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ClassificationofSlabs
Slabsaresubjectedtodirectcontactofexternalloads&alsoaretheelements
onwhichtheprocessofloadtransferstarts.
Slabsaredimensionedtocarryverticalloads(DL&LL)actingonsurfaceto
transfertocolumns&walls.
However,slabsarealsoutilizedintransferringlateralloadstocolumns&walls
(rigiddiaphragmeffect).
LoadsonSlab:
withorw/outfillerblocks
(punchingshearisaproblem) bridgingjoist
Twowayslabonbeam: Flatplatew/droppanels: Twowayjoistslab: (waffleslab)
(ikidorultudