Joshua Zou Richonne Period 3

Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources

Adelman, Bob. Mine Eyes Have Seen: Bearing Witness to the Struggle for Civil Rights.
New York: Time Home Entertainment, 2007. Print.

Through vivid pictures and powerful imagery, this book shows rather than tells the
history of the civil rights movement, being written by, in fact, a photographer present at that
time. This book gave me a basic understanding of the civil rights movement and built the
foundation on which the rest of my project could be laid.

Baraka, Amiri. "Amiri Baraka on His Poetry and Breaking Rules." Interview. Youtube. E.
Ethelbert Miller, 8 Nov. 2012. Web.

This interview with Amiri Baraka allowed me to really enter his mind and understand
what he was thinking when he wrote his poems. This would be essential later on when I created
his profile section.

Angelou, Maya. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. New York: Random House, 1970.
Print.

An autobiographical account of her life, Maya Angelou uses Caged Bird to illustrate the
events that led her to her achievements. Angelou portrays the everyday sufferings of black life in
the south, and how it would eventually lead her to take a stand against racism.

Baldwin, James. The Fire next Time. New York: Dial, 1963. Print.

In this collection of two essays, Baldwin writes addressing the African-American

dilemma as well as Baldwin's own mistrust in faith. Baldwin's voice in these essays varies from
logical and cold to impassioned and pleading, giving me a sense of who he was and how he
would be instrumental in the Civil Rights Movement.

Baldwin, James. Go Tell It on the Mountain. New York: Dial, 1963. Print.

A coming of age story partially based on his own life, Baldwin uses this book to review
his own beginnings. The parallels emerge in the main character's abusive father and
disillusionment with the church, both of which are present in Baldwin's own life. This book
helped me get a grasp of Baldwin's background and what pushed him to take a stand in
criticizing oppression

Baldwin, James. Notes of a Native Son. Whitehouse Station: Bantam, 1964. Print.

In this collection of ten essays, Baldwin reflects on the circumstances that blacks face
from day to day, as well as the great problem blacks face collectively: racism. In addition,

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Baldwin also uses some of the essays to come to terms with and reflect on his own life. This
book was not only pivotal in showing Baldwin taking a stand, it also allowed me to gain a clearer
grasp of Baldwin's thoughts of the Civil Rights movement itself.

Du Bois, W. E. B. Darkwater; Voices From Within the Veil. New York: Schocken, 1969.
Print.

This book is a collection of poems, prayers, and essays, all written by Du Bois, many of
them deeply personal. Reading this book not only allowed to me to grasp the injustice at work in
the author's time, it also allowed me to read a bit into Du Bois' mind, his political thoughts, and
what influenced him to take a stand against structural violence.

Du Bois, W. E. B. The Souls of Black Folk: Essays and Sketches. Greenwich, CT:
Fawcett Publications, 1961. Print.

By comparing this book with Booker T. Washingtons Up From Slavery I was able to gain
a picture of the battle between accommodation, appealing to whites, and more radical activists,
such as Du Bois. This book was written in direct response to Up From Slavery.

Giovanni, Nikki. "Interview with Nikki Giovanni." Interview. Youtube. Exploration Sin
Black Leadership, 4 Dec. 2014. Web.
This interview with Giovanni I actually used on my website, as she says a number of
extremely insightful things on how New York affected her fame, and what being a leader of the
Black Arts movement meant.
Hansberry, Lorraine. A Raisin in the Sun: A Drama in Three Acts. New York: Random
House, 1959. Print.

This play portrayed a black family faced with an incredible dilemma. They have the
money to finally buy an actual house instead of a shack, but lately whites have taken to attacking
the families who move into traditionally white neighborhoods. Hansberry's play not only details
the structural violence and oppression happening at the time, it is also primarily based on a true
story, her own life, which has given me not only a document that shaped the civil rights
movement, but also the backstory of a powerhouse that would take a stand against oppression.

