3 Executive Board[74]

Carlos J. Finlay Prize for Microbiology (inactive 9 Oces

since 2005)

International Simn Bolvar Prize (inactive since

2004)

UNESCO Prize for Human Rights Education

UNESCO/Obiang Nguema Mbasogo International

Prize for Research in the Life Sciences (inactive
since 2010)

UNESCO Prize for the Promotion of the Arts

6 International Days observed at

UNESCO
International Days [63]

7 Member states
Main article: Member states of UNESCO

UNESCO counts 195 member states and 9 associate

members.[64] Some members are not independent states
and some members have additional National Organizing
Committees from some of their dependent territories.[65] The Garden of Peace, UNESCO headquarters, Paris. Do-
nated by the Government of Japan, this garden was designed by
UNESCO state parties are the United Nations member
American-Japanese sculptor artist Isamu Noguchi in 1958 and
states (except Liechtenstein), Cook Islands, Niue, and the installed by Japanese gardener Toemon Sano.
State of Palestine.[66][67]
UNESCO has oces in many locations across the globe;
its headquarters are located at Place de Fontenoy in Paris,
8 Governing bodies France.
UNESCOs eld oces are categorized into four primary
8.1 Director-General oce types based upon their function and geographic
coverage: cluster oces, national oces, regional bu-
Elections for the renewal of the position of Director- reaux and liaison oces.
General took place in Paris from 7 to 23 September 2009.
Eight candidates ran for the position, and 58 countries[68]
voted for them. The Executive Council gathered from 7
9.1 Field oces by region
to 23 September, the vote itself beginning on the 17th.
The following list of all UNESCO Field Oces is orga-
Irina Bokova was elected the new Director-General.
nized geographically by UNESCO Region and identies
The list of the Directors-General of UNESCO since its the members states and associate members of UNESCO
establishment in 1946 is as follows:[69] which are served by each oce.[77]

9.1.1 Africa
8.2 General Conference[70]
Abidjan - National Oce to Cte d'Ivoire
This is the list of the sessions of UNESCO General Con-
ference held since 1946:[71] Abuja National Oce to Nigeria
6 9 OFFICES
Accra Cluster Oce for Benin, Cte d'Ivoire,
Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Togo
Addis Ababa Liaison Oce with the African
Union and with the Economic Commission for
Africa
Bamako Cluster Oce for Burkina Faso, Guinea,
Mali and Niger
Brazzaville National Oce to the Republic of the
Congo
Bujumbura National Oce to Burundi
Dakar Regional Bureau for Education in Africa
and Cluster Oce for Cape Verde, Gambia, Guinea-
Bissau, and Senegal
Dar es Salaam Cluster Oce for Comoros,
Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles and Tanzania
Harare Cluster Oce for Botswana, Malawi,
Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe
Juba - National Oce to South Sudan
Kinshasa National Oce to the Democratic Re-
public of the Congo
Libreville Cluster Oce for the Republic of
the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo,
Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and Sao Tome and
Principe
Maputo National Oce to Mozambique
Nairobi Regional Bureau for Sciences in Africa
and Cluster Oce for Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea,
Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan and Uganda
Windhoek National Oce to Namibia
Yaound Cluster Oce to Cameroon, Central
African Republic and Chad
9.1.2 Arab States
Amman National Oce to Jordan
Beirut Regional Bureau for Education in the Arab
States and Cluster Oce to Lebanon, Syria, Jordan,
Iraq and Palestine
Cairo Regional Bureau for Sciences in the Arab
States and Cluster Oce for Egypt, Libya and Sudan
Doha Cluster Oce to Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman,
Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and
Yemen
Iraq National Oce for Iraq (currently located in
Amman, Jordan)
Khartoum National Oce to Sudan
Rabat Cluster Oce to Algeria, Mauritania,
Morocco and Tunisia
Ramallah - National Oce to the Palestinian Terri-
tories
9.1.3 Asia and Pacic
See also: UNESCO Asia Pacic Heritage Awards
Apia Cluster Oce to Australia, Cook Is-
lands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated
States of Micronesia, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue,
Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Is-
lands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu and Tokelau (Asso-
ciate Member)
Bangkok Regional Bureau for Education in Asia
and the Pacic and Cluster Oce to Thailand,
Burma, Laos, Singapore, Vietnam and Cambodia
Beijing Cluster Oce to North Korea, Japan,
Mongolia, the Peoples Republic of China and South
Korea
Dhaka National Oce to Bangladesh
Hanoi National Oce to Vietnam
Islamabad National Oce to Pakistan
Jakarta Regional Bureau for Sciences in Asia and
the Pacic and Cluster Oce to Brunei, Indonesia,
Malaysia, the Philippines and East Timor
Kabul National Oce to Afghanistan
Kathmandu National Oce to Nepal
New Delhi Cluster Oce to Bangladesh, Bhutan,
India, Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka
Phnom Penh National Oce to Cambodia
Tashkent National Oce to Uzbekistan
Tehran Cluster Oce to Afghanistan, Iran,
Pakistan and Turkmenistan
9.1.4 Europe and North America
Almaty Cluster Oce to Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan and Uzbekistan
Brussels Liaison Oce to the European Union and
its subsidiary bodies in Brussels
Geneva Liaison Oce to the United Nations in
Geneva
 7

New York City Liaison Oce to the United Na-
tions in New York
Moscow Cluster Oce to Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Belarus, Moldova and Russia
Venice Regional Bureau for Sciences and Culture
in Europe
San Jos Cluster Oce to Costa Rica, El Sal-
vador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua
and Panama
Santiago de Chile Regional Bureau for Education
in Latin America and the Caribbean and National
Oce to Chile

9.1.5 Latin America and the Caribbean 10 Controversy and reform

10.1 New World Information and Commu-

nication order
UNESCO has been the centre of controversy in the past,
particularly in its relationships with the United States,
the United Kingdom, Singapore and the former Soviet
Union. During the 1970s and 1980s, UNESCOs sup-
port for a "New World Information and Communication
Order" and its MacBride report calling for democratiza-
tion of the media and more egalitarian access to infor-
mation was condemned in these countries as attempts to
curb freedom of the press. UNESCO was perceived by
some as a platform for communists and Third World dic-
tators to attack the West, a stark contrast to accusations
Carondelet Palace, Presidential Palace with changing of the made by the USSR in the late 1940s and early 1950s.[81]
guards. The Historic Center of Quito, Ecuador is one of the In 1984, the United States withheld its contributions and
largest, least-altered and best-preserved historic centers in the withdrew from the organization in protest, followed by
Americas.[78] This center was, together with the historic centre
the United Kingdom in 1985. Singapore took the oppor-
of Krakw in Poland, the rst to be declared World Heritage Site
tunity to withdraw also at the end of 1985, citing rising
by UNESCO on 18 September 1978.
membership fees.[82] Following a change of government
in 1997, the UK rejoined. The United States rejoined in
Brasilia National Oce to Brazil [79] 2003, followed by Singapore on 8 October 2007.

