Joshua Zou Richonne Period 3

Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources

Adelman, Bob. Mine Eyes Have Seen: Bearing Witness to the Struggle for Civil

Rights. New York: Time Home Entertainment, 2007. Print.

Through vivid pictures and powerful imagery, this book shows rather than tells the

history of the civil rights movement, being written by, in fact, a photographer present at that

time. This book gave me a basic understanding of the civil rights movement and built the

foundation on which the rest of my project could be laid.

Angelou, Maya. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. New York: Random House, 1970.

Print.

An autobiographical account of her life, Maya Angelou uses Caged Bird to illustrate the

events that led her to her achievements. Angelou portrays the everyday sufferings of black life in

the south, and how it would eventually lead her to take a stand against racism.

Baldwin, James. The Fire next Time. New York: Dial, 1963. Print.

In this collection of two essays, Baldwin writes addressing the African-American

dilemma as well as Baldwin's own mistrust in faith. Baldwin's voice in these essays varies from

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logical and cold to impassioned and pleading, giving me a sense of who he was and how he

would be instrumental in the Civil Rights Movement.

Baldwin, James. Go Tell It on the Mountain. New York: Dial, 1963. Print.

A coming of age story partially based on his own life, Baldwin uses this book to review

his own beginnings. The parallels emerge in the main character's abusive father and

disillusionment with the church, both of which are present in Baldwin's own life. This book

helped me get a grasp of Baldwin's background and what pushed him to take a stand in

criticizing oppression

Baldwin, James. Notes of a Native Son. Whitehouse Station: Bantam, 1964. Print.

In this collection of ten essays, Baldwin reflects on the circumstances that blacks face

from day to day, as well as the great problem blacks face collectively: racism. In addition,

Baldwin also uses some of the essays to come to terms with and reflect on his own life. This

book was not only pivotal in showing Baldwin taking a stand, it also allowed me to gain a clearer

grasp of Baldwin's thoughts of the Civil Rights movement itself.

Baldwin, James, and Nikki Giovanni. A Dialogue. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott,

1973. Print.

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These were a set of declarations in which it was shown that Giovanni, even though she

was a cultural nationalist, would not bow down to the typical black power sexism. This book

really allowed me to to understand Giovanni's inclinations.

Baraka, Amiri. Black Art. Newark, NJ: Jihad Productions, 1969. Print.

This book of poems, written in the midst of the Black Arts Revolution, gave me a

powerful and wide view of many of Baraka's motivations and messages, This would be useful in

contrasting poems.

Baraka, Amiri. "Amiri Baraka on His Poetry and Breaking Rules." Interview.

Youtube. E. Ethelbert Miller, 8 Nov. 2012. Web.

This interview with Amiri Baraka allowed me to really enter his mind and understand

what he was thinking when he wrote his poems. This would be essential later on when I created

his profile section.

Baraka, Amiri. Hard Facts: 1973-75. Newark: Revolutionary Communist League,

1975. Print.

This book, written at the Tail end of the Black Arts movement, was extremely helpful as a

compare and contrast resource to see how much Baraka's writing had changed since Twenty

Volume due to militarism, nationalism, and the Black Aesthetic.

Baraka, Imamu Amiri. The Dead Lecturer: Poems. New York: Grove, 1964. Print.

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Also published before the Black Arts Movement, this book helped me establish Baraka's

writing style and how he rose to fame, as well as contrast his later views with his pre-nationalist

views.

Baraka, Imamu Amiri. Dutchman. N.p.: S. Fischer, 1964. Print.

While the majority of Baraka's work was poetry, Dutchman provides one of the most

holistic views of Baraka's view of Black nationalism. In it, both he who represents blacks and

she who represents whites are loud and violent, demonstrating exactly what Baraka thought

about the two races interacting.

BROOKS, GWENDOLYN. GWENDOLYN BROOKS: Collected Poetry & Prose.

N.p.: LIBRARY OF AMERICA, 2016. Print.

This book contained many of Gwendolyn Brooks' poems, meaning I could compare and

contrast to my pleasure the difference in her writing before and after the Black Arts Movement.

In addition, I also got a firm grasp of what Brooks wanted and what she was trying to achieve in

the Black Arts Movement.

Carmichael, Stokely, and Askia Toure. SNCC: Basis of Black Power. Toronto, Ont.:

Published by Research, Information, and Publications Project for Student Union for Peace

Action, 1966.

Championing the Black Aesthetic, this paper set a model for many similar papers, and

gave me a grasp of Askia M Toure's thoughts on black arts, as well as who Askia Toure was.