Madhubuti, Haki. "The Black Arts Movement." Interview. WTTW. WTTW, 24 May 2010.
Web.
This Interview, while not with a leader of the Black Arts movement, provided valuable
insight about the struggle for publication, and how blacks would begin creating small publishers
to get Black Arts literature out into the world.

Washington, Booker T. Up from Slavery, an Autobiography. Garden City, NY:

Doubleday, 1963. Print.

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When compared with W. E. B. Du Bois Souls of Black Folk, Up From Slavery reveals
the deep divisions between accommodationists such as Washington, and radical activists such as
Du Bois. Both Autobiographical sketches, they highlight a clash among ranks.

Secondary Sources.

Andrews, William Leake, Frances Smith Foster, Trudier Harris, Henry Louis Gates, and
Kaluma Ya Salaam.

The Oxford Companion to African American Literature. New York: Oxford UP, 1997.
Print. Kaluma ya Salaam's piece overviewing the Black Arts Movement was extremely helpful,
because it contained numerous viewpoints as well as a focus on the history aspect, such as the
beginning with Amiri Baraka as well as with the Publishers

Callahan, John F. In the African-American Grain: The Pursuit of Voice in Twentieth-

century Black Fiction. Urbana: U of Illinois, 1988. Print.

Callahan proposes that the history of call-and-response type narratives in African-

American culture united author and audience, as well as brought the Black community together,
setting the stage for change. This book showed me how writers such as Zora Neale Hurston and
Ralph Ellison taking a stand changed the civil rights movement and affected the world around
them.

Cook, William W. The Columbia History of American Poetry. N.p.: Columbia UP, 1993.
Print.
I used the Unit on Black Arts poets from this book to not only gain an overview of the
movement, but also what stood out and defined the movement, which the author helpfully did.

Delgado, Richard. The Imperial Scholar: Reflections on a Review of Civil Rights

Literature. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, vol. 132, no. 3, 1984, pp. 561578.
www.jstor.org/stable/3311882.
Crawley, Ashon. "Inteview with Ashon Crawley." E-mail interview. 3 Feb. 2017.
Dr. Crawley is a professor at UC Riverside who specializes in African-American Culture.
The information he had to offer on the movement was extremely helpful in contributing to my
understanding of the movement
In this publication, Delgado attacks the tradition of excluding and ignoring resources
created by minorities, despite the fact that their accounts of oppression and its symptoms are
much more prevalent than those written by non-minorities. Although it was written after W. E. B.
Dubois and other Black writers, the article specifically focuses on the idea that White scholars
create tightly knit air-gapped circles, as well as the fact that, in combating oppression, the voice
should be given to the oppressed, which is mutually exclusive with these tight circles. This
article was extremely helpful in fleshing out my understanding of one of the possible factors for
the increase of black literature.

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"F. B. Eyes Digital Archive." F. B. Eyes Digital Archive. Washington University St.
Louis, 2006. Web.
This Archive contained useful information on the Black Arts Repertory Theater, Amiri
Baraka, and other people of interest of the Black Arts Movement. This was helpful in gaining a
closer look at what the government was seeing as it watched the movement unfold.
George-Graves, Nadine. "Interview with Nadine George-Graves." E-mail interview. 26
Jan. 2017.
Dr. George Graves is a professor of African American Theater at university of San Diego.
Our interview was helpful in gaining a larger understanding of what the movement was in
relation to social circumstances.
Griffin, Farah Jasmine. Thirty Years of Black American Literature and Literary Studies:
A Review. Journal of Black Studies, vol. 35, no. 2, 2004, pp. 165174.
www.jstor.org/stable/4129299.

This article chronicled the last 30 years in terms of black literature expansion and impact.
This resource helped me to truly get a grasp on the ensured impact of the black literature
movement, proving that, although the literary battleground was novel in terms of civil rights, the
battles hard won in the field did have a lasting impact.

Lewis, David L. W.E.B. Du Bois. Vol. 1-2. New York: H. Holt, 2000. Print.

