Strojni{ki vestnik 49(2003)2,100-110 Journal of Mechanical Engineering 49(2003)2,100-110

ISSN 0039-2480 ISSN 0039-2480

UDK 536.75:536.24 UDC 536.75:536.24
Pregledni
Galovi} M.,znanstveni ~lanek (1.02)
@ivi} M., Andrassy Review scientific paper (1.02)
M.: Entropijska analiza - Entropy Analysis

Entropijska analiza soto~nih prenosnikov

toplote
Entropy Analysis of Parallel-Flow Heat Exchangers

Antun Galovi} - Marija @ivi} - Mladen Andrassy

V prispevku obravnavamo poveanje entropije v loilnih sotonih prenosnikih toplote. Med delovanjem
menjalnika se pojavljata dva vira entropije, vsled padca tlaka zaradi trenja in zaradi prenosa toplote.
Obravnavajmo samo prenos toplote. Analiza je opravljena z matematinim modelom, ki uporablja ista
brezrazsena tevila, kakor jih je pred leti uvedel Bonjakovi pri energijski analizi prenosnikov toplote.
Ovrednoten je vpliv posameznih brezrazsenih spremenljivk (delovni pogoji sotonega prenosnika toplote)
na poveanje entropije. Izsledki so prikazani brezrazseno v diagramih, kar jim daje bolj sploen pomen.
Posebej so opisane delovne razmere sotonega rekuperatorja, ki so povsem enake tudi pri protitonih in
krinih menjalnikih.
2003 Strojniki vestnik. Vse pravice pridrane.
(Kljune besede: prenosniki toplote, poveevanje entropije, uinkovitost, reitve analitine)

The entropy generation in a parall-flow recuperative heat exchanger is analysed in this paper.
During the operation of a heat exchanger two sources of entropy generation normally exist: the pressure
drop (friction) source and the heat-exchange source. Here, only the heat-exchange source is considered. The
analysis is performed using an analytical mathematical model and the same non-dimensional numbers that
were introduced into the energy analysis of heat exchangers by Bonjakovi, many years ago. The influence
of the individual non-dimensional variables (the operating points of the parallel-flow heat exchanger) on
the entropy generation is quantified. The results are presented non-dimensionally in diagrams, which gives
them a more universal meaning. Special conditions, i.e. the boundary operating conditions, of the parallel-
flow recuperator, which are identical to those for counter-flow and cross-flow exchangers, are also discussed.
2003 Journal of Mechanical Engineering. All rights reserved.
(Keywords: heat exchangers, entropy generation, effectiveness, analytical solutions)

0 UVOD 0 INTRODUCTION

V splonem sta dva vzroka za poveevanje
entropije v vsaki vrsti prenosnikov toplote: razlika
temperatur med obema pretokoma in padec tlaka zaradi
trenja v tokovih skozi prenosnik. Podrobno in
sistematino analizo vpliva znianja tlaka in
temperaturne razlike dobimo v [1] in [2].
V tem prispevku ne bomo obravnavali
vpliva padca tlaka na poveevanje entropije.
Podobne analize najdemo tudi v novejih virih [3]
in [4], ki med drugim ocenjujejo povezanost
poveanja entropije in izkoristka z namenom
pridobitve najugodnejih delovnih pogojev
prenosnika toplote.
Namen tega prispevka je prikazati povezavo
med poveanjem entropije in izkoristkom sotonih
prenosnikov toplote kot odvisnost znanih
brezrazsenih tevil p1, p2 in p3, ki jih je v energijsko
There are generally two causes of entropy
generation in any type of heat exchanger: the temperature
difference between the flows and the pressure drop
induced by the friction in the flows streaming through
the exchanger. A detailed and systematic analysis of
the influence of pressure drop and temperature
difference of the flows may be found in [1] and [2].
In this paper the pressure drop influence on the
entropy generation is neglected. Similar analyses may
also be found in recent works [3] and [4] that analyse,
amongst other factors, the relationship between entropy
generation and the effectiveness in order to determine
the optimum operating parameters of the heat exchanger.
The objective of this paper is to show the relation-
ship between entropy generation and the effectiveness
of parallel-flow heat exchangers as a function of the known
non-dimensional numbers p1, p2 and p3, introduced into

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 Galovi} M., @ivi} M., Andrassy M.: Entropijska analiza - Entropy Analysis

Sl. 1. Potek temperature vzdol povrin sotonega prenosnika toplote

Fig. 1. Temperature change along the surface area of a parallel-flow heat exchanger
analizo uvedel Bonjakovi [4], kakor tudi pred kratkim the energy analysis by Bonjakovi [4], and the newly
uvedeno brezrazseno tevilo p T za potrebe introduced non-dimensional number pT, for the purposes
predstavljene entropijske analize. Dobljeni model tako of the present entropy analysis. The model obtained may
lahko neposredno uporabimo v optimizacijski thus be directly included into the parallel-flow heat-
postopek sotonih prenosnikov toplote. exchanger optimisation process.