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Du Bois, W. E. B. Darkwater; Voices From Within the Veil. New York: Schocken,

1969. Print.

This book is a collection of poems, prayers, and essays, all written by Du Bois, many of

them deeply personal. Reading this book not only allowed to me to grasp the injustice at work in

the author's time, it also allowed me to read a bit into Du Bois' mind, his political thoughts, and

what influenced him to take a stand against structural violence.

Du Bois, W. E. B. The Souls of Black Folk: Essays and Sketches. Greenwich, CT:

Fawcett Publications, 1961. Print.

By comparing this book with Booker T. Washingtons Up From Slavery I was able to gain

a picture of the battle between accommodation, appealing to whites, and more radical activists,

such as Du Bois. This book was written in direct response to Up From Slavery.

Giovanni, Nikki. "Interview with Nikki Giovanni." Interview. Youtube. Exploration

Sin Black Leadership, 4 Dec. 2014. Web.

This interview with Giovanni I actually used on my website, as she says a number of

extremely insightful things on how New York affected her fame, and what being a leader of the

Black Arts movement meant.

Giovanni, Nikki. Black Feeling, Black Talk. Detroit: Mich., 1967. Print.

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This collection of poetry really allowed me to understand Giovanni's style and writing, as

well as her message and motivation, which would be extremely helpful when I wrote her profile.

Giovanni, Nikki. Black Judgement. Detroit: Broadside, 1968. Print.

Another poetry book, this once again allowed me to understand Giovanni's message a bit

more, as well as her motives and her style of writing

Giovanni, Nikki. My House: Poems. New York, NY: Perennial, 1972. Print.

These poems, this time much more autobiographical and personal in nature, allowed me

to understand what had made Nikki Giovanni who she was, and what kept her going, allowing

me to make a more accurate character profile.

Giovanni, Nikki. Re:creation. Detroit, MI: Broadside, 1970. Print.

An introspective collection of poems, these were much more personal, and thus allowed

me to understand the social and personal level of Nikki Giovanni better.

Giovanni, Nikki. Women and the Men. New York: William Morrow., 1975. Print.

Written at the tail end of Black Arts Movement, this book of poems helped me contrast

what stayed the same, what changed, and how Giovanni's writing had matured over that time.

Goncalves, Joe, ed. Journal of Black Poetry. Vol. 1. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. 9-20.

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These sets of magazines for the Journal of Black Poetry were extremely helpful in

grasping just how many poets were involved, especially since the Journal was the most diverse,

handling more than 500 poets.

Hansberry, Lorraine. A Raisin in the Sun: A Drama in Three Acts. New York:

Random House, 1959. Print.

This play portrayed a black family faced with an incredible dilemma. They have the

money to finally buy an actual house instead of a shack, but lately whites have taken to attacking

the families who move into traditionally white neighborhoods. Hansberry's play not only details

the structural violence and oppression happening at the time, it is also primarily based on a true

story, her own life, which has given me not only a document that shaped the civil rights

movement, but also the backstory of a powerhouse that would take a stand against oppression.

Jones, LeRoi. It's Nation Time. Chicago: Third World, 1970. Print.

This book, also published in the midst of the Black Art Revolution, helped me to

understand what Amiri Baraka Stood for, as well as how he viewed others, both of and not of his

own skin color.

Jones, LeRoy. Preface to a Twenty Volume Suicide Note.... S.l.: Totem, 1961. Print.

While Amiri Baraka did not publish this book during the Black Arts movement, this book

did help me first of all to gain an idea of Baraka's writing style and type, and second of all

compare and contrast his pre-militarism writing with his later militaristic writing.

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Madhubuti, Haki. "The Black Arts Movement." Interview. WTTW. WTTW, 24 May

2010. Web.

This Interview, while not with a leader of the Black Arts movement, provided valuable

insight about the struggle for publication, and how blacks would begin creating small publishers

to get Black Arts literature out into the world.

Larry Neal. The Black Arts Movement. The Drama Review: TDR, vol. 12, no. 4,

1968, pp. 2939., www.jstor.org/stable/1144377.

Written by a scholar of the time, the article was pivotal in defining the Black Arts

movements motivations and motives. This article was pivotal for me to understand Larry Neal,

as well as the writers he addressed.

Sanchez, Sonia. Home Coming: Poems ; Introduction by Don L. Lee. Detroit, MI:

Broadside, 1993. Print.

This book was the book that earned Sonia Sanchez a large part of her fame for the Black

Arts movement. it helped give me a grasp of the voice that she developed, as well as the unique

Black-English voice widely used in the Black Arts movement.

Sanchez, Sonia. We a BaddDDD People. Detroit: Broadside, 1973. Print.

This book was the other book that gained Sanchez Critical acclaim during the movement.

This book also helped me understand Sanchez's voice, as well as helped me define the voice of

the Black Art Movement on a whole.

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Washington, Booker T. Up from Slavery, an Autobiography. Garden City, NY:

Doubleday, 1963. Print.

When compared with W. E. B. Du Bois Souls of Black Folk, Up From Slavery reveals

the deep divisions between accommodationists such as Washington, and radical activists such as

Du Bois. Both Autobiographical sketches, they highlight a clash among ranks.

Secondary Sources.

Andrews, William Leake, Frances Smith Foster, Trudier Harris, Henry Louis Gates,

and Kaluma Ya Salaam.

The Oxford Companion to African American Literature. New York: Oxford UP, 1997.

Print. Kaluma ya Salaam's piece overviewing the Black Arts Movement was extremely helpful,

because it contained numerous viewpoints as well as a focus on the history aspect, such as the

beginning with Amiri Baraka as well as with the Publishers

Asante, Molefi Kete. Maulana Karenga: An Intellectual Portrait. Oxford: Wiley,

2013. Print.

While this book was a secondary resource, it was surprisingly in-depth, and allowed me

to really understand the ideas that Maulana Karenga was and is advocating for, and how they

would bubble up in Amiri Baraka's writing.

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Callahan, John F. In the African-American Grain: The Pursuit of Voice in

Twentieth-century Black Fiction. Urbana: U of Illinois, 1988. Print.

Callahan proposes that the history of call-and-response type narratives in African-

American culture united author and audience, as well as brought the Black community together,

setting the stage for change. This book showed me how writers such as Zora Neale Hurston and

Ralph Ellison taking a stand changed the civil rights movement and affected the world around

them.

Cook, William W. The Columbia History of American Poetry. N.p.: Columbia UP,

1993. Print.

I used the Unit on Black Arts poets from this book to not only gain an overview of the

movement, but also what stood out and defined the movement, which the author helpfully did.

"Couplet: From A Poet's Glossary." Poets.org. Academy of American Poets, 01 July

2016. Web.

This site was a very fleshed out overview of the entire moment giving me a full glimpse

of what it was, what participants stood for, what they tried to achieve, and what was

accomplished. this was a good site to give me a large picture of the whole thing

Crawley, Ashon. "Inteview with Ashon Crawley." E-mail interview. 3 Feb. 2017.

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Dr. Crawley is a professor at UC Riverside who specializes in African-American Culture.

The information he had to offer on the movement was extremely helpful in contributing to my

understanding of the movement

Delgado, Richard. The Imperial Scholar: Reflections on a Review of Civil Rights

Literature. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, vol. 132, no. 3, 1984, pp. 561578.

www.jstor.org/stable/3311882.

In this publication, Delgado attacks the tradition of excluding and ignoring resources

created by minorities, despite the fact that their accounts of oppression and its symptoms are

much more prevalent than those written by non-minorities. Although it was written after W. E. B.

Dubois and other Black writers, the article specifically focuses on the idea that White scholars

create tightly knit air-gapped circles, as well as the fact that, in combating oppression, the voice

should be given to the oppressed, which is mutually exclusive with these tight circles. This

article was extremely helpful in fleshing out my understanding of one of the possible factors for

the increase of black literature.

"F. B. Eyes Digital Archive." F. B. Eyes Digital Archive. Washington University St.

Louis, 2006. Web.

This Archive contained useful information on the Black Arts Repertory Theater, Amiri

Baraka, and other people of interest of the Black Arts Movement. This was helpful in gaining a

closer look at what the government was seeing as it watched the movement unfold.

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Foster, Hannah. "The Black Arts Movement (1965-1975) | The Black Past:

Remembered and Reclaimed." The Black Arts Movement (1965-1975) | The Black Past:

Remembered and Reclaimed. Black Past, n.d. Web. 20 Feb. 2017.

This site is specifically dedicated to Black history, but I found this page, on the Black

Arts Movement, most helpful, as it connected to numerous other sources allowing me to cover a

large web of information.

George-Graves, Nadine. "Interview with Nadine George-Graves." E-mail interview.

26 Jan. 2017.

Dr. George Graves is a professor of African American Theater at university of San Diego.

Our interview was helpful in gaining a larger understanding of what the movement was in

relation to social circumstances.

Griffin, Farah Jasmine. Thirty Years of Black American Literature and Literary

Studies: A Review. Journal of Black Studies, vol. 35, no. 2, 2004, pp. 165174.

www.jstor.org/stable/4129299.

