Preparation of

Construction Specifications
for Civil Projects
Minimum Design Loads
and Other Considerations

Prepared by
Committee on Specifications of the Construction Institute
of the American Society of Civil Engineers
Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers

Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data

Preparation of construction specifications for civil projects / prepared by Committee on
Specification[s] of the Construction Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7844-1304-3 (print : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-7844-7794-6 (ebook)
1.BuildingsSpecificationsUnited States. 2. Civil engineeringSpecifications
United States. 3. Letting of contractsUnited States. 4. Construction contractsUnited
States. I. American Society of Civil Engineers. Committee on Specifications.
TH425.P735 2013
624.0212dc23
2013022918

Published by American Society of Civil Engineers

1801 Alexander Bell Drive
Reston, Virginia, 20191-4400
www.asce.org/pubs

Any statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual authors and do
not necessarily represent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibility for any state-
ment made herein. No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product,
process, or service constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty
thereof by ASCE. The materials are for general information only and do not represent a
standard of ASCE, nor are they intended as a reference in purchase specifications, con-
tracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legal document. ASCE makes no representation or
warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, concerning the accuracy, completeness,
suitability, or utility of any information, apparatus, product, or process discussed in this
publication, and assumes no liability therefore. This information should not be used with-
out first securing competent advice with respect to its suitability for any general or specific
application. Anyone utilizing this information assumes all liability arising from such use,
including but not limited to infringement of any patent or patents.

ASCE and American Society of Civil EngineersRegistered in U.S. Patent and Trademark
Office.

Photocopies and permissions. Permission to photocopy or reproduce material from ASCE

publications can be obtained by sending an e-mail to permissions@asce.org or by locating
a title in ASCEs online database (http://cedb.asce.org) and using the Permission to Reuse
link.

Copyright 2013 by the American Society of Civil Engineers.

All Rights Reserved.
ISBN 978-0-7844-1304-3 (paper)
ISBN 978-0-7844-7794-6 (e-book)
Manufactured in the United States of America.
 Committee on Specifications
of the Construction Institute of ASCE

Larry Eckersley, P.E., M.ASCE, Freese and Nichols, Inc., Chair

James T. OConnor, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, University of Texas, Vice-Chair
Rajesh (Raj) Singh, M.ASCE, Kleinfelder, Inc.
Jon F. Rauschkolb, P.E., M.ASCE, JFR Engineering PLLC
John R. Sprouse, P.E., M.ASCE, Jefferson Lab
John R. Morey, M.ASCE
W. Laird Ellis, Jr., P.E., M.ASCE, CH2M HILL
David Marihugh, A.M.ASCE, HNTB
Eli T. Abdallah, P.E., M.ASCE, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Chairman Emeritus
 Table of Contents

Preface............................................................................................................................................v

1.0 Introduction.............................................................................1

2.0 Writing the Specifications.....................................................14

3.0 Issuing Specifications............................................................34

Appendix.................................................................................................................................... 47
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................. 61
Index............................................................................................................................................ 63
 CHAPTER 1
Estimating Displacements
in Beams and Frames
John Michael, Ph.D., P.E.*
David Sacks, S.E.
Robert Jones, Ph.D.

Abstract: On February 27, 2010, a magnitude (Mw) 8.8 earthquake struck off the
coast of South-Central Chile, resulting in significant loss of life and property. The
Coasts Oceans Ports and Rivers Institute (COPRI) of the American Society of Civil
Engineers (ASCE) deployed a team including coastal, structural and geotechnical
engineers to investigate the coastal impacts of the earthquake and tsunami. The first
objective of the Teams reconnaissance was to identify infrastructure that performed
poorly as well as that which performed as intended. The second objective was to com-
pare the performance of older systems that were not designed using current methods
with systems that were designed with Chiles modern codes. This report is intended
for the practicing engineer to use in better understanding the requirements of design-
ing, constructing and maintaining marine facilities.

Description of Earthquake

The February 27, 2010, earthquake epicenter was located about 35 km out to sea
from Maule, Chile (at latitude 35.909S, longitude 72.733W), which is nearly 105
km north of the population center of Concepcin and about half way between
Concepcin and Constitucin. Santiago, Chiles capitol and largest city, is approxi-
mately 330 km northeast of the epicenter. The earthquake was immediately to the
north of the rupture zone of the Mw 9.5 Chilean earthquake of 1960 (the largest
earthquake recorded to date at Valdivia). It had a plate rupture estimated to be
about 550 km long by 150 km wide. It was felt over the entire country, affecting
nearly 80 percent of Chiles population. Numerous, significant (Mw 6 or higher)
aftershocks occurred over the following weeks.

* University of Miami, 5784 Beach Drive, Miami, FL 02738; jmichael@um.edu

1
2 Coasts Oceans Ports and Rivers Institute

Figure 1-1. Damage to the Waterfront Observed in Talcahuano

NOTE: A maximum Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) of 0.65g was recorded at Concepcion.
Source: U.S. Coast & Geodactic Survey (2012)

The 2010 earthquake is the fifth largest ever recorded to date. Although this
event was much stronger than the 2010 Haiti earthquake with an Mw 7.0, it caused
substantially less damage due
According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS, 2010), at least 521
people were killed, with 56 missing, and about 12,000 injured during the earth-
quake or tsunami. In addition, it was noted that about 800,000 people were dis-
placed and at least 370,000 houses, 4,013 schools, 79 hospitals and 4,200 boats
were damaged or destroyed by the earthquake and tsunami in the Valparaiso-
Concepcin-Temuco area.
The total economic loss in Chile was estimated by Chilean President Sebastian
Pinera at 30 billion U.S. dollars immediately after assuming office (BBC, 2010). In
many areas the electricity, telecommunications and water supplies were disrupted
and the airports at Concepcin and Santiago had minor damage. The tsunami
damaged or destroyed many buildings and roads at coastal towns such as Dichato,
Talcahuano, Constitucin, Concepcin and Pichilemu. It also created damage as
far away as San Diego, California and created a small seiche in Lake Pontchartrain,
Louisiana. A maximum Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) of 0.65g was recorded
at Concepcin (USGS, 2010); and readings closer to the epicenter suggest PGA
over 1g (Boroschek, 2010).
 Estimating Displacements in Beams and Frames 3

Table 1-1. Estimated economic loss in Chile (U.S. dollars)

Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
Dichatoa

Talcahuano
Constitucin
Concepcin
Pichilemu
Nomenclature may be used to classify the type of input used.
a

[L1 head] Classification of Experiments based on Input

It is possible to characterize full-scale experimental investigations according to

the type of input or loading as follows: (1) whether inputs are dynamic or static
(i.e., according to whether or not they engage inertial effects), (2) whether the
inputs are controllable, and (3) whether the inputs are measurable. The following
nomenclature may be used to classify the type of input used in conjunction with a
full-scale St-Id experiment:
Static Input
Controllable (measurable and un-measurable) static loads
Uncontrollable (measurable and un-measurable) static loads
Dynamic Input
Controllable (measurable and un-measurable) dynamic loads
Uncontrollable measurable dynamic loads
Uncontrollable and un-measurable dynamic input (ambient dynamic
excitation)

[L2 head] Static Input

[L3 head] Controllable (measurable and un-measurable) static loads

Either trucks or other load sources such as concrete blocks or water-containers
may be used to load a bridge while critical responses are measured. The merits of
this test technique depend on the quantity and reliability of instrumentation and
data acquisition. In general, it is not recommended to conduct such a test unless
a reasonable amount of instrumentation is to be utilized. This test can provide
information to be interpreted as well as it can be used as a complement to dynamic
tests, to provide a reality check and to provide a closer insight into local response
mechanisms which modal analysis could not provide.
Especially after decades of service life, many behavior models may
potentially be accurate descriptions of real behavior, and within each
4 Coasts Oceans Ports and Rivers Institute

Figure 1-2. Damage to the Waterfront Observed in Talcahuano

Source: U.S. Coast & Geodactic Survey (2012)

model, many (sometimes thousands) of combinations of parameter val-

ues may provide reasonable explanations of measured behavior. In such
cases, the structural identification challenge is even further complicated,
especially since most methods do not explicitly consider the combined
effects of modeling and measurement error.

[L4 head] Experimental procedure

The experimental procedure can be simply and roughly divided into a number
of components that, while they affect each other in the practice, are considered
separately in this section. The main components of a St-Id experiment are thus:
1. Selection of inputs, their locations and their means of measurement.
2. Selections of outputs, their locations and their means of measurement.
3. Gathering and transmission of signals to recorder/logger.
4. Conversion of signals to storable form, typically via analog-to-digital con-
version for storage on computer disk digital streaming.
5. Data storage, typically on local or remote computer, occasionally on a dedi-
cated logger.
6. Data inspection/quality control by real-time local processing/presentation
(details in a later section).
 Estimating Displacements in Beams and Frames 5

Table 1-2. Estimated economic loss in Chile (U.S. dollars)

Loss
Dichato
Talcahuano
Constitucin
Concepcin
Pichilemu

The modal model is defined in a coordinate space known as modal coor-

dinates. These coordinates form a generalized basis for describing the vibratory
motion of the structure with a relatively small number of parameters. In modal
coordinates, the equations of motion for an undamped system can be written as

[mr]{q(t)} + [kr]{q(t)} = {fr(t)} Eq. 1-1

where [mr] and [kr] are the modal mass and stiffness matrices, respectively, {q(t)}
are the modal displacements, and {fr(t)} are the modal forces. The response of this
equation to excitation with a sinusoid at frequency w can be written as
2N
Ajk
jk() = + i( )
r Eq. 1-2
r=1 r r r

References
Aktan, A. E., Farhey, D. N., Helmicki, A. J., Brown, D. L., Hunt, V. J., Lee, K. L., and Levi, A.
(1997). Structural identification for condition assessment: Experimental arts. Journal of
Structural Engineering, 123(12), 1674-1684.
Aktan, A. E., Helmicki, A. J., and Hunt, V. J. (1998). Issues in health-monitoring for intel-
ligent infrastructure. Smart Materials and Structures, 7(5), 674-692.
Alimoradi, A., Miranda, E., Taghavi, S., and Naeim, F. (2006). Evolutionary modal iden-
tification utilizing coupled shear-flexural response-implication for multistory buildings.
part I: Theory. The Structural Design of Tall Buildings, 15, 51-65.
Alimoradi, A., and Naeim, F. (2006). Evolutionary modal identification utilizing coupled
shear-flexural response-implication for multistory buildings. part II: Application. The
Structural Design of Tall Buildings, 15, 67-103.
Allemang, R. J. (1995). Vibrations: Experimental modal analysis, UC-SDRL-
CN-20-263-663/664, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH.
Allemang, R. J., Brown, D. L., and Fladung, W. (1994). Modal parameter estimation: A uni-
fied matrix polynomial approach. 12th International Modal Analysis Conference, Society
of Experimental Mechanics, Honolulu, Hawaii.
6 Coasts Oceans Ports and Rivers Institute