Guatemala City National Oce to Guatemala

10.2 Israel
Havana Regional Bureau for Culture in Latin
America and the Caribbean and Cluster Oce to Israel was admitted to UNESCO in 1949, one year af-
Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti and Aruba ter its creation. Israel has maintained its membership
since 1949. In 2010, Israel designated the Cave of
Kingston Cluster Oce to Antigua and Barbuda, the Patriarchs, Hebron and Rachels Tomb, Bethlehem
Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, as National Heritage Sites and announced restoration
Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lu- work, prompting criticism from the United States and
cia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname protests from Palestinians.[83] In October 2010, UN-
and Trinidad and Tobago as well as the associate ESCOs Executive Board voted to declare the sites as
member states of British Virgin Islands, Cayman Is- al-Haram al-Ibrahimi/Tomb of the Patriarchs and Bi-
lands, Curaao and Sint Maarten lal bin Rabah Mosque/Rachels Tomb and stated that
Lima National Oce to Peru they were an integral part of the occupied Palestinian
Territories and any unilateral Israeli action was a vio-
Mexico City National Oce to Mexico lation of international law.[84] UNESCO described the
sites as signicant to people of the Muslim, Christian
Montevideo Regional Bureau for Sciences in Latin and Jewish traditions, and accused Israel of highlight-
America and the Caribbean and Cluster Oce to ing only the Jewish character of the sites.[85] Israel in
Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay turn accused UNESCO of detach[ing] the Nation of Is-
Port-au-Prince National Oce to Haiti rael from its heritage, and accused it of being politically
motivated.[86] The Rabbi of the Western Wall claimed
Quito Cluster Oce to Bolivia, Colombia, that Rachels tomb had not previously been declared a
Ecuador and Venezuela[80] holy Muslim site.[87] Israel partially suspended ties with
8 10
UNESCO. Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister Danny Ay-
alon declared that the resolution was a part of Palestinian
escalation. Zevulun Orlev, chairman of the Knesset Ed-
ucation and Culture Committee, referred to the resolu-
tions as an attempt to undermine the mission of UNESCO
as a scientic and cultural organization that promotes co-
operation throughout the world.[88][89]
On 28 June 2011, UNESCOs World Heritage Com-
mittee, at Jordan's insistence, censured Israels decision
to demolish and rebuild the Mughrabi Gate Bridge in
Jerusalem for safety reasons. Israel stated that Jordan had
signed an agreement with Israel stipulating that the exist-
ing bridge must be razed for safety reasons; Jordan dis-
puted the agreement, saying it was only signed under U.S.
pressure. Israel was also unable to address the UNESCO
committee over objections from Egypt.[90]
In January 2014, days before it was scheduled to open,
UNESCO Director-General, Irina Bokova, indenitely
postponed and eectively cancelled an exhibit created
by the Simon Wiesenthal Center entitled, The People,
The Book, The Land: The 3,500-year relationship be-
tween the Jewish people and the Land of Israel. The
event was scheduled to run from January 21 through Jan-
uary 30 in Paris. Bokova cancelled the event after repre-
sentatives of Arab states at UNESCO argued that its dis-
play would harm the peace process.[91] The author of
the exhibition, Professor Robert Wistrich of the Hebrew
University's Vidal Sassoon International Center for the
Study of Anti-Semitism, called the cancellation an ap-
palling act, and characterized Bokovas decision as an
arbitrary act of total cynicism and, really, contempt for
the Jewish people and its history. UNESCO amended
the decision to cancel the exhibit within the year, and
it quickly achieved popularity and was viewed a great
success.[92]
10.3 Palestinian Authority
10.3.1 Palestinian Youth Magazine controversy
In February 2011, an article was published in a Pales-
tinian youth magazine in which a teenage girl described
one of her four role-models as Adolf Hitler. In De-
cember 2011, UNESCO, which partly funded the maga-
zine, condemned the material and subsequently withdrew
support.[93]
10.3.2 Islamic University of Gaza controversy
In 2012, UNESCO decided to establish a chair at the
Islamic University of Gaza in the eld of astronomy,
astrophysics, and space sciences,[94] fueling much contro-
versy and criticism. Israel's foreign ministry expressed
shock and criticized the move, and stated that the uni-
versity supports Hamas (which Israel and other countries
designate as a terrorist organization) and houses bomb
CONTROVERSY AND REFORM
laboratories for Hamas. The ministry called the univer-
sity a known greenhouse and breeding ground for Hamas
terrorists.[95]
The university has been linked to Hamas in the past.
However, the university head, Kamalain Shaath, de-
fended UNESCO, stating that the Islamic University is a
purely academic university that is interested only in edu-
cation and its development.[96][97][98] Israeli ambassador
to UNESCO Nimrod Barkan planned to submit a let-
ter of protest with information about the universitys ties
to Hamas, especially angry that this was the rst Pales-
tinian university that UNESCO chose to cooperate with.
A senior foreign ministry ocial stated: Before UN-
ESCO gave a chair to the Technion and the Interdisci-
plinary Center [institutions in Haifa and Herzliya, respec-
tively] they checked things with a magnifying glass. In
Gaza no one checked.[99] The Jewish organization B'nai
B'rith criticized the move as well. B'nai B'rith interna-
tional president Allan Jacobs said: To so strongly as-
sociate an organization meant to promote peaceful goals
with a terrorist organization is yet another contributor to
the world bodys tarnished reputation in the international
community.[100]
10.4 Wikileaks
On February 16 and 17 of 2012 UNESCO held a confer-
ence entitled, The Media World after WikiLeaks and
News of the World.[101] Despite all six panels being
focused on WikiLeaks, no member of WikiLeaks sta
were invited to speak. After receiving a complaint from
WikiLeaks spokesman Kristinn Hrafnsson, UNESCO in-
vited him to attend, but did not oer a place on any
panels.[102] The oer also came only a week before the
conference, which was held in Paris, France. Many of
the speakers featured, including David Leigh and Heather
Brooke, had spoken out openly against WikiLeaks and its
founder Julian Assange in the past.[103][104] WikiLeaks
released a press statement on February 15, 2012 de-
nouncing UNESCO which stated, UNESCO has made
itself an international human rights joke. To use free-
dom of expression to censor WikiLeaks from a confer-
ence about WikiLeaks is an Orwellian absurdity beyond
words. This is an intolerable abuse of UNESCOs Con-
stitution. Its time to occupy UNESCO. [105] Included
in the statement were the emails sent between WikiLeaks
spokesman Kristinn Hrafnsson and organizers of the UN-
ESCO conference.
10.5 Che Guevara
In 2013, UNESCO announced that the collection The
Life and Works of Ernesto Che Guevara became part of
the Memory of the World Register. Ileana Ros-Lehtinen,
the US congresswoman, condemned this decision, saying
the organization acts against its own ideals:

UNESCO continued its longstanding tra-
dition of making a mockery of its own insti-
tution when it opted to venerate and memo-
rialize the life of a blood thirsty, murderous
sadist, Che Guevara, by including his works
as an entry in its Memory of the World Reg-
ister. This decision is more than an insult to
the families of those Cubans who were lined up
and summarily executed by Che and his merci-
less cronies but it also serves as a direct contra-
diction to the UNESCO ideals of encouraging
peace and universal respect for human rights..
Hillel Neuer, executive director of the UN Watch, con-
demned this selection of UNESCO also. He said that is
absurdity.[106][107]
Publications which were written by the main inspiration
of Che Guevara, were included to the Register in 2013
year. It is the Das Kapital and The Communist Mani-
festo by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. In its memories
Guevara has stated that he is a follower of such person-
alities like Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin and Mao Tse-
tung.[108][109]
10.6 Listing Nanjing Massacre documents
In 2015, Japan threatened to halt funding for UNESCO
over the organizations decision to include documents re-
lating to the 1937 Nanjing Massacre in the latest listing
for its Memory of the World program. It was believed [10] UNESCO. (1987). A Chronology.
that Irina Bokova, the director general of UNESCO did [11] THE WORK OF U.N.E.S.C.O. (Hansard, 26 January
so to get the veto wielding Chinas support for her candi- 1949). Hansard.millbanksystems.com. Retrieved 12 July
dacy for United Nation Secretary Generals post.[110]
11 Products or services
UNESDOC - Contains over 146,000 UNESCO
documents in full text published since 1945 as well
as metadata from the collections of the UNESCO
Library and documentation centres in Field Oces
and Institutes.
IDAMS a software package for processing and
analysing numerical data developed, maintained and
disseminated by UNESCO. The original package
was proprietary but UNESCO has initiated a project
to provide it as open source.[111]
12 References and notes
[1] UNESCO history. UNESCO. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
[2] UNESCO. UNESCO. Retrieved 2015-09-25.
9
[3] UNESCOs General Conference voted on 31 October
2011 to admit Palestine as a member State. How-
ever, it notes that, for its membership to take eect,
Palestine must sign and ratify UNESCOs Constitution.
UNESCO " Media Services " General Conference admits
Palestine as UNESCO Member State. UNESCO.
[4] Member States | United Nations Educational, Scientic
and Cultural Organization. UNESCO.
[5] The Faroes become associated <ny specialized institutes
and centres throughout the world. Archived from the
original on 23 August 2011.
[6] UNDG Members. United Nations Development Group.
Retrieved 8 August 2011.
[7] Introducing UNESCO. UNESCO. Retrieved 8 August
2011.
[8] UNESCO General Conference; 34th; Medium-term
Strategy, 20082013; 2007 (PDF). Retrieved 8 August
2011.
[9] League of Nations. Records of the Second Assembly.
Plenary Meetings. 5 September-5 October 1921. Geneva.
P. The International Committee on Intellectual Coopera-
tion (ICIC) was ocially created on 4 January 1922, as a
consultative organ composed of individuals elected based
on their personal qualications. The International Insti-
tute for Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC) was then created
in Paris on 9 August 1925, to act as the executing agency
for the ICIC. (1987). A Chronology of UNESCO: 1947
1987. Paris, December 1987. LAD.85/WS/4 Rev. UN-
ESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012
2013.
[12] United Nations Conference for the Establishment of an
Educational and Cultural Organisation. Conference for
the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organ-
isation. Held at the Institute of Civil Engineers, London,
from 1 to 16 November 1945. ECO/Conf./29. UNES-
DOC database (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
[13] Constitution of the United Nations Educational, Sci-
entic and Cultural Organization. 16 November 1945.
United Nations Conference for the Establishment of an
Educational and Cultural Organisation. Conference for
the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organ-
isation. Held at the Institute of Civil Engineers, London,
from 1 to 16 November 1945. ECO/Conf./29. P. 93.
UNESDOC database (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
[14] UNESCO. General Conference, 1st Session. (1947).
General Conference, First Session, held at UNESCO
House, Paris, from 20 November to 10 December 1946.
UNESCO/C/30 [1 C/Resolutions]. (Paris.) Item 14, p.
73. UNESDOC database (PDF). Retrieved 1 July 2012.
[15] UNESCO. General Conference, 8th Session. (1955).
Records of the General Conference, Eighth Session,
Montevideo, 1954: Resolutions. 8 C/Resolutions.
(Paris.) Resolution II.1.2, p.12. UNESDOC database
10
[16] UNESCO. (1950). Statement by experts on race prob-
lems. Paris, 20 July 1950. UNESCO/SS/1. UNESDOC
database (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
[17] UNESCO. General Conference, 20th Session. (1979).
Records of the General Conference, Twentieth Ses-
sion, Paris, 24 October to 28 November 1978. 20
C/Resolutions. (Paris.) Resolution 3/1.1/2, p. 61. UN-
ESDOC database (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
[18] UNESCO. Executive Board, 42nd Session. (1955). Re-
port of the Director-General on the Activities of the Or-
ganization (MarchNovember 1955). Paris, 9 November
1955. 42 EX/43. Part I Relations with Member States,
paragraph 3.
[19] The Haiti pilot project: phase one, 19471949. (1951).
Monographs on Fundamental Education IV. UNESCO:
Paris.
[20] Debiesse, J., Benjamin, H. and Abbot, W. (1952). Re-
port of the mission to Afghanistan. Educational Missions
IV. ED.51/VIII.A. (Paris.) UNESDOC database (PDF).
Retrieved 8 June 2012.
[21] UNESCO. General Conference, 2nd Session. (1948).
Resolutions adopted by the General Conference during its
second session, Mexico, NovemberDecember 1947. 2
C/Resolutions. (Paris.) Resolution 3.4.1, p. 17. UNES-
DOC database (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
[22] UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, and The World Bank.
(1990). Final Report. World Conference on Education
for All: Meeting Basic Education Needs. 59 March
1990, Jomtien, Thailand. (WCEFA Inter-agency Com-
mission: New York). UNESDOC database (PDF). Re-
trieved 8 June 2012.
[23] UNESCO. (2000). The Dakar Framework for Action.
Education for All: meeting our collective commitments
(including six regional frameworks for action). World
Education Forum, Dakar, Senegal, 2628 April 2000.
ED.2000/WS/27. (Paris). UNESDOC database (PDF).
Retrieved 8 June 2012.
[24] UNESCO. General Conference, 21st Session. (1980).
International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nu-
bia: Report of the Executive Committee of the Campaign
and of the Director-General. 26 August 1980. 21 C/82.
UNESDOC database (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
[25] Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cul-
tural and Natural Heritage. Paris, 16 November 1972.
UNESCO. General Conference, 17th Session. Records
of the General Conference, Seventeenth Session, Paris,
17 October to 21 November 1972. Volume I: Resolu-
tions, Recommendations. 17 C/Resolution 29. Chapter
IX Conventions and Recommendations, p. 135. UNES-
DOC database (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
[26] UNESCO. Intergovernmental Committee for the Protec-
tion of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, Second
Session. Final Report. Washington, DC, 58 September
1978. CC-78/CONF.010/10 Rev. UNESDOC database
(PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
12 REFERENCES AND NOTES
[27] Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cul-
tural Heritage. Paris, 17 October 2003. UNESCO. Gen-
eral Conference, 32nd Session. Records of the General
Conference, Thirty-second Session, Paris, 29 Septem-
ber to 17 October 2003. Volume I: Resolutions. 32
C/Resolution 32. Chapter IV Programme for 20042005,
Major Programme IV Culture, p. 53. UNESDOC
database (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
[28] Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Di-
versity of Cultural Expressions. Paris, 20 October 2005.
UNESCO. General Conference, 33rd Session. Records of
the General Conference. Thirty-third Session, Paris, 321
October 2005. Volume I: Resolutions. 33 C/Resolution
41. Chapter V Programme for 20062007, p. 83. UN-
ESDOC database (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
[29] UNESCO. Executive Board, 26th Session. Resolu-
tions and decisions adopted by the Executive Board at its
twenty-sixth session. (7 June to 9 July 1951). Paris, 27
July 1951. 26 EX/Decisions. Item 7 Programme, Res-
olution 7.2.2.1, p. 9. UNESDOC database (PDF). Re-
trieved 8 June 2012.
[30] UNESCO. General Conference, 3rd Session. (1949).
Records of the General Conference of the United Nations
Educational, Scientic and Cultural Organization. Third
Session. Beirut, 1948. Volume II: Resolutions. (UN-
ESCO: Paris). 2 C/Resolution 3.7, page 23. UNESDOC
database (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
[31] ""Use and conservation of the biosphere: Proceedings
of the intergovernmental conference of experts on the
scientic basis for rational use and conservation of the
resources of the biosphere. Paris, 413 September
1968. (1970.) In Natural Resources Research, Volume
X. SC.69/XIL.16/A. UNESDOC database (PDF). Re-
trieved 8 June 2012.
[32] UNESCO. (1955). International Expert Meeting on Pro-
fessional Training for Journalism. Unesco House, 9
13 April 1956. Purpose and Scope. Paris, 18 Novem-
ber 1955. UNESCO/MC/PT.1. UNESDOC database
(PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
[33] UNESCO. General Conference, 19th Session. (1977).
Approved Programme and budget for 19771978. Paris,
February 1977. 19 C/5, p. 332, paragraphs 4154 and
4155. UNESDOC database (PDF). Retrieved 8 June
2012.
[34] MacBride, S. (1980). Many voices, one world: towards a
new, more just, and more ecient world information and
communication order. (UNESCO: Paris). UNESDOC
database (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
[35] UNESCO. (1996). UNESCO and an Information So-
ciety for All: a position paper. (UNESCO: Paris). CII-
96/WS/4. UNESDOC database (PDF). Retrieved 8 June
2012.
[36] UNESCO. General Conference, 32nd Session. (2003).
Communiqu: Ministerial Round Table on Towards
Knowledge Societies. (UNESCO Headquarters, 9 and 10
October 2003). 14 October 2003. 32 C/INF.26. UNES-
DOC database (PDF). Retrieved 1 July 2012.