1 MATEMATINI ZAPIS 1 THE MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION OF

PROBLEMA THE PROBLEM

Enabo poveanja entropije v odvisnosti od The equation for entropy generation as a

toplotne zmogljivosti ter vstopnih in izstopnih function of thermal capacities and the inlet and outlet
temperatur pretokov zlahka dobimo z integracijo temperatures of the flows is easily obtained by an
vzdol tokovnic obeh tekoin: integration along the streamlines of both flows:
T1'' T2''
DS&gen = C1ln + C 2 ln (1),
T1' T2i
kjer indeksa 1 in 2 pomenita ibkeji in moneji pretok. where the indices 1 and 2 designate the weaker and
Pretok z vejo toplotno zmogljivostjo C = qm. cp the stronger flows respectively. The flow with the
imejmo za monejega. Z delitvijo s toplotno larger heat capacity C = qm. cp is considered to be
zmogljivostjo monejega pretoka C2 zgornja enaba stronger. Dividing by the heat capacity of the stronger
postane brezrazsena: flow C2 the above equation becomes non-dimensional:
&
DSgen T '' T ''
= p 3 ln 1' + ln 2i (2).
C2 T1 T2
len p3 v enabi (2) je po Bonjakovievi The member p 3 in Equation (2), according to
zasnovi razmerje toplotnih zmogljivosti ibkejega in Bonjakovis concept, is the ratio of the heat
monejega pretoka: capacities of the weaker and stronger flows:
C1 qm1c p1
p3 = = (3).
C2 qm2 c p 2
Z uporabo obrazca za brezrazseno tevilo p1 Using the formula for the non-dimensional number p1
prenosnikov toplote (kar je tudi enako izkoristku of heat exchangers (which is also identical to the
menjalnika e [4]) effectiveness of the exchanger e [4]):
T1' - T1''
p1 = (4),
T1' - T2'
kakor zaradi enabe ohranitve energije: as well as the energy-conservation equation:

C1 (T1' - T1'' ) = C2 (T2'' - T2' ) (5),

enabo (2) preoblikujemo v: Equation (2) is transformed into:

DS&gen T '
T '
= p 3 ln 1 - p 1 1 - + ln 1 + p 1p 3 1' - 1
2
'
(6),
C2 T 1 T2

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 Galovi} M., @ivi} M., Andrassy M.: Entropijska analiza - Entropy Analysis

Vrednost p1 lahko izrazimo kot odvisnost med The value p1 may be expressed as a function
brezrazsenima teviloma p2 in p3, kakor navajajo of the non-dimensional numbers p2 and p3 as it is stated
Bonjakovievi ubeniki (izpeljavo funkcijske in Bonjakovis textbooks (the derivation of the
odvisnosti najdemo v [6]): functional relation may be found in [6]):
1 - exp ( - (1 + p 3 ) p 2 )
p1 = (7),
1+ p3
kjer je where:
kA0
p2 = (8).
C1
Z vstavitvijo (7) v (6) in oznaitvijo razmerja Inserting (7) into (6), and denoting the ratio of
med vstopnimi temperaturami: the inlet temperatures with:
T2'
pT = (9),
T1'
dobimo enabo (6) v njeni konni obliki Equation (6) takes its final form:
DS&gen 1 - exp ( - (1 + p 3 ) p 2 ) 1 - exp ( - ( 1 + p 3 ) p 2 ) 1
= p 3 ln 1 - (1 - p T ) + ln 1 + p 3 - 1 (10).
&
C2 1 + p 1 + p p
3 3 T
Enaba (10) pove, da poveanje entropije v Equation (10) indicates that the entropy
sotonem prenosniku toplote lahko izrazimo z generation of a parallel-flow exchanger may be
uporabo istih brezrazsenih tevil p2 in p3, kakor jih expressed by means of the same non-dimensional
je uporabil Bonjakovi na ravni energetske numbers p2 and p3, as introduced by Bonjakovi in
analize. Uporabiti moramo dodatno brezrazseno the energy-level analysis. However, the additional
tevilo pT. non-dimensional number pT must be used.
Preden podamo grafino ponazoritev enabe Before the graphical presentation of Equation (10)
(10), zapiimo nekaj pripomb o posebnih primerih. is given, here are some comments on its special cases:
a) Ko je pT = 1, enaba (10) daje DS&gen C2 = 0 , kar je a) If pT = 1, eq. (10) yields DS&gen C2 = 0 . This is
pravilno, saj pomeni primer enakih vstopnih physically correct, because it represents the case
temperatur, ko ni ne spremembe toplote in ne of equal inlet temperatures, where there is no
poveanja entropije. exchange of heat and thus no entropy generation.
b) V primeru izmiljenega prenosnika toplote z b) For the case of a hypothetical exchanger with an
neskonno veliko menjalno povrino, ko p2 , infinite heat-exchange surface area, where p2
enaba (10) postane: , Eq. (10) becomes:
&
DSgen p +pT p +p3
& = p 3 ln 3 + ln T (11),
C
2 p 2 1 + p T p T (1 + p 3 )

kar pomeni pri doloenih vrednostih p3 in pT
poveanje entropije do konne vrednosti
(vodoravna asimptota).
b1) Dodatno, v primeru pretokov enakih toplotnih
zmogljivosti, ko je p3 =1, postane enaba (11):
DS&gen
indicating that the entropy generation for defined
values of p 3 and p T tends to a finite value
(horizontal asymptote).
b1) Additionally, in the case of flows of equal heat
capacities, where p3 = 1, eq. (11) becomes:
(1 + p T )
2

= ln (12).
C2 p 2 ,p 3 =1 4p T
c) Kadar eden od pretokov kondenzira ali se uparja c) When one of the flows condenses or evaporates
' ''
(fazna premena, npr. C2 = ; p3 = 0; T2' = T2'' = (phase change: e.g. C2 = ; p3 = 0; T2 = T2 =
konst), postane enaba (10): const), where eq. (10) becomes:
DS&gen
=0 (13),
C2
dobimo nedoloeno vrednost: the undetermined value occurs:

DS&gen = 0 C2 = 0 (14).

V tem primeru je nedoloen tudi drugi len v In this case the second member in Eq. (1) is
enabi (1) in ga moramo spremeniti v skladu z drugim also undetermined and has to be modified according

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 Galovi} M., @ivi} M., Andrassy M.: Entropijska analiza - Entropy Analysis

zakonom termodinamike, glede na nespremenljivo to the Second law of thermodynamics, regarding the
temperaturo monejega pretoka: constant temperature of the stronger flow:
T1'' C1 (T1 - T1 )
' ''

DS&gen = C1 ln + (15),
T1' T2'
ki se, po izloitvi T1'' in uporabi enab (4), (7) in (9), which, after eliminating T1'' and using Eq. (4), (7) and
spremeni v eleno obliko: (9), is transformed into the required form:
DS&gen 1
C1
( )
= ln exp ( -p 2 ) + p T (1 - exp ( -p 2 ) ) + - 1 (1 - exp ( -p 2 ) ) (16).
pT
e enabi (10) in (16) delimo z izkoristkom If the Eq. (10) and (16) are divided by the
e = p1, dobimo razmerja DS&gen C2 e in DS&gen C1 e , ki effectiveness e = p 1, the ratia DS&gen C2 e and
podajajo obseg pozitivnega poveanja entropije DS&gen C1 e are obtained, as relevant indicators of
glede na hitrost prenosa toplote: the range where the entropy generation is acting
positively on the exchanged-heat flow rate:
DS&gen 1 1 - exp ( - ( 1 + p 3 ) p 2 ) 1 1 - exp ( - ( 1 + p 3 ) p 2 ) 1
= p 3 ln 1 -

( 1 - p T ) + ln 1 + p 3
- 1 (17),
C2e p 1
1+ p3 p 1 1+ p3 p T
DS&gen 1 1
C1e p1
(
= ln exp ( -p 2 ) + p T (1 - exp ( -p 2 ) ) + ) - 1 (1 - exp ( -p 2 ) ) (18) ,
pT
kjer p1 v (17) izraunamo po (7) oziroma v (18) z: where p1 in (17) is calculated according to (7), and in
(18) according to:

p 1 = 1 - exp ( -p 2 ) (19).

2 GRAFINA PONAZORITEV IZRAUNA 2 GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF THE

POVEANJA ENTROPIJE ENTROPY-GENERATION CALCULATION

Podani matematini postopek smo prelili v
raunalniki zapis z uporabo Fortrana, rezultate
pa prikaimo grafino. Seveda mora biti graf
enabe (10) prostorski, saj je odvisnost
brezrazsene vrednosti DS&gen C2 funkcija p2, p3 in
pT. Ustrezno diagram na sliki 2 kae poveanje
entropije v odvisnosti od p2 in p3 za ravni ploskev
pT = 2, 4, 6, 8 in 10, medtem ko diagram na sliki 3
predstavlja isto odvisnost za pT = 0,2 , 0,4 , 0,6 ,
0,8 in 1,0.
Iz diagramov lahko razberemo, da vse
parametrine krivulje pT kaejo nielno poveanje
entropije pri p3 = 0, kar smo e poprej opisali pod
c) med pripombami o posebnih primerih. Poveanje
entropije v tem primeru je prikazan v diagramih na
slikah 4 in 5. Diagrama na sliki 4a in 4b sta narisana
po enabi (16) za vse vrednosti parametra pT= 0,2
do 1,0 in 2,0 do 10,0. Vrednosti odvisnosti iz (18)
so prav tako podane v teh diagramih. Diagram na
sliki 5, narisan za p2 = 1,0 in p3 = 0, jasno kae vpliv
pT na brezrazseno poveanje entropije. Diagrami
na slikah 6 in 7 podajajo vrednosti, dobljene z
uporabo enab (10) in (17) za p3 = 0,5 in pT 0,2 do
1,0 oziroma za p3 = 0,5 in pT = 2,0 do 10,0. Diagrami
na slikah 8 in 9 ovrednotijo iste spremenljivke za
p3 = 1,0.
The presented mathematical procedure was
put into a calculation algorithm using Fortran, and
the results are presented graphically. It is obvious
that the graph of Eq. (10) must be three dimensional,
because the non-dimensional value DS&gen C2 is the
function of p2, p3 and pT. Accordingly, the diagram in
Fig. 2 displays the entropy generation as a function
of p2 and p3 through the niveau surfaces pT = 2, 4, 6, 8
and 10, while the diagram in Fig. 3 represents the
same relationship for pT = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0.
It can be seen from the diagrams that all the
parametric curves pT give a zero-entropy generation for
p3 = 0, which is explained above in part c) of the comments
on special cases. The entropy generation for this case
is presented in the diagrams in Figures 4 and 5. The
diagrams in Figure 4a and 4b are plotted according to
Eq. (16) for all the parametric curves pT = 0.2 to 1.0 and
2.0 to 10.0 respectively. The values of the function
defined by (18) are shown in the same diagrams. The
diagram in Fig. 5, drawn for p2 = 1.0 and p3 = 0, clearly
indicates the influence of pT on the non-dimensional
entropy generation. The diagrams in Figure 6 and 7
represent the values obtained by using equations (10)
and (17) for p3 = 0.5 and pT = 0.2 to 1.0, and for p3 = 0. 5
and pT = 2.0 to 10.0, respectively. The diagrams in Figure
8 and 9 quantify the same variables for p3 = 1.0.