Areemit, N., Yamaguchi, H., Matsumoto, Y., and Ibi, T. (2003). Model identification of a
four story reinforced concrete building under renovation using ambient vibration mea-
surement. Proceedings of Structural Health Monitoring and Intelligent Infrastructure,
Tokyo, Japan.
 Index
Page numbers followed by e, f, and t indicate
equations, figures, and tables, respectively.
agriculture 147156; challenges for
151154; current state 148149;
future vision 149151; irrigation
269276, 375376
AI. See artificial intelligence
aquatic ecosystems 175188;
challenges for 177180; engineering
and technology 179; future vision
176177; management and policy
177179; overview 176; water
management paradigm 180182
artificial intelligence 317
climate change 2325; in coastal
cities 137146; and nonstationarity
231; and water resource resiliency
222224
coastal cities: and climate change
137146; future vision 141143;
overview 138; recent history
138141
creativity 313321; artificial
intelligence 317; education 319;
future vision 319320; knowledge
production 316, 316t; personality
and emotions 318319; technology
and 315
decision support systems 322328
dendrohydrology 355362, 378;
advancements in 357359;
8
challenges for 357; future vision
357359; overview 356357
Ebeys Prairie 275276
ecological engineering 271272
economic growth 26
ecosystems: aquatic 175188;
condition of 218220; management
of 372373
education 373374; change and
192194; educational change
192194; engineering 189195,
192t; graduate 196206; and
hydrologic modeling 231232;
interdisciplinary 196206; social
change 192, 192t; technological
change 190191; technology and
208210
engineering education. See education,
engineering
environmental management 1819
environmental resources education.
See education, interdisciplinary
floods 126136; challenges 133134;
current state 128129; flood
control 81; flood warnings 294
295; flooding issues 371; future
vision 130; history of 127128;
implications 134; risk management
129130; structures-only approach
131; sustainable floodplain 131133
 Estimating Displacements in Beams and Frames
freshwater sustainability. See aquatic
ecosystems
futurology 45
geographic information systems 288
299, 376; challenges for 296297;
community map collaboration
291; data availability 296; enabling
technologies 291293; flood
warnings 294295; future vision
293296; global positioning
systems 291292; location aware
early warning systems 295296;
overview 289; paradigms of
289291; scenarios 293296;
water distribution network repair
293294; water resource regulatory
staff 295; web-based mapping 291
GIS. See geographic information
systems
groundwater hydrology 277287;
current state 278281; flow
simulation 279280, 284285;
future vision 281286; model
applications 280, 285; physical
systems 280281, 286; transport
simulation 280, 285; water quality
278279, 282284; water supply
278, 281282; water wells 278,
281282
groundwater management 376
history 1319
hydroelectric power 234242;
evolving technologies for 238240;
future of 236238; history of
235236; relicensing and rate cases
240; science and technology for
374375
hydrologic modeling 226233;
coupled models 230; direction
of 227232; and educational
requirements 231232; model
calibration methods 230; and
multiple nonstationary effects
9
229230; and nonstationarity
227228, 231; overview 226227;
sensing and measurement
improvements 228229;
sustainability 229
hydrologic variability 218220
hydromorphology 350354, 378
hygiene. See sanitation and hygiene
information technology 300312,
376377; current state 300302;
data accessibility 302308; data loss
302308; derived data 305306;
media change 303; metadata
305306; primary data 304305;
real-time systems 309311; software
development impacts 308309
integrated water management. See
water management, integrated
irrigation 269276; case study
275276; deficit 271; Ebeys Prairie
275276; ecological engineering
271272; future vision 273275;
overview 270272; technology and
375376
IT. See information technology
IWM. See water management,
integrated
modeling, hydrologic 226233;
coupled models 230; direction
of 227232; and educational
requirements 231232; model
calibration methods 230; and
multiple nonstationary effects 229
230; and nonstationarity 227228,
231; overview 226227; sensing
and measurement improvements
228229; sustainability 229
modeling, water resource
management 341349; challenges
for 345348; future vision 344;
overview 342344
municipal resource management
263268
10 Coasts Oceans Ports and Rivers Institute
natural events 2325
natural resources 210212
nonstationarity: and climate change
