Abstract

The project is about to build a remote control system by which we can

control the switch of an electrical bulb and switch of an electric fan and
regulation of its speed .We have developed such a system using IR sensor
and Arduino , relays , transistors , diodes and other necessary accessories .In
this project we have controlled two elactrial bulbs switch ON/OFF , one
electric fans switch ON/OFF and finally the regualton of speed of a fan .

Acknowledgement
We are thankful to Dr . who have given us a great opportunity and guided us to complete this
project.We have taken help from the internet from where we got important data and information.
we have enjoyed and learnt a lot during the completion of this project.

Objectives
1 . To control switch ON/OFF of electrical bulb and fan using remote .
2 . To regulate the speed of electric fan using remote .
3 . To make advancement of the earlier remote control system .

Introduction
The main aim of the project is to control power supply to the electrical bulb
and fan using a remote . . In electronics a remote control can be defined as a
component of electronic devices .In order to operate any device such as television or
DVD player , Air Conditioner , Thermostat , Electric Oven , Washing machine etc
wirelessly ( without any wire ) from a distant apart , remote control is the most popular
tool now a days. Present day remote control are so called infrared devices .The
remote control sends digitally-coded pulses of infrared radiation to other devices whose
operation have to be controlled . The project lessens human pain of pressing
mechanical switch .It is a system basically for human comfort. We can
control switch ON/OFF whenever we want without touching the switchboard .
We can thus easily handle the switch easily . For this , we have mainly used
an IR sensor and arduino , mechanical relay , transistor ( for safety purpose
of Arduino ) . Arduino , for which DC power supply is a must and no AC
componenet even , we have used a bridge rectifier circuit whose input is
taken from a 9V adapter . We have also used independent DC power supply
for one of the relay pin wich is separated from arrduino . The other pin of the
relay is controlled by the collector terminal of a transistor . For regulating the
speed of a fan , a mechanical regulator is used but which can be controlled
by remote in our project . Whenever a button is pressed in the remote
,either the corresponding pin of the arduino board will get the power supply
or will deprive of power supply , which then successively controls the
switch .

Block Diagram
The program starts from the remote . Whenever a button is pressed , it emits
an infrared radiation which is detected by IR receiver . IR receiver detects
and decodes the emitted radiation .Later on it outs signal to the Arduino .IR
receiver acts as just a transfer medium of infrared radiation to the Arduino
from remote . Arduino , which is the brain of the system , process the signal
and sends signal to a particular relay specified for that button .The relay
either closes a circuit or breaks a connection .In our project we have utilized
total 8 relays .The number of relays can be increased according to our
requirements .

Figure : Block Diagram of Remote control System of The Project

Requirements
For the completion of the project , we have used the following components
mainly :-
1. AC power supply
2. Arduino
3. Infrared sensor ( IR )
4. Mechanical regulator
 5. Mechanical relay
6. Transistor
7. Resistor

Arduino
The arduino has become quite popular just starting out with electronics based
project . It is quite easy to handle . Besides , arduino code are comparatively easier .
So without much effort one can easily write a program for various operation of
Arduino . The most important advantage of Arduino is that , it requires no separate
hardware in order to load a new code , one can easily accomplish that by using
simply a USB cable . So it can be deemed as a great tool for electronics
based project for the beginners .
Several kinds of Arduino are sufficient in the market . All of these are of different
capabilities . Though all are in same in function with a little bit anomaly , one should
be sure which Arduino board is suitable for his/her task . Some Arduino boards are given
below :-

1. Arduino Uno (R3)

2. LilyPad Arduino

3. RedBoard

4. Arduino Mega (R3)

5. Arduino Leonardo

In our project titled REMOTE CONTROLLED LIGHT/FAN SWITCH ON/OFF

USING ARDUINO , we have picked Arduino uno for various reasons .
Arduino/Genuino Uno is a microcontroller board based on ATmega328P. It has
14 digital pins .These14 pins can be used as either input or output .Among
them , 6 are can be used as analog pins . In order to load a new code Arduino
Uno bears a USB connection . There are also pins for power supply . Arduino
also bears a reset button . Its operation can be reseted whenever user
wants .Pure DC is required to operate an Arduino . Arduino/Genuino Uno is a
microcontroller board based on ATmega328P. It has 14 digital pins .These14
pins can be used as either input or output .Among them , 6 are can be used
as analog pins . In order to load a new code Arduino Uno bears a USB
connection . There are also pins for power supply . Arduino also bears a reset
button . Its operation can be reseted whenever user wants .Pure DC is
required to operate an Arduino .
Arduino works as brain of the whole system . Whenever start button is
pressed in the remote , Arduino gets power supply and runs . It takes only a
single input
from the IR receiver at its pin no. 8 . Pin no. 2,3,4,5,6,7,9 & 10 functions as
output pin . In this project we have utilized pin no. 2,3 for controlling the
switch of two electrical bulb B1 & B2 . Pin no. 4 are used for controlling a
single switch of a fan . The other output pin is allocated for a single fan
whose speed is to be regulated . Pin no. 10 is for highest speed of the fan &
pin no. 5 is for the lowest speed . In between these two , pin no 6,7,8 are for
lower , medium , high speed of the fan .

Figure : Arduino Uno

IR Receiver
The basic operation of any remote controlled system is based on infrared
radiation . The remote emits a radiation of infrared ray which is invisible to
our naked eyes .These infrared radiation is invisible to us but can be
readable to an IR receiver . Whenever we press a button of remote , it
radiates infrared radiation . Then when we tune IR receiver at 38KHZ
frequency , it can receive instructions from remote . IR detectors are of tiny
microchips consisting of a photocell that can be tuned to read infrared
radiation of remote .
IR detector are digital out- either they receive 38KHZ IR signal and output
low ( 0V ) or they dont , output high ( 5V ).
It is a simple three pins sensor .Two for power supply and one for digital out
.In order to use IR detectors in a circuit , pin no.3 must be supplied 5V DC
and pin no. 2 is grounded . Output is taken from pin no. 1 .
In our project we have used the following IR receiver . It is named as SM0038
. The SM0038 can detect all transmitter with 38KHZ signals .

Figure : IR Receiver

Mechanical Regulator
One of the objective of this project is to regulate the speed of an electric fan
wirelessly from a short distant . For this we have utilized different channel ,
which can be handled by remote . These are the regulators used back in old days.
They are bulky and heats up at lower speeds. Here a variable resistor is connected in
series with the fan. At full speed the resistance is zero. To decrease speed we increase the
resistance in stead of turning the knob , but utilizing remote and Arduino . By pressing
specified buttons of the remote different values of resistance can be choosen according
to the desire of the user . There is also one mechanical relay for each step which acts as a
bridge between arduino and regulator . This will cause some voltage drop across the
resistor. So the fan terminals receive a reduced voltage. The fan will rotate at a lesser
speed. The drawback is the power dissipation in the resistor. ie to get reduced speed we
are wasting some power into a resistor which causes heating and energy wastages .

Mechanical Relay
A relay is basically a switch which can be handled by DC current used where the circuit
have to be controlled with low-power signal . It mainly utilizes an electromagnet for
operating switch mechanically .When dc current is passed through the coil , the coil
generates magnetic field which activates the moving parts of the relay and this
consequent movement of the moving parts either makes or breaks a contact .In this
project , we have needed in total 8 relays . total 5 relays are for electric fan . For
controlling the switch of two bulb 2 relays are used . The last one is for a single fan .In
the figure below

Figure : Mechanial Relay ( SRD-05 VDC-SL-C )

Internal circuit connection of the relay is shown . There are two coil pins , one common
pins , and two more pins , NC ( normally closed) & NO ( normally open ) .One of the coil
pin is supplied by transistor and other is always connected to a constant power supply .
The common point

Figure : The internal circuit connection of mechanical Relay .

Transistor
In this project we have used a npn transistor for switching purpose .Arduino
runs on a very low voltage . But there are so many mechanical relays in this
project which have to operate by the Arduino .Besides for safety purpose of
Arduino , there shouldnt be any ac component in the Arduino . So for the
above two reason , we have utilized 8 npn transistor to operate 8 relays . Our
task is to handle the power supply of relay mainly wirelessly . In this project
we supply a constant 5V dc to one of the relay coil pin . And the other pin of
the coil is supplied from the collector of a npn transistor .The base of the
transistor is controlled by the Arduino . The emitter is grounded . When
Arduino supplies only .7V dc to the base of the transistor , collector-emitter
junction becomes short-circuited and the relay becomes energized .This
prevents arduino from any ac component of the 220V ac and also Arduino
has to draw only 0.7V dc in stead of 5V dc .