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 Galovi} M., @ivi} M., Andrassy M.: Entropijska analiza - Entropy Analysis

pT =10

pT =8

pT =6
pT =4

pT =2
DS&gen
C2
p2

p3

Sl. 2. Brezrazseno poveanje entropije v sotonem prenosniku toplote v odvisnosti od p2 in p3

pri pT = 2, 4, 6, 8 in 10 kot parametri
Fig. 2. Non-dimensional entropy generation of a parallel-flow heat exchanger as a function of p2 and p3
with pT = 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 as parameters

pT =0,2
pT =0,4
pT =0,6
pT =0,8

D& Sgen
C2 p2

p3

Sl. 3. Brezrazseno poveanje entropije v sotonem prenosniku toplote v odvisnosti od p2 in p3

pri pT = 0,2 , 0,4 , 0,6 , 0,8 in 10,0 kot parametri
Fig. 3. Non-dimensional entropy generation of a parallel-flow heat exchanger as a function of p2 andp3
with pT = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 as parameters

4
DS&gen ( C1e )
3.5 pSG1EP
T = 0,2
T = 0,4
pSG1EP
3 T = 0,6
pSG1EP
pSG1EP
T = 0,8
DS&gen ( C1e )2.5 T= 1
pSG1EP
2
DS&gen C1
1.5 T = 0,2
pSG1
T = 0,4
pSG1
DS&gen C1
1 T = 0,6
pSG1
pSG1
T = 0,8
0.5 T= 1
pSG1
eEps
0
0 1 2 3 4
p2
Sl. 4a. Brezrazseno poveanje entropije in razmerje brezrazsenega poveanja entropije s toplotnim
izkoristkom v odvisnosti od p2 in parametrine krivulje pT = 0,2 do 1,0 za p3 = 0
Fig. 4a. Non-dimensional entropy generation and the ratio of non-dimensional entropy generation to heat
transfer effectiveness as a function of p2 and the parametric curves pT = 0.2 to 1.0 for p3 = 0

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 Galovi} M., @ivi} M., Andrassy M.: Entropijska analiza - Entropy Analysis

4
DS&gen ( C1e )
3.5 pT = 2
SG1EP
pT = 4
SG1EP
3 pT = 6
SG1EP
DS&gen ( C1e ) pT = 8
SG1EP
2.5
pT = 10
SG1EP

2
DS&gen C1
1.5 pT =
SG1 2
DS&gen C1 pT =
SG1 4
1 pT = 6
SG1
pT = 8
SG1
0.5 pT = 10
SG1
e
Eps
0
0 1 2 3 4
p2
Sl. 4b. Brezrazseno poveanje entropije in razmerje brezrazsenega poveanja entropije s toplotnim
izkoristkom v odvisnosti od p2 in parametrine krivulje pT = 2,0 do 10,0 za p3 = 0
Fig. 4b. Non-dimensional entropy generation and the ratio of non-dimensional entropy generation to heat
transfer effectiveness as a function of p2 and the parametric curves pT = 2.0 to 10.0 for p3 = 0
5

DS&gen ( C1e )
4 p2=1

DS&gen C1 3
DS&gen
SG1EP ( C1e )
2
DS&
SG1
gen C1

1 eEps

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
pT
Sl. 5. Brezrazseno poveanje entropije in razmerje brezrazsenega poveanja entropije s toplotnim
izkoristkom v odvisnosti od pT za p2 = 1,0 in p3 = 0
Fig. 5. Non-dimensional entropy generation and the ratio of non-dimensional entropy generation to heat
transfer effectiveness as a function of pT for p2 = 1.0 and p3 = 0
1.6 DS&gen ( C2e )
1.4 p T = 0,2
SGEP
p T = 0,4
SGEP
1.2 p T = 0,6
SGEP