This article chronicled the last 30 years in terms of black literature expansion and impact.

This resource helped me to truly get a grasp on the ensured impact of the black literature

movement, proving that, although the literary battleground was novel in terms of civil rights, the

battles hard won in the field did have a lasting impact.

Lewis, David L. W.E.B. Du Bois. Vol. 1-2. New York: H. Holt, 2000. Print.

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A Biography of W. E. B. Du Bois, Lewis creates a fully fleshed description of who Du

Bois was, why he became who he was, and how he made his mark on history. This book was

helpful in establishing a multi-viewed perspective on how Du Bois gained and used his power, as

well as why he took a stand against oppression, in addition to using autobiographical notes.

Metress, Christopher. Making Civil Rights Harder: Literature, Memory, and the

Black Freedom Struggle. The Southern Literary Journal, vol. 40, no. 2, 2008, pp. 138150.

www.jstor.org/stable/20077911.

This book explains how, by always being discontent and revealing how little change is

actually made through activism, Civil Rights Literature wedged open civil rights as the crack

expanded, keeping from a return to the original Jim Crowe status quo, and maintaining pressure

towards reform.

Morris, Aldon D. A Retrospective on the Civil Rights Movement: Political and

Intellectual Landmarks. Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 25, 1999, pp. 517539.

www.jstor.org/stable/223515.

This book and Black Literature helped me build an understanding of how Black

Literature functioned in lobbying for change and equal rights. This book puts forward that non-

violent protest was the only way for blacks to conceivably obtain any form of equality. Thus,

with Black Literature, literary pursuits would be the optimal way for blacks to both complain

about injustices and fight for equality.

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Norman, Brian. Neo-segregation Narratives: Jim Crow in Post-civil Rights

American Literature. Athens, GA: U of Georgia, 2010. Print.

This book showed how the Jim Crowe Laws resurfaced in civil rights to post civil rights

movement and were used to reveal the still present racism at work in American Society. This was

extremely helpful when combined with the Jim Crowe Museum information.

Page, James A. Black Literature. The English Journal, vol. 62, no. 5, 1973, pp.

709717. www.jstor.org/stable/814276.

Between this book and A Retrospective on the Civil Rights Movement, I was able to gain

the understanding that Black Literature was the battleground that emerged out of compromise

between accommodation and appeal to whites and attacking the whites in order to gain respect

and acknowledgement. This book put forward that authors such as W. E. B. Dubois used writing

to both gain a relatively high position in society as well as to attack the white man for everything

they had done to blacks.

Pilgrim, David. " What Was Jim Crow." Jim Crow Museum: Origins of Jim Crow.

Ferris State University, n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2016. http://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/what.htm

Although this article was not directly connected to the literature movement, this piece

helped me to understand what the revolutionaries were up against. A system that was both

political and social that would take incredible effort to break.

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Robinson, Edward, Dr. "Interview with Edward Robinson." E-mail interview. 1

Feb. 2017.

Dr. Edward Robinson is a Professor at Cal State Fullerton specializing in African

American Literature. His responses were extremely insightful as to influence and core beliefs of

the Black Art Movement

Saucedo, Todd, "The Fire Within: The Baldwin Meeting And The Evolution Of The

Kennedy Administration's Approach To Civil Rights" (2007). Electronic Theses and

Dissertations. Paper 3331.

Written about the Kennedy Administrations transition into proposing civil rights

legislation, this thesis focuses especially on the Kennedy-Baldwin meeting, Where Robert

Kennedy invited black leaders to talk about the situation occurring in the south. The thesis

concludes that this meeting would change Kennedys understanding of oppression in the South,

ultimately shifting the Kennedy Administration to begin focusing more on reducing racial

tensions.

Sollors, Werner. Amiri Baraka/LeRoi Jones: The Quest for a "populist Modernism".

New York: n.p., 1978. Print.

This book, a biography of the political life of Amiri Baraka, was extremely helpful to me

in obtaining a clear glimpse of the motivations behind Baraka's sometimes extremely

controversial actions

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Trodd, Zoe. A Negative Utopia: Protest Memory and the Spatio-Symbolism of Civil

Rights Literature and Photography. African American Review, vol. 42, no. 1, 2008, pp. 25

40. www.jstor.org/stable/40301301.

Although a bit abstract, this article presented the idea that by juxtaposing the rest of the

world with a characters certain lack of something (home, land, freedom), the black literature

movement was able to subconsciously raise doubts and create spaces of leverage for Civil Rights

activists.

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