[37] General Conference admits Palestine as UNESCO Mem-
ber. 31 October 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
[38] Blomeld, Adrian (31 October 2011). US withdraws
Unesco funding after it accepts Palestinian membership.
The Telegraph. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
[39] Erlanger, Steven; Sayare, Scott (31 October 2011).
Unesco Approves Full Membership for Palestinians.
The New York Times. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
[40] After UNESCO vote, Israeli sanctions on Palestinian Au-
thority anger U.S.. Haaretz. 4 November 2011. Re-
trieved 11 December 2011.
[41] Israel freezes UNESCO funds. CNN. 3 December
2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
[42] U.S., Israel lose voting rights at UNESCO over Pales-
tine row. Reuters. 8 November 2013. Retrieved 29 June
2014.
[43] Because diploma mills have claimed false UNESCO
accreditation, UNESCO itself has published warnings
against education organizations that claim UNESCO
recognition or aliation. See Luca Lantero, Degree
Mills: non-accredited and irregular higher education in-
stitutions, Information Centre on Academic Mobility and
Equivalence (CIMEA), Italy. and UNESCO Alert: Mis-
use of UNESCO Name by Bogus Institutions
[44] Varga, Susan (2006). Edinburgh Old Town (Images of
Scotland). The History Press Ltd. ISBN 0-7524-4083-7.
[45] Migration Institutions Home. Migrationmuseums.org.
Retrieved 23 April 2010.
[46] Education | EDUCATION ". UNESCO. Retrieved 23
April 2010.
[47] Reddy, A (2014) 'Ocial support for GoUNESCO from
UNESCO New Delhi - GoUNESCO', GoUNESCO.
Uniform Resource Locator: http://www.gounesco.com/
unesco-new-delhi-support-gounesco.
[48] Quoted on UNESCO ocial site. Ngo-db.unesco.org.
Retrieved 1 July 2012.
[49] Full list of NGOs that have ocial relations with UN-
ESCO. UNESCO. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
[50] UNESCO Headquarters Committee 107th session 13
Feb 2009. Ngo-db.unesco.org. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
[51] IBE ocial site
[52] UIL ocial site
[53] IIEP ocial site
[54] IITE ocial site
[55] IICBA ocial site
[56] IESALC ocial site
[57] UNEVOC ocial site
[58] CEPES ocial site
11
[59] UNESCO-IHE ocial site
[60] ICTp ocial site
[61] UIS ocial site
[62] UNESCO Executive Board Document 185 EX/38, Paris,
10 September 2010
[63] International Days | United Nations Educational, Scientic
and Cultural Organization. UNESCO. Retrieved 12 July
2013.
[64] List of UNESCO members and associates. UNESCO.
Retrieved 3 November 2011.
[65] Summary update on Government progress to become
a State Party to the UNESCO International Convention
against Doping in Sport (PDF). WADA. p. 2. Retrieved
28 July 2009.
[66] State Parties. UNESCO. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
[67] Member States of the United Nations. United Nations.
Retrieved 31 October 2011.
[68] List of the voting countries Archived 18 July 2011 at the
Wayback Machine.
[69] UNESCO ocial site: Directors-General
[70] General Conference of the United Nations Educational,
Scientic and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)".
[71] UNESCO ocial site: Previous Sessions of the General
Conference
[72] President of the 38th session of the General Conference.
UNESCO. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
[73] General Conference 37th | United Nations Educational,
Scientic and Cultural Organization. www.unesco.org.
Retrieved 2015-09-25.
[74] Executive Board of UNESCO | United Nations Edu-
cational, Scientic and Cultural Organization. www.
unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-12-08.
[75] Executive Board - Results of elections. UNESCO General
Conference, November 2015. Retrieved 12/11/2015.
[76] Table_2013-2015.pdf UNESCO Membership by Elec-
toral Groups. Retrieved 12/11/2015.
[77] List of All UNESCO Field Oces by Region with De-
scriptions of Member State Coverage. UNESCO.
[78] City of Quito UNESCO World Heritage. UNESCO.
Retrieved 30 April 2010.
[79] UNESCO Oce in Brasilia | United Nations Educa-
tional, Scientic and Cultural Organization. www.
unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
[80] Ocina de la UNESCO en Quito | Organizacin de las
Naciones Unidas para la Educacin, la Ciencia y la Cul-
tura. www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
12 14 SEE ALSO