DS&gen ( C 2e ) 1
p T = 0,8
SGEP
p T= 1
SGEP

0.8 DS&gen C2
SG
0.6 pT = 0,2
DS&gen C2 SG
pT = 0,4
0.4 pTSG
= 0,6
pTSG
= 0,8
0.2
pTSG
=1
0 e Ep
0 1 2 3 4
p2
Sl. 6. Brezrazseno poveanje entropije in razmerje brezrazsenega poveanja entropije s toplotnim
izkoristkom v odvisnosti od p2 in parametrine krivulje pT = 0,2 do 1,0 za p3 = 0,5
Fig. 6. Non-dimensional entropy generation and the ratio of non-dimensional entropy generation to heat
transfer effectiveness as a function of p2 and the parametric curves pT = 0.2 to 1.0 for p3 = 0.5

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1.6

1.4 DS&gen ( C2e )

DS&gen ( C 2e ) p =2
T
SGEP
1.2 pT = 4
SGEP
pT = 6
SGEP
1
pT = 8
SGEP
0.8
DS&gen C2 DS&gen C2
0.6 pT= 2
SG

0.4
pT= 4
SG
pT= 6
SG
0.2 pT= 8
SG
eEp
0
0 1 2 3 4
p2
Sl. 7. Brezrazseno poveanje entropije in razmerje brezrazsenega poveanja entropije s toplotnim
izkoristkom v odvisnosti od p2 in parametrine krivulje pT = 2,0 do 10,0 za p3 = 0,5
Fig. 7. Non-dimensional entropy generation and the ratio of non-dimensional entropy generation to heat
transfer effectiveness as a function of p2 and the parametric curves pT = 2.0 to 10.0 for p3 = 0.5
3
DS&gen ( C 2e )
pT =
SGEP 0,2
2.5 pT =
SGEP 0,4
DS&gen ( C 2e ) pT = 0,6
SGEP

2
pT = 0,8
SGEP
pT = 1
SGEP

1.5 DS&gen C2
DS&gen C2 T = 0,2
pSG
1 T = 0,4
pSG
T = 0,6
pSG
0.5 T = 0,8
pSG
T= 1
pSG
eEp
0
0 1 2 3 4
p2
Sl. 8. Brezrazseno poveanje entropije in razmerje brezrazsenega poveanja entropije s toplotnim
izkoristkom v odvisnosti od p2 in parametrine krivulje pT = 0,2 do 1,0 za p3 = 1,0
Fig. 8. Non-dimensional entropy generation and the ratio of non-dimensional entropy generation to heat
transfer effectiveness as a function of p2 and the parametric curves pT = 0.2 to 1.0 for p3 = 1.0
3

2.5 DS&gen ( C2 e )
pT =
SGEP 2
pT =
SGEP 6
2
DS&gen ( C 2e ) pT = 8
SGEP
pT = 10
SGEP
1.5
DS&gen C2
1 pSG
T= 2
DS&gen C2 pSG
T= 6

0.5
pSG
T= 8
pSG
T = 10
eEp
0
0 1 2 3 4
p2
Sl. 9. Brezrazseno poveanje entropije in razmerje brezrazsenega poveanja entropije s toplotnim
izkoristkom v odvisnosti od p2 in parametrine krivulje pT = 2,0 do 10,0 za p3 = 1,0
Fig. 9. Non-dimensional entropy generation and the ratio of non-dimensional entropy generation to heat-
transfer effectiveness as a function of p2 and the parametric curves pT = 2.0 to 10.0 for p3 = 1.0

