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p x/k p x/k
NUMERICAL METHOD Figure 1: Schematic top views of the small parts of the
For an incompressible flow, the nondimensional whole computational domains. (a) 2-D and (b) 3-D rough
governing equations are walls with the streamwise spacing px/k=4. These parts are
repeated in the horizontal direction and the flow direction is
ui ui u j p 1 2ui from left to right.
+ = + + fi (1)
dt x j xi Re x j x j
Figure 1 shows schematic views of the small parts of
ui
=0 (2) the computational domains over the 2-D and 3-D rough
xi walls. The streamwise spacing is px/k=4 for both cases and
where xi are the Cartesian coordinates and ui are the these patterns are repeated in the streamwise and spanwise
corresponding velocity components. The governing directions respectively. In the present work, total of thirteen
equations are integrated in time by using the fractional step simulations including six 2-D rod cases, six 3-D cube cases
method with the implicit velocity decoupling procedure and the smooth wall case were compared with the variation
proposed by Kim et al. (2002). Based on a block LU of the streamwise spacing px/k. For the 3-D cube roughness,
decomposition, both the velocity-pressure decoupling and the arrays are staggered in the streamwise direction and the
the additional decoupling of intermediate velocity
pitch of the spanwise distance is fixed at pz/k=2. All
components are achieved through approximate factorization.
roughness heights (k) are the same as k=1.5in, when
The immersed boundary method was used to describe the
normalized by the inlet momentum thickness (in). In the
roughness elements with Cartesian coordinates and a
rectangular domain (Kim et al. 2001). The discrete-time present study, since the profiles of all the flow statistics are
momentum forcing fi was calculated explicitly in time to collapsed above the roughness sublayer y=5k and especial
satisfy the no-slip condition at the immersed boundary by attention is paid to the outer region, we presented the results
using the previous velocity field near the forcing point. at the representative location III, as shown in figure 1.
The notational convention adopted is that x, y, and z denote
the streamwise, vertical, and spanwise coordinates,
respectively, and that u, v, and w denote the streamwise,
Results and discussion
wall-normal, and spanwise components of the velocity
Figure 2 exhibits the spatial averaged skin-friction (Cf) and
fluctuations, respectively. Since the boundary layer is
form drags (Cp) against px/k over the 2-D and 3-D rough
developing spatially in the downstream direction, it is
walls at the similar Reynolds number Re 1100. As can be
necessary to use non-periodic boundary conditions in the
seen, in the TBLs over 2-D rod-roughened walls, the skin-
streamwise direction. To avoid generating a rough-wall
friction drag is significantly affected by px/k. The maximum
inflow, which is prohibitively difficult, the first element was
value is observed at px/k=2 and as px/k increases, the values
placed 80in downstream from the inlet; the surface
of the skin-friction drag are decreased, because the strength
condition changes abruptly from smooth to rough at this
of the recirculation becomes stronger. In the region at
location, which was defined as x=0. Therefore, the domain
px/k=2, the frictional contributions to the total drag are not
size should be sufficiently long for the flow to reach a new
negligible, and thus all the drag arises from both frictional
equilibrium state, which results in self-preservation in the
and pressure drags acting on the roughness elements,
computational domain. The inflow data obtained from the
implying the transitional rough at which viscous effects are
auxiliary simulations based on the method of Lund et al.
not negligible. Therefore, the 2-D rough wall flow with
(1998) was employed in the present study. Lee & Sung
px/k=2 is in transitional regime. This result is consistent with
(2007) and Lee et al. (2011) showed that the resulting
that of Ligrani & Moffat (1986). For the range px/k5, the
turbulence statistics of the mean velocity and Reynolds
skin-friction drag has a negative value due to the induction
stresses at Re=300 are in good agreement with those of
of the large recirculation region between the transverse rods
Spalart (1988) over the 2-D rod- and 3-D cube-roughened
and the minimum occurs at px/k=8. For the 3-D cube-
walls. At the exit, the convective boundary condition was
roughened walls, however, the skin-friction drag is always
specified as (u/t)+c(u/x) =0, where c is the local bulk
positive due to that the backflow regions which contributes
velocity. The no-slip boundary condition was imposed at the
to create the negative skin-friction drag are confined to a
solid wall, and the boundary layer conditions on the top
narrow region near the cubes and the minimum occurs at
surface of the computational domain were u=U and
px/k=4.
v/y=w/y=0. Periodic boundary conditions were applied
in the spanwise direction.
0.1
0.002
(a)
(a)
0.08
u/U
0.001
Cf
0.06
0
0.04
-0.001 2 4 6 8 10
2 4 6 8 10
px/k
0.01
(b) Figure 3: Variations of the friction velocity (u/U) with
respect to px/k over the 2-D and 3-D rough walls.
Cp
+2
+2
2D3k
vrms
urms
2D4k
4 2D6k
2D8k
1/ln(y' +)+5.0 2D10k 0.6
+
2
U
10 0 0
3
(c) (d)
2 1
+2
+
wrms
-uv
0 0 1 2
1 0.5
10 10 10
+
y' 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
12 y' / y' /
(a) Figure 5: Reynolds stresses over the 2-D rough walls in the
(b) outer coordinates.
8
+
U
8 1.8
(a) (b)
6 Smooth
1.2
4 2-D
3D2k
vrms+2
urms+2
3D3k
3D4k
4
3-D 3D6k
3D8k
0.6
3D10k
2
0 0 0
2 4 6 8 10 3
uv+
variation of the roughness function (U+). Each case is 1 0.5