[81] Grahm, S. E. (April 2006). The (Real)politiks of Cul-
ture: U.S. Cultural Diplomacy in UNESCO, 19461954.
Diplomatic History 30 (2): 231251. doi:10.1111/j.1467-
7709.2006.00548.x.
[82] Singapore to withdraw from UNESCO, The Telegraph,
28 December 1984
[99] Ravid, Barak (12 July 2012). Israel furious at UNESCO
decision to back science chair at Islamic University of
Gaza. Haaretz. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
[100] Yaakov, Yifa (14 July 2012). B'nai Brith slams UN-
ESCO aliation with Gaza University. The Times of
Israel. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

[83] Hebron clashes over Israels West Bank heritage list. [101] News journalism in a digital world. UNESCO. 10
BBC News. 26 February 2010. February 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
[84] Executive Board adopts ve decisions concerning UN- [102] UNESCO-leaks to refute wikileaks accusation. UN-
ESCOs work in the occupied Palestinian and Arab Terri- ESCO. 16 February 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
tories. UNESCO. 21 October 2010.
[103] The Guardians hatchet job on Julian Assange. World
[85] THE TWO PALESTINIAN SITES OF AL-HARAM Socialist Web Site. 10 March 2011. Retrieved 15 Febru-
AL-IBRAHIMI/TOMB OF THE PATRIARCHS IN AL- ary 2012.
KHALIL/HEBRON AND THE BILAL BIN RABAH
MOSQUE/RACHEL'S TOMB IN BETHLEHEM [104] The WikiFreak: In a new book one author reveals how
(PDF). she got to know Julian Assange and found him a preda-
tory, narcissistic fantasist. Daily Mail. 7 August 2011.
[86] Hillel Fendel (2010-11-01). UNESCO Erases Israeli Retrieved 15 February 2012.
Protests from Rachels Tomb Protocol. Arutz Sheva.
[105] WikiLeaks denounces UNESCO after WikiLeaks
[87] Maayana Miskin (29 October 2010). UN Org.: Rachels banned from UNESCO conference on WikiLeaks.
Tomb is a Mosque. Arutz Sheva. WikiLeaks. 15 February 2012. Retrieved 15 February
2012.
[88] Ayalon: Israel will no longer cooperate with UNESCO.
The Jerusalem Post. 2010-11-03. [106] UNESCO Once Again Makes a Mockery of its Own Ide-
als by Glorifying Mass Murderer Che Guevara, Says Ros-
[89] Shalom, Rabbi. Cooperation with UNESCO only par-
Lehtinen (July 22, 2013)
tially suspended. The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 8 Au-
gust 2011. [107] UNESCO honors executioner Che Guevara (July 21,
2013)
[90] UNESCO censures Israel over Mughrabi Bridge Israel
News, Ynetnews. Ynetnews. 20 June 1995. Retrieved 8 [108] Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei, draft manuscript
August 2011. page and Das Kapital. Erster Band, Karl Marxs personal
[91] Berman, Lazar (January 17, 2014). UNESCO cancels annotated copy
event on Jewish ties to Land of Israel. The Times of Is- [109] Notes for the Study of the Ideology of the Cuban Revolu-
rael. Retrieved 21 January 2014. tion (8 October 1960)
[92] Ahren, Raphael (21 January 2014). Author of UN- [110] http://www.dw.com/en/
ESCOs nixed Israel exhibit decries appalling betrayal'". japan-furious-at-unesco-listing-nanjing-massacre-documents/
The Times of Israel. Retrieved 21 January 2014. a-18790477
[93] Unesco cuts funding for Palestinian youth magazine over
[111] http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=15653&
Hitler praise. The Daily Telegraph. 23 December 2011.
URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
Retrieved 12 January 2012.

[94] UNESCO Chair in Astronomy, Astrophysics and Space

Sciences (964), established in 2012 at The Islamic Univer- 13 External links
sity of Gaza (Palestine).. UNESCO. Retrieved 15 July
2012.
UNESCO.org Ocial UNESCO website
[95] Israel shocked by UNESCO Chair at Gaza Islamic Uni-
versity (Press release). Israel ministry of foreign aairs. WikiProject UNESCO
12 July 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.

[96] Higgins, Michael (12 July 2012). UNESCO establishes

chair at Gaza university accused of housing Hamas bomb 14 See also
labs. National Post. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
Academic Mobility Network
[97] Fatah: Shalit was held at Gaza Islamic University.
Yedioth Ahronot. 6 February 2007. Retrieved 15 July
2012.