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2.1 Razlaga diagramov
Prostorski diagrami na slikah 2 in 3 povedo,
da poveanje entropije pri doloeni vrednosti pT
praktino dosee svoje asimptotine vrednosti,
kadar p 2 postane veji od ena. Te asimptotske
vrednosti so podane z enabami (11) in (12). Lahko
tudi vidimo, da se brezrazseno poveanje entropije
zmanja s poveanjem pT med 0 in 1,0. Za pT = 1,0 ni
poveanja entropije. (To je razumljivo, saj sta pri pT
= 1,0 temperaturi vstopnih pretokov enaki, kar
pomeni nespremenljivost entropije). Seveda novo
poveanje pT prek vrednosti 1 pomeni poveanje
entropije.
Nespremenljivost entropije velja za vsak pT,
e je p3 = 0. Zato definirano brezrazseno poveanje
entropije DS&gen C2 ni primerno za reevanje tega
posebnega primera, saj daje nedoloeno vrednost
0 . za DS&gen . Reitev takega primera kaejo diagrami
na slikah 4a, 4b in 5, ki so dobljeni z uporabo enab
(16), (18) in (19). Prekinjane rte v diagramih podajajo
vrednosti DS&gen ( e C1 ) in polne rte
&
ustrezno DSgen C1.
Zanimivo je pripomniti o spremembi vrednosti
DS&gen ( e C1 ) . Vidimo, da se vsaka krivulja za dano
vrednost pT monotono znia od vrednosti za p2 = 0 do
asimptotine vrednosti (vodoravna asimptota), e p2
. Izraunane so iz enabe (18). e p2 = 0, tj. C2
vstavimo v (18), dobimo nedoloeno vrednost 0/0.
Z uporabo LHospitalovega pravila zlahka pokaemo,
da je:
DS&gen
(p 2 = 0) =
e C1
Kaj pravzaprav predstavlja desna stran
enabe (20)? Odgovor zlahka dobimo, e zapiemo
enabo brezrazsene spremembe entropije zaradi
menjave toplote pri razlinih temperaturah, na
razlinih prenosnih povrinah:
(T1 - T2 )
dS&gen =
T1 T2
Z vstavitvijo T1 = T1' = konst. in T2 = T2' = konst.
v (21), ob uporabi (9), postane prvi len na desni
strani (21) povsem enak desni strani (20). To pomeni,
da enaba (20) dejansko predstavlja najveje
poveanje entropije, ki je neposredno povezano z
vstopnima temperaturama obeh pretokov. Praktino
uporabo tega najdemo v prenosnikih toplote, kjer oba
pretoka prestaneta fazni premeni. Tam imata tokova
neskonno toplotno zmogljivost, saj eden kondenzira
in se drugi uparja.
Asimptotino vrednost DS&gen ( e C1 ) na
slikah 4a in 4b dobimo z vstavitvijo p2 v enabo
(18):
DS&gen
( p 2
e C1
2.1 Interpretation of the diagrams
The three-dimensional diagrams in Figure 2 and
3 indicate that the entropy generations for given values
of pT effectively reach their asymptotic values when p2
becomes larger than one. These asymptotic values are
quantified by Equations (11) and (12). It can be seen
that the non-dimensional entropy generation becomes
smaller with the rise of pT from 0 to 1.0. For pT = 1.0 the
entropy generation is zero. (This is physically justified
because for pT = 1.0 the inlet temperatures of the flows
are equal, thus yielding no entropy generation).
However, further increasing pT above the value of 1
increases the entropy generation again.
The entropy generation is zero for each pT when
p3 = 0. Thus, the defined non-dimensional entropy
generation DS&gen C2 is not suitable for the solution of
this special case because it gives the undefined value
0 . for DS&gen . The solution of this problem is presented
in the diagrams in Figure 4a, 4b and 5, obtained by
using Equations (16), (18) and (19). The dotted lines in
the diagrams give the values of DS&gen ( e C1 ) , and the
full lines the ones of DS&gen C1.
It is interesting to note the change of the value
DS&gen ( e C1 ) . It is clear that each curve for a given
value of pT drops monotonously from the value for p2
= 0 to the asymptotic value (horizontal asymptote),
when p2 . They are calculated from Equation
(18). If p2 = 0, i.e. C2 is inserted into (18), the
undefined form 0/0 is obtained. Using the LHospital
rule it is easily shown that:
( p T - 1)
2
(20).
pT
What is actually represented on the right-hand side
of Equation (20)? The answer is easily obtained by
establishing the non-dimensional equation of entropy
generation due to heat exchange at different
temperatures on a differential exchange surface area:
2
k dA (21).
By inserting T1 = T1' = const. and T2 = T2' =
const. into (21), and by using (9), the first term on the
right-hand side of (21) becomes identical to the right-
hand side of (20). This means that equation (20) in fact
represents the maximum entropy generation, which is
directly related to the inlet temperatures of both flows.
The practical application of this may be found in heat
exchangers, where both flows undergo a phase change.
There the flows have an infinite heat capacity because
one condenses and the other evaporates.
The asymptotic value of DS&gen ( e C1 ) in
Figure 4a and 4b are obtained by inserting p2
into Equation (18):
1-p T (22).
) = ln ( p T ) +
pT
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 Galovi} M., @ivi} M., Andrassy M.: Entropijska analiza - Entropy Analysis
Diagram na sliki 5 predstavlja brezrazseno
spremembo entropije DS&gen C1 in DS&gen ( e C1 ) v
odvisnosti od pT za p2 = 1,0 in p3 = 0. Jasno se vidi iz
diagrama, ob rasti pT v obmoju 0 < pT < 1 se obe
izraunani vrednosti strmo zniata in se izniita pri pT
= 1. Za pT > 1 je poveanje izraunane vrednosti
poasneje, saj se sprememba entropije DS&gen C1
nagiba v neskonnost, ko se pT nagiba k ni ali v
neskonnost. To zlahka dokaemo z analizo enabe
(16). Kadar prenosnik toplote deluje v obmoju 0 < pT
< 1, rahel upad pT bistveno povea entropijo. eprav
so bili diagrami na slikah 4a, 4b in 5 izdelani z
enabami, ki veljajo za sotone prenosnike toplote,
so iste reitve veljavne tudi za protitone in krine
prenosnike toplote, saj je p3 = 0.
Diagrami na slikah 6 in 7 dajejo brezrazsene
vrednosti DS&gen C1 in DS&gen ( e C1 ) v odvisnosti od
p2 za p3 = 0,5. Na sliki 6 so narisane krivulje za pT = 0,2
do 1,0, na sliki 7 pa za pT = 2,0 do 10,0. Na obeh
diagramih so krivulje izkoristka
2
e = p1 =
3
(1 - exp ( -1,5p 2 ) )
prav tako narisane.
V obeh primerih kaejo diagrami, da se pri
taknih prenosnikih toplote pojavi najveja vrednost
izkoristka, praktino pri p2 = 3,0 (e = 0,659). Nadaljnje
veanje p 2 pomeni poveanje entropije, ob
zanemarljivem izboljanju izkoristka.
Nazadnje, diagrami na slikah 8 in 9 kaejo
brezrazsene vrednosti DS&gen C1 in DS&gen ( e C1 ) v
odvisnosti od p2 za p3 = 1,0 oziroma vrednosti
parametrov pT = 0,2 do 1,0 in pT = 2,0 do 10,0. Krivulja
izkoristka
1
e = p1 =
2
(1 - exp ( -2p 2 ) )
je prav tako vnesena v diagramih.
Slike jasno kaejo, da je poveanje entropije
zelo blizu svoje asimptotine vrednosti pri p2 = 2,5.
Nadaljnje veanje p2 daje enakomerno rast entropije
ob zanemarljivem vplivu na izboljanje izkoristka.
Glede na sliko 8 smemo poudariti, da poveanje pT v
obmoju 0,2 do 0,8 enakomerne rasti entropije pomeni
bistven vpliv na poveanje e v irokem obmoju
spremenljivke p2. Po sliki 9 velja podoben izrek za
zmanjanje pT od 10,0 do 2,0.
3 SKLEP
Izvedena analiza entropije sotonih
prenosnikov toplote je dokazala, da poveanje
entropije lahko podamo z istimi brezrazsenimi
veliinami p1, p2 in p3 , kakor pri energijski analizi, z
dodatnim brezrazsenim tevilom pT. Entropijska
analiza kae neposredno povezanost med
izkoristkom e in poveanjem entropije. Prikazali smo,
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The diagram in Figure 5 presents the non-
dimensional entropy generations DS&gen C1 and
DS&gen ( e C1 ) as a function of pT for p2 = 1.0 and p3 = 0. It is
clear from the diagram that for pT rising in the interval 0 < pT
< 1, both the ordinate values drop steeply and become zero
for pT = 1. For pT > 1 the rise of the ordinate values is slower
because the entropy generation DS&gen C1 tends to infinity
when pT tends to zero or to infinity. This is easily proven by
analysing Equation (16). If the heat exchanger is operated
in the range 0 < pT < 1, a slight decrease of pT significantly
increases the entropy generation. Although the diagrams
in Figure 4a, 4b and 5 were obtained according to the
equations for parallel-flow heat exchangers, the same
solutions are valid for counter-flow and cross-flow heat
exchangers because of p3 = 0.
The diagrams in Figure 6 and 7 represent the
non-dimensional values DS&gen C1 and DS&gen ( e C1 ) as
functions of p2 for p3 = 0.5. In Figure 6 the curves for pT
= 0.2 to 1 are plotted, and in Figure 7 for pT = 2.0 to 10.0.
In both diagrams the curve for the effectiveness:
(23)
is also drawn.
For both cases the diagrams indicate that for
such heat exchangers the maximum effectiveness value
is practically achieved for p2 = 3.0 (e = 0.659). A further
increase of p2 only results in entropy generation, with
an insignificant improvement of the effectiveness.
Finally, the diagrams in Figure 8 and 9 represent
the non-dimensional values DS&gen C1 and
DS&gen ( e C1 ) as functions of p2, for p3 = 1.0 and
parametric values of pT = 0.2 to 1.0 and pT = 2.0 to 10.0
respectively. The effectiveness curve:
(24)
is also plotted in the diagrams.
The figures clearly indicate that the entropy
generations are very close to their asymptotic values
for p2 = 2.5. A further increase of p2 yields constant
entropy generation with negligible influence on the
improvement of effectiveness. Referring to Figure 8,
it should be emphasized that increasing pT in the
range 0.2 to 0.8 the constant entropy generation has
a significant influence on the increase of e in a wide
range of the variable p2. According to Figure 9, the
same can be said for decreasing pT from 10.0 to 2.0.
3 CONCLUSION
The performed entropy analysis of parallel-
flow heat exchangers has proven that entropy
generation can be represented using the same non-
dimensional characteristics p1, p2 and p3, used in the
energy analysis, and the additional non-dimensional
number pT. The entropy analysis reveals a direct
connection between the effectiveness e and the
 Galovi} M., @ivi} M., Andrassy M.: Entropijska analiza - Entropy Analysis