A Biography of W. E. B. Du Bois, Lewis creates a fully fleshed description of who Du

Bois was, why he became who he was, and how he made his mark on history. This book was
helpful in establishing a multi-viewed perspective on how Du Bois gained and used his power, as
well as why he took a stand against oppression, in addition to using autobiographical notes.

Metress, Christopher. Making Civil Rights Harder: Literature, Memory, and the Black
Freedom Struggle. The Southern Literary Journal, vol. 40, no. 2, 2008, pp. 138150.
www.jstor.org/stable/20077911.

This book explains how, by always being discontent and revealing how little change is
actually made through activism, Civil Rights Literature wedged open civil rights as the crack
expanded, keeping from a return to the original Jim Crowe status quo, and maintaining pressure
towards reform.
Morris, Aldon D. A Retrospective on the Civil Rights Movement: Political and
Intellectual Landmarks. Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 25, 1999, pp. 517539.
www.jstor.org/stable/223515.
This book and Black Literature helped me build an understanding of how Black
Literature functioned in lobbying for change and equal rights. This book puts forward that non-
violent protest was the only way for blacks to conceivably obtain any form of equality. Thus,
with Black Literature, literary pursuits would be the optimal way for blacks to both complain
about injustices and fight for equality.

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Norman, Brian. Neo-segregation Narratives: Jim Crow in Post-civil Rights American

Literature. Athens, GA: U of Georgia, 2010. Print.
This book showed how the Jim Crowe Laws resurfaced in civil rights to post civil rights
movement and were used to reveal the still present racism at work in American Society. This was
extremely helpful when combined with the Jim Crowe Museum information.

Page, James A. Black Literature. The English Journal, vol. 62, no. 5, 1973, pp. 709
717. www.jstor.org/stable/814276.
Between this book and A Retrospective on the Civil Rights Movement, I was able to gain
the understanding that Black Literature was the battleground that emerged out of compromise
between accommodation and appeal to whites and attacking the whites in order to gain respect
and acknowledgement. This book put forward that authors such as W. E. B. Dubois used writing
to both gain a relatively high position in society as well as to attack the white man for everything
they had done to blacks.

Pilgrim, David. " What Was Jim Crow." Jim Crow Museum: Origins of Jim Crow. Ferris
State University, n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2016. http://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/what.htm
Although this article was not directly connected to the literature movement, this piece
helped me to understand what the revolutionaries were up against. A system that was both
political and social that would take incredible effort to break.
Robinson, Edward, Dr. "Interview with Edward Robinson." E-mail interview. 1 Feb.
2017.
Dr. Edward Robinson is a Professor at Cal State Fullerton specializing in African
American Literature. His responses were extremely insightful as to influence and core beliefs of
the Black Art Movement

Saucedo, Todd, "The Fire Within: The Baldwin Meeting And The Evolution Of The
Kennedy Administration's Approach To Civil Rights" (2007). Electronic Theses and
Dissertations. Paper 3331.
Written about the Kennedy Administrations transition into proposing civil rights
legislation, this thesis focuses especially on the Kennedy-Baldwin meeting, Where Robert
Kennedy invited black leaders to talk about the situation occurring in the south. The thesis
concludes that this meeting would change Kennedys understanding of oppression in the South,
ultimately shifting the Kennedy Administration to begin focusing more on reducing racial
tensions.
Sollors, Werner. Amiri Baraka/LeRoi Jones: The Quest for a "populist Modernism". New
York: n.p., 1978. Print.
This book, a biography of the political life of Amiri Baraka, was extremely helpful to me
in obtaining a clear glimpse of the motivations behind Baraka's sometimes extremely
controversial actions

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Trodd, Zoe. A Negative Utopia: Protest Memory and the Spatio-Symbolism of Civil
Rights Literature and Photography. African American Review, vol. 42, no. 1, 2008, pp. 2540.
www.jstor.org/stable/40301301.
Although a bit abstract, this article presented the idea that by juxtaposing the rest of the
world with a characters certain lack of something (home, land, freedom), the black literature
movement was able to subconsciously raise doubts and create spaces of leverage for Civil Rights
activists.

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