Figure : NPN Transistor ( S8050 )

Remote
The main tools of the project is our remote . Remote is a part of a
device through which the operation of the device can be
controlled .The principle of operation of remote is emission of
infrared radiation which is received by an IR receiver . In the project
we have configured button 1 for closes switch of light L-1 , for
switching OFF L-1 button 4 is allocated . Light L-2 switches ON , if
we press button 2 and button 5 for switching OFF . There is
another relay which can be switched ON and OFF by pressing button
3 & 6 respectively. This relay can be used either for controlling
an electrical bulb or an electric fan .There are 5 more buttons for
controlling the switch ON/OFF and regulating the speed of a fan . In
the project we have allocated button titled SYS for highest speed
of fan . For the lowest speed ,button marked P+ is distributed .
Similarly for low , medium and high speed we have allocated button
marked V+ , P- and V- is distributed respectively . We can
switch OFF this fan F2 with the help of button marked MENU . The
whole system can be switched OFF by
Figure : Remote utilized in the Project

pressing power button . Lets say , anyone wants each light and fan
switched OFF , then he/she may press power button . The Arduino
doesnt perform then . But whenever a single button is pressed
which is for switching ON of any device , the system becomes alive
again and Arduino starts functioning . We have utilized a simple TV
remote for this project as this remote is available in the project . If
by any means our remote fails to operate , the remote can be
replaced as the project is designed for a standard TV remote .
Applications
The main applications of the project titled are described below :-

1. This project can be used as a switch boards in stead of fixed

wall switch boards.
2. We can handle switches of distant devices wirelessly
3. By this remote control system physically disabled , elder
person can easily handle the switch of electrical light & fan
within a convenient distance .
4. Speed of an electrical fan can be adjusted without even
touching mechanical regulator
5. For safety purpose while switching ON/OFF the project is a
proper means . There is no possibility of getting any electric
shock that might happen for a wall switch boards .
6. Convenient ways of switching by children , no possibility of any
threat .
7. It requires less effort for a person to turn ON/OFF a switch
compare to that of mechanical switch .
8. The project can be utilized for controlling any home appliances
such as Air Conditioner, washing machine , electric Oven ,
9. Using suitable relays even electric motor or other heavy
devices can be handled by this project .
10. Most importantly It lessens human labour , One can use
the remote control switch boards in his/her office or home .

Drawbacks
Though we have mentioned a lot of applications of the project , like
all others system , the project has some drawbacks . We have
minimized some prevalent problems of remote control system .
Some problems we cant eliminate . Some drawbacks of the problem
are given below :-

1. The circuit is complex relative to that of fixed wall switch

boards
2. For safety purpose of Arduino , the project needs a constant
DC power supply .
3. Separate DC source is also used for one of the relay pins . We
can get DC power from an adapter but there is AC component
in the output of adapter which is harmful for both relay &
Arduino .
 4. Relay pins shouldnt supply the more current . it may damage ,
thereby hampering switching of that particular devices .
5. Arduino must not draw much current . But the project has to
run 8 relays , so current is required more . This may reduce
the durability of Arduino .
6. Arduino is costly . If for any reason Arduino fails to operate ,
then a new one is required which is not economical .
7. If current drawn by the Arduino exceeds the rated current ( of
Arduino ) , there is possibility of early damage of it .
8. One of the most important problem of remote control system
is that IR receiver must be faced towards the remote .
Otherwise it hampers remoting action .
9. Mechanical regulator is choosen for regulating the speed of
the fan which consumes much power compare to electronic
regulators .
10. Renote control system is not economicam , remote
requires a battery at a regular interval

Advancement of the prevalent system

We have used 8 npn transistors ( S8050 ) along with 8
resistors .We provide power supply to the relay through the
transistor . So only .7V is required to turn base-emitter junction
shorted .The emitter of the transistor is grounded .The collector
terminal of the transistor is connected to the relay .So arduino
remains separated from the relay . This also prevents Arduino
from the AC component of relay as there is no direct connection
between Arduino and relay . We have utilized resistors in the
transistor-relay portion of the circuit so that very little current is
drawn from the Arduino . In stead of using separate DC source ,
we fed Arduino and relay from the mobile charger . But we have
to make sure that the charger output contains pure DC .

Scope of Improvement
This experiment is based on Arduino which is costly and must be handled carefully .
So it would be better if the Arduino can be replaced by any alternative means .
Mechanical regulator can be replaced by electronic regulator . So that consumption
of power reduces .
Discussion
The project titled is a remote controlled switch board which replaces fixed wall
boards .