[98] Cambanis, Thanassis (28 February 2010). Hamas Uni-

versity. Boston Globe. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
 13

15 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

15.1 Text
UNESCO Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO?oldid=714789381 Contributors: Brion VIBBER, Pinkunicorn, Andre Engels,
Roadrunner, SimonP, Rsabbatini, Olivier, Lir, Michael Hardy, Pit~enwiki, Modster, Lexor, DIG~enwiki, Tjfulopp, Gabbe, Menchi, Aho-
erstemeier, GGano, Docu, Jpatokal, Snoyes, Emperor, Kingturtle, Darkwind, Hashar, Savantpol, Tpbradbury, Hyacinth, Warofdreams,
Raul654, AnonMoos, Rbellin, Wetman, Donarreiskoer, Robbot, RedWolf, Altenmann, Romanm, Postdlf, Llavigne, GerardM, Guy Pe-
ters, Davidcannon, Xyzzyva, DocWatson42, Snowdog, Curps, Varlaam, Ezhiki, Djegan, Ragib, Quackor, Andycjp, Bact, Joeblakesley, Pi-
otrus, CaribDigita, Billposer, Lord777, CanSpice, Neutrality, Trevor MacInnis, Grstain, Mike Rosoft, Chris Howard, D6, Rich Farmbrough,
Justinep, Vsmith, Mecanismo, Gronky, Bender235, S.K., Jensbn, Jos Gnudista, Omnibus, El C, Balthas, Rgdboer, Kwamikagami, Aude,
Orlady, Djd1219, Kaveh, Bobo192, Longhair, AugustinMa, Cohesion, Carole a, Nk, Scotthatton, Makawity, Eritain, Obradovic Goran,
MPerel, EvilSuggestions, Jonathunder, Jjron, Geschichte, ADM, Jumbuck, Zachlipton, Arthena, JoaoRicardo, Pouya, Pedro Aguiar, Ali-
nor, Snowolf, Suruena, HenkvD, Ilse@, Carioca, Nightstallion, Richard Weil, Zntrip, Empoor, LOL, Alanmak, MGTom, Kristaga, Trdel,
Bokpasa, Sweetfreek, Kesla, Stoni, Graham87, Tibetibet, BD2412, Elvey, FreplySpang, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, Koavf, Axel Plathe, Pleiotrop3,
SpNeo, Brighterorange, GregAsche, FlaBot, Pruneau, Old Moonraker, Nihiltres, Arzach, AndriuZ, Chobot, Scoops, Nagytibi, Bgwhite,
B.~enwiki, YurikBot, Wavelength, RobotE, Rxnd, Julie Enevoldsen, Peterkingiron, Pigman, ScottMainwaring, Gaius Cornelius, Mon-
keytrumpets, Bovineone, Wimt, Srini81, NawlinWiki, DJ Bungi, The Ogre, Toban, Yoninah, Jpbowen, CaliforniaAliBaba, CecilWard,
Danlaycock, Dbrs, Bota47, Paaskynen, Wknight94, UW, Pichu1988, Lt-wiki-bot, Arthur Rubin, GraemeL, SuperJumbo, Fastifex, Grin-
Bot~enwiki, Attilios, SmackBot, ReidarM, Dpwkbw, Gjs238, Elcanario~enwiki, Yamaguchi , Willemtijssen, Gilliam, Hmains, Skizzik,
NickGarvey, DStoykov, Miquonranger03, MalafayaBot, Hibernian, TheLeopard, Antonrojo, Tsca.bot, Shuki, , Meek-
Saron, Bolivian Unicyclist, SundarBot, Phaedriel, Cameron Nedland, Yurimar, Vyborskaya, Hgilbert, Lori-e, DMacks, Cdlw93, Dogears,
Steve.willson, Ohconfucius, Mckelligottw, SashatoBot, Khazar, John, Asad112, JoshuaZ, Rick W, NongBot~enwiki, Ed Lamot, Excom-
municated Elf, Ckatz, Andypandy.UK, Munita Prasad, SQGibbon, EdC~enwiki, RichardF, Andrwsc, MTSbot~enwiki, Hu12, Levineps,
Iridescent, Alessandro57, Majahm~enwiki, Peets, Richard75, Tortfeasor, Courcelles, Lapicero, Raphael1, JohnCD, Nunquam Dormio,
MarsRover, WeggeBot, Godardesque, Themightyquill, Cydebot, Reywas92, Kuaile Long, DumbBOT, Mathew5000, Abtract, JodyB, Vic-
toriaedwards, , Thijs!bot, Epbr123, MarkBuckles, Bot-maru, Wompa99, Bobblehead, Gandhi pankit, FreeKresge, MichaelMaggs,
Tiamut, Mentisto, Twasmetrec, KrakatoaKatie, Gioto, Luna Santin, Bogolov, Jj137, Ejoty, Steven69, Vanjagenije, Danny lost, Mike-
Lynch, JAnDbot, Deective, Albany NY, EugeneA, PhilKnight, Joshua, Tokyo tintin, Strafpeloton2, Magioladitis, Norden1990, JamesB-
Watson, Omicron18, Jespinos, Rich257, K95, Not a dog, RichardMcCoy, Vssun, Al, ClubOranje, MartinBot, CommonsDelinker, Alex-
iusHoratius, Lashaneria, Slasherezz, DogNewTricks, J.delanoy, Nev1, EpleB, Snow Shoes, Svetovid, Nbauman, Corilgun, Starnestommy,
Balthazarduju, Tsuite, DadaNeem, KylieTastic, Cometstyles, STBotD, Kenneth M Burke, U.S.A.U.S.A.U.S.A., Nomi887, Num1dgen,
SoCalSuperEagle, Idioma-bot, VolkovBot, TreasuryTag, AlnoktaBOT, Pparazorback, Epson291, TXiKiBoT, Oshwah, Jomasecu, Mer-
curywoodrose, Rei-bot, Shenbrood, Carlvincent, BlueLint, SteveStrummer, Naohiro19 revertvandal, Yaanch, Wiae, Dragana666, Maxim,
Alaniaris, Doc James, AlleborgoBot, Munci, JRGregory, Demmy, AHMartin, SieBot, BotMultichill, Mverleg, Kool360, Vanished User
8a9b4725f8376, Msung, Flyer22 Reborn, Oxymoron83, Lightmouse, BenoniBot~enwiki, Correogsk, Vice regent, Msrasnw, Hooiwind,
ZiyadMadon, Martarius, Jen85g, ClueBot, The Thing That Should Not Be, Swedish fusilier, Nnemo, Spaatz, Drmies, Sevilledade, Mild
Bill Hiccup, Iuhkjhk87y678, Niceguyedc, LizardJr8, Andorno, Brewcrewer, DragonBot, Alexbot, PixelBot, Lartoven, Spirals31, Jotter-
bot, Lombana, Patumbah, C nooij, Aitias, Versus22, SoxBot III, DumZiBoT, Aymen Saket, PseudoOne, Andrzej Kmicic, Unesco-unld,
Olomouc Guide, Good Olfactory, SelfQ, Bazj, Addbot, DOI bot, Ironholds, Leszek Jaczuk, NjardarBot, Kaleal92, Download, Laaknor-
Bot, CarsracBot, Lihaas, Chzz, Numbo3-bot, Tide rolls, Zorrobot, , HerculeBot, Wikifan12345, Crazymadlover, Albertus teolog,
McBills, Yobot, DerechoReguerraz, Themfromspace, Ptbotgourou, TaBOT-zerem, Fdp10, Reenem, QueenCake, AnakngAraw, Thomp-
son781, TestEditBot, Grenadine, AnomieBOT, Ichwan Palongengi, Rubinbot, Denics, Gold Wiz113, Jim1138, Sz-iwbot, Materialsci-
entist, Pepo13, TheTechieGeek63, ArthurBot, Obersachsebot, MauritsBot, Xqbot, TinucherianBot II, Srich32977, Hi878, GrouchoBot,
Fatamorgana7, RibotBOT, SassoBot, GhalyBot, Violapie, Hhoshy 90, FrescoBot, LucienBOT, Haeinous, BenzolBot, Christian Ries, I
dream of horses, HRoestBot, Jonesey95, Foxhound66, Girialam, BabyClever, Beao, 051039s, FoxBot, Up070, TobeBot, ,
Zanhe, Jonkerz, Wertymc, JeanDelaporte, Dinamik-bot, Vrenator, LilyKitty, Vancouver Outlaw, Jarmihi, Antipastor, Tbhotch, TT 102,
TjBot, DexDor, Phlegat, KaptainIgloo, EmausBot, PopularMax, WikitanvirBot, Zollerriia, Beeshoney, Andrei Cvhdsee Brazil, Ludopedia,
Quincy2010, Dcirovic, K6ka, Paul Bedson, AvicBot, Boldstripe, ZroBot, Halil marx07, Be9em0t, Illegitimate Barrister, F, SarahRattray,
Idh0854, 2sc945, Greyshark09, Wikignome0530, Makecat, Kiosacoup, L Kensington, Donner60, Chingleung, Quince Pan, Sol Goldstone,
ChuispastonBot, Gricehead, Counny, Daniel e17, Girasoletitti, Spicemix, Mjbmrbot, Lovetinkle, ClueBot NG, Gothicartech, Dickietr,
Jamietech, Unesco~enwiki, IGOedUNESCO, MelbourneStar, KHS-Boab, TAG-A-b10, Kevin Gorman, Widr, Zakhalesh, Helpful Pixie
Bot, Omer123hussain, UNESCO Archives, Sam-Tap, Gob Lofa, BG19bot, Makedonija, Kruchoski, M0rphzone, Hz.tiang, John Cummings,
Wiki13, MusikAnimal, Compfreak7, Violaine3, Divega, Japinderum, Ewoud kok, Smmmaniruzzaman, TrangHo KWS, Friends147, Su-
perberries3000, Asif.seemab, Polmandc, Phortsot, HumanRights4Life, Whym, Minsbot, Drcharleshan, Msec109, Emm87j, Riley Huntley,
Dv8881, Pratyya Ghosh, Cyberbot II, Julien Houle, ChrisGualtieri, Xavier Dergel, Mophista, Khazar2, Jethro B, Potor111, SmileyLlama,
FoCuSandLeArN, Hmainsbot1, Aditya Mahar, GabeIglesia, Md Faisal Ansari, Epicgenius, Lcg2012, Michipedian, Mew4657, Commons
sibi, ImpCollegeEng, NottNott, Finnusertop, Ginsuloft, Chacel, Barkfox, Coreyemotela, JaconaFrere, Man of Doom, Monkbot, Uniqual
Sideral, Trackteur, Je Jem-Fong LEE, Royarauz, Narnia.Gate7, Oliullahsd, BacLuong, Krastama, Hetareetta, Obinnaonye, LRW UR
Editor, Qwertywhy, Thetechnomaniac2000, Eat me, I'm an azuki, Reshmiiyer, Mbrady325, MonitaAavi, Sandhya jose, Juan FRIAS
VELATTI, PigeonOfTheNight, T. Belrose, George Madihalen, TheVuman and Anonymous: 527