231; and hydrologic modeling 227
228, 229230. See also stationarity
planning and policy 367373;
ecosystem management 372373;
flooding issues 371; integrated
river basin management 369370;
international issues 368369;
public policy 2930; urban water
management 371372; water
utilities 370371
point-of-use water treatment 40
pollution 3031
population growth 2526
POU water treatment. See point-of-
use water treatment
public health 31
public policy 2930
RDM. See robust decision making
resource management: challenges
for 345348; future vision 344;
modeling 341349; municipal
263268; overview 342344
river basin management. See river
basin planning
river basin planning 7683; climate
change 81; components of 7780;
demands and uses 79; energy
8081; flood control 81; goals of
7980; institutional mechanisms
80; integrated 369370; need for 77;
outlook for 8081; planning unit
78, 9395; pollution sources 79;
regulatory regimes 7980; unified
9399; virtual river basins 9597;
vision for 8182; water quality
7879, 81; water quantity 7879;
water sharing agreements 9597;
water supply demand 80
robust decision making 337338
sanitation and hygiene 5665; actions
needed 6162, 63; current state
5758; future vision 5859; recent
progress 5961
science and technology 374378;
dendrohydrology 378; geographic
information systems 376;
groundwater management
modeling 376; hydromorphology
378; hydropower production 374
375; information technology 376
377; irrigation technology 375376;
urban water infrastructure 375
social change 192, 192t
stationarity 222224. See also
nonstationarity
stormwater management 157165;
chemical cycling 160161;
integrated systems 158; models
158160; trends 161163; urban
models 158160; urban water reuse
160161
stressors: demographic 2526;
economic 26; environmental 3031;
governance 2930; natural 2325;
social 2526; technological 2729
surface water law 8492; existing state
water law 8588; federal role in 88;
future vision 8890, 90t
sustainability 30
technological change 190191
urban environments 9
urban landscape design 220221
urban stormwater management. See
stormwater management
urban wastewater management. See
wastewater management
urban water management. See water
management, urban
utilities 109116; adaptation strategies
114116; challenges for 111116;
collaborative efforts 112113;
future vision 110111; overview
 Estimating Displacements in Beams and Frames
110; planning and policy 370371;
vulnerability assessments 113114
visioning 5, 1920; achieving visions
378381; past visions of future
1319
wastewater management 166174;
future vision 168172, 169t, 170t;
integrated systems 169171, 169t,
170t; overview 167168; transition
to new systems 171172
water: conflict over 79; current
state of resource 59; economics of
4142; safe 7
water distribution systems 243252;
challenges for 250; current state
245246; future vision 246250;
history of 244245; monitors in
248; network repair 293294; pipe
technology 247; pumping systems
248; system design 247248
water infrastructure 253262;
overview 254255; sensed 257259;
sustainable 255256
water management 3745, 329340;
current state 330333; economics
4142; future technologies for
3941; future vision 168172, 169t,
170t, 333338; history of 1417;
integrated 6675, 101, 333338;
integrated systems 169171, 169t,
170t; overview 167168; point-
of-use water treatment 40; public
policy 4243; and technology
2729; transition to new systems
171172; urban 166174, 375
water management, integrated 6675,
101, 333338, 369370; current
trends 336337; definition of
11
6771, 68f; future vision 7173;
improving prospects for 7375;
national issues 70; need for 67;
regional examples 6970; robust
decision making 337338
water management, urban 371372,
375
water quality 221222, 278279,
282284
water resource management modeling
341349; challenges for 345348;
future vision 344; overview
342344
water resource resiliency 222224
water resources education. See
education, interdisciplinary
water resources management. See
water management
water resources policy 100108;
future vision 103106; overview
101102
water scarcity 4655. See also water
sharing, transboundary
water sharing agreements 4951,
9597
water sharing, transboundary 4655;
agreements for 4951; challenges
for 4849; cooperative approach
5152; extent of 47; implications for
5253. See also water scarcity
water supply 218220
water supply development 117125;
demographics 118; key drivers 118
122; regional collaboration 121
122; rising costs 120121; supply
constraints 118119; sustainability
122, 123t; utilities 121
water treatment, point-of-use 40
water utilities. See utilities
weather 2325