da je poveanje entropije veliko, kadar je razlika
med toplotnima zmogljivostima obeh pretokov
velika. Najveja je, kadar en pretok spremeni fazo
(p 3 = 0), ter najmanja kadar sta toplotni
zmogljivost enaki (p 3 = 1). Razmere so prav
nasprotne glede izkoristka e prenosa toplote. Prav
tako je prikazano, da za 0 < p3 < 1 poveanje
brezrazsene znailnice menjalne povrine p2 =
kA0/C1 uinkuje samo do doloene vrednosti, nato
pa se entropija le poveuje ob praktino
nespremenljivem izkoristku.
Brezrazsene znailnice p1, p2 in p3, uporabljene
v tem prispevku, je uvedel e Bonjakovi za svoje
energijske izraune prenosnikov toplote. Sedanji
nain izrauna entropije z uporabo dodatne znailnice
pT dodaja ve splonosti pri problemih sotonih
prenosnikov toplote.
entropy generation. It was shown that the entropy
generation is large when the difference between the
heat capacities of the heat exchanging flows is big. It
is largest when one of the flows changes its phase (p3
= 0), and smallest when the flow heat capacities are
equal (p3 = 1). The situation is just the opposite for the
heat-transfer effectiveness e. Further, it was shown
that for 0 < p3 < 1, increasing the non-dimensional
exchanger area characteristic p2 = kA0/C1 is useful only
to a limited value, after which only entropy is produced
with a practically constant effectiveness.
The non-dimensional characteristics p1, p2
and p3 used in this paper were introduced by Bonjakovi
for his energy calculation of heat exchangers. This
approach to the entropy calculation, using the additional
characteristic pT, adds more generality to the problem of
parallel heat-exchanger analysis.