15.2 Images
File:April_2010,_UNESCO_Headquarters_in_Paris_-_The_Garden_of_Peace_(or_Japanese_Garden)_in_Spring.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/April_2010%2C_UNESCO_Headquarters_in_Paris_-_The_Garden_of_Peace_
%28or_Japanese_Garden%29_in_Spring.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0-igo Contributors: This le has been provided by UNESCO
(unesco.org) as part of a GLAM-Wiki partnership. Original artist: Michel Ravassard

File:Carondolete_en_el_cambio_de_guardia.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Carondolete_en_el_

cambio_de_guardia.jpg License: GFDL Contributors: Cambio de guerdia en Carondelet Original artist: Jorge Sosa
14 15 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribu-

tors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Emblem_of_the_United_
Nations.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Based on File:Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg Original artist: Spi
File:Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg License: CC0
Contributors: http://openclipart.org/detail/24112/flag-of-afghanistan-by-anonymous-24112 Original artist:
User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Albania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: SVG implementation of the 63-145 Algerian law "on Characteristics of the Algerian national emblem" ("Caractristiques du
Drapeau Algrien", in English). Original artist: This graphic was originaly drawn by User:SKopp.
File:Flag_of_Angola.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Here, based on: http://manuelbelgrano.gov.ar/bandera/creacion-de-la-bandera-nacional/ Original artist: Government
of Argentina
File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Austria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work, http://www.bmlv.gv.at/abzeichen/dekorationen.shtml Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.dcaa.com.bd/Modules/CountryProfile/BangladeshFlag.aspx Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Belize.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg License: Public domain
Contributors:
Used as Air Force insigna seen <a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text' href='http:
//www.airliners.net/photo/Belize---Air/Britten-Norman-BN-2A-21-Defender/0925855/
L/,<span>,&,</span>,sid=4b37e91656bda8ae09cb1eb875668eba'>here</a>
Improved version from xrmap ag collection 2.9.
Original artist: Caleb Moore
File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-
nal artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: The ag of Bulgaria. The colors are specied at http://www.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0034&
n=000005&g= as: Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Cameroon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi-
File:Flag_of_Canada.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Chad.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Quelle Fonto: http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/td.html Original artist: SKopp & others (see upload log)
File:Flag_of_Cuba.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Drawn by User:Madden Original artist: see below
File:Flag_of_Cte_d'Ivoire.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jon Harald Sby
File:Flag_of_Denmark.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Madden
File:Flag_of_Ecuador.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.presidencia.gob.ec/pdf/Simbolos-Patrios.pdf Original artist: President of the Republic of Ecuador, Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Egypt.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
From the Open Clip Art website. Original artist: Open Clip Art
File:Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: user:Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_Estonia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.riigikantselei.ee/?id=73847 Original artist: Originally drawn by User:SKopp. Blue colour changed by User:PeepP
to match the image at [1].
File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: http://www.ethiopar.net/type/Amharic/hopre/bills/1998/654.ae..pdf Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Orig-
inal artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Gabon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
15.2 Images 15

File:Flag_of_Germany.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg License: PD Contributors: ?

Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Ghana.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Greece.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: own code Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- (talk)
File:Flag_of_Guatemala.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:K21edgo
File:Flag_of_Guinea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Haiti.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Coat of arms from: Coat of arms of Haiti.svg by Lokal_Prol and Myriam Thyes Original artist: (colours and size changes
of the now deletied versions) Madden, Vzb83, Denelson83, Chanheigeorge, Zscout370 and Nightstallion

File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg License: Public do-

main Contributors:
Flags of the World Hungary Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_India.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Law: s:id:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 (http://badanbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/
lamanbahasa/sites/default/files/UU_2009_24.pdf) Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe
File:Flag_of_Iran.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg License: Public domain Contrib-
utors: URL http://www.isiri.org/portal/files/std/1.htm and an English translation / interpretation at URL http://flagspot.net/flags/ir'.html
Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-
nal artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Jordan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.kenyarchives.go.ke/flag_specifications.htm Original artist: User:Pumbaa80
File:Flag_of_Kuwait.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Lebanon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: ? Original artist: Traced based on the CIA World Factbook with some modication done to the colours based on
information at Vexilla mundi.
File:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Own work Original artist: SuKopp
File:Flag_of_Macedonia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Flag_of_Macedonia.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe
File:Flag_of_Malawi.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Create based on the Malaysian Government Website (archive version)
Original artist: SKopp, Zscout370 and Ranking Update

File:Flag_of_Mali.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg License: Public domain Con-

tributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Mauritius.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006
File:Flag_of_Montenegro.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: B1mbo, Froztbyte
File:Flag_of_Morocco.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Flag of the Kingdom of Morocco

Moroccan royal decree (17 November 1915)

Original artist: Denelson83, Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Mozambique.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg License:
CC0 Contributors: From the Open Clip Art website. Original artist: User:Nightstallion
16 15 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Flag_of_Namibia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg License: Public do-

main Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Nepal.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Constitution of The Kingdom of Nepal, Article 5, Schedule 1 [1] Original artist: Drawn by User:Pumbaa80, User:Achim1999
File:Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work based on: <a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text' href='https:
//docs.google.com/viewer?a=v,<span>,&,</span>,q=cache:tRiqYRg_YJ4J:www.casc.gob.ni/index.php?option%3Dcom_
docman%26task%3Ddoc_download%26gid%3D704%26Itemid%3D4+ley+sobre+los+simbolo+patrios+nicaragua+
2002,<span>,&,</span>,hl=es,<span>,&,</span>,gl=ni,<span>,&,</span>,pid=bl,<span>,&,</span>,srcid=ADGEEShaqFptSDRqZyUoeWlWgMGTvcFvWOs
About Characteristics And Use Of Patriotic Symbols of Nicaragua</a> Original artist: C records (talk contribs)
File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Oman.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: The drawing and the colors were based from agspot.net. Original artist: User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, FOTW Original artist: User:Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_Paraguay.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg License: CC0 Con-
tributors: This le is from the Open Clip Art Library, which released it explicitly into the public domain (see here). Original artist: Republica
del Paraguay
File:Flag_of_Qatar.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi-
File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-
nal artist: ?
File:Flag_of_SFR_Yugoslavia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Flag_of_SFR_Yugoslavia.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Flag designed by ore Andrejevi-Kun[3]
File:Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_
Nevis.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work in accordance with http://www.vexilla-mundi.com/saint_kitts_and_nevis.htm
Original artist: User:Pumbaa80
File:Flag_of_Senegal.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Original upload from Openclipart : Senegal. However, the current source code for this SVG le has almost nothing in
common with the original upload. Original artist: Original upload by Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_Serbia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: From http://www.parlament.gov.rs/content/cir/o_skupstini/simboli/simboli.asp. Original artist: sodipodi.com
File:Flag_of_Slovenia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work construction sheet from http://flagspot.net/flags/si%27.html#coa Original artist: User:Achim1999
File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Per specications in the Constitution of South Africa, Schedule 1 - National ag Original artist: Flag de-
sign by Frederick Brownell, image by Wikimedia Commons users
File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Ordinance Act of the Law concerning the National Flag of the Republic of Korea, Construction and color
guidelines (Russian/English) This site is not exist now.(2012.06.05) Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: SLS 693 - National ag of Sri Lanka Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Sudan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: www.vexilla-mundi.com Original artist: Vzb83
File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Vzb83
File:Flag_of_Togo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_
Tobago.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Tunisia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.w3.org/ Original artist: entraneur: BEN KHALIFA WISSAM
File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Turkish Flag Law (Trk Bayra Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. Text (in Turkish) at the website of the
Turkish Historical Society (Trk Tarih Kurumu) Original artist: David Benbennick (original author)
15.2 Images 17

File:Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg License:

Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Uganda.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg License: CC0 Contribu-
tors: From the Open ClipArt Library website. Original artist: tobias
File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: 4512:2006 . Original artist: Government of Ukraine
File:Flag_of_Uruguay.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: design of the sun copied from URL [1], which was copied by Francisco Gregoric, 5 Jul 2004 from URL [2] Original artist:
User:Reisio (original author)
File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: http://vbqppl.moj.gov.vn/law/vi/1951_to_1960/1955/195511/195511300001 http://vbqppl.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/Lists/
Vn%20bn%20php%20lut/View_Detail.aspx?ItemID=820 Original artist: Lu Ly v li theo ngun trn
File:Flag_of_Yemen.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg License: CC0 Contribu-
tors: Open Clip Art website Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Bahamas government
File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.
svg License: Public domain Contributors:
-x-'s le
-x-'s code
Zirlands codes of colors
Original artist:
(of code): SVG version by cs:-x-.
File:Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_
Republic.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_People{}s_Republic_of_China.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_
People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/
design.html Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_
Arab_Emirates.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Li-
cense: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: Flag of the United Nations from the Open Clip Art website. Modications by Denelson83,
Zscout370 and Madden. Ocial construction sheet here.
United Nations (1962) The United Nations ag code and regulations, as amended November 11, 1952, New York OCLC: 7548838. Original
artist: Wilfried Huss / Anonymous
File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License:
PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-by-
sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Major-Cultural-spheres.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Major-Cultural-spheres.svg License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: DLommes
File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg Li-
cense: LGPL Contributors: The source code of this SVG is <a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text' href='//validator.
w3.org/check?uri=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilepath%2FNuvola_apps_bookcase.
svg,<span>,&,</span>,ss=1#source'>valid</a>. Original artist: Peter Kemp
File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg License:
LGPL Contributors: Own work Original artist: David Vignoni, SVG version by Bobarino
File:P_culture.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/P_culture.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Small_Flag_of_the_United_Nations_ZP.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Small_Flag_of_the_
United_Nations_ZP.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:UNESCO_Braslia_Office.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/UNESCO_Bras%C3%ADlia_
Office.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as UNESCO Braslia Oce Original artist: Andria Bohner
File:UNESCO_logo_English.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/UNESCO_logo_English.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: United Nations Educational, Scientic and Cultural Organization Original artist: United Nations Educational,
Scientic and Cultural Organization
File:Unesco-IHE.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Unesco-IHE.JPG License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Own work Original artist: Steven Lek
18 15 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

15.3 Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0