4 OZNAKE
4 NOMENCLATURE

povrina toplotne menjave A m2 heat-exchange surface area

specifina toplota pri p=konst. ibkejega cP1, cP2 J/(kg K) specific heat capacity at p=const. of the
oz. monejega pretoka weaker and stronger flow respectively
toplotna zmogljivost ibkejega oz. C1,C2 W/K heat capacity of the weaker and
monejega pretoka stronger flow respectively
izkoristek prenosnika toplote e - heat-exchanger effectiveness
celotni kolinik prenosa toplote k W/(m2K) overall heat-transfer coefficient
brezrazseno razmerje ibkejega oz. pT - non-dimensional relation of the weaker
monejega pretoka vstopne temperature and stronger flow input temperatures
brezrazsena temperaturna znailnica p1 - non-dimensional temperature
prenosnika toplote characteristic of the heat exchanger
brezrazsena povrinska znailnica p2 - non-dimensional heat-exchanger area
prenosnika toplote characteristic
brezrazsena znailnica razmerja zmogljivosti p3 - non-dimensional characteristic of the
ibkejega oz. monejega pretoka weaker and stronger flow heat-capacity ratio
pretona koliina ibkejega oz. monejega qm1, qm2 kg/s mass flow rate of the weaker and
pretoka stronger flow respectively
celotno poveanje entropije v prenosniku D S&gen W/K overall entropy generation of the heat
toplote exchanger
absolutna vstopna in izstopna temperatura T1' , T1'' K absolute input and output temperatures
ibkejega pretoka of the weaker flow
absolutna vstopna in izstopna temperatura T2' , T2'' K absolute input and output temperatures
monejega pretoka of the stronger flow

5 LITERATURA
5 REFERENCES

[1] Bejan, A. (1996) Entropy generation minimization, CRC Press, New York..
[2] Bejan, A. (1988) Advanced engineering thermodynamics, John Willey & Sons, New York.
[3] Guo, Z.Y., S. Zhou, Z. Li, L. Chen (2001) Theoretical analysis and experimental confirmation of the uniformity
principle of temperature difference field in heat exchanger, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
45 (10), 2119-2127
[4] Can, A., E. Buyruk, D. Eriner (2002) Exergoeconomic analysis of condenser type heat exchanger, Exergy, an
International Journal 2, 113-118
[5] Bonjakovi, F. (1950) Nauka o toplini, dio prvi, Tehnika knjiga, Zagreb.
[6] Galovi, A. (1997) Nauka o toplini II, Sveuilite u Zagrebu, Fakultet strojarstva i brodogradnje, Zagreb.

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 Galovi} M., @ivi} M., Andrassy M.: Entropijska analiza - Entropy Analysis

Naslovi avtorjev: prof.dr. Antun Galovi Authors Address: Prof.Dr. Antun Galovi
prof.dr. Mladen Andrassy Prof.Dr. Mladen Andrassy
Fakulteta za strojnitvo in Faculty of Mechanical Eng. and
ladjedelnitvo Naval Architecture
Univerza v Zagrebu University of Zagreb
Ivana Luia 5 Ivana Luia 5
10000 Zagreb, Hrvaka 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska
antun.galovic@fsb.hr antun.galovic@fsb.hr
mladen.andrassy@fsb.hr mladen.andrassy@fsb.hr

dr. Marija ivi Dr. Marija ivi

Fakulteta za strojnitvo v Sl. Brodu Faculty of Mech. Eng. Sl. Brod
Univerza v Osijeku University of Osijek

Prejeto: Sprejeto: Odprt za diskusijo: 1 leto

Received: 7.10.2002 Accepted: 29.5.2003 Open for discussion: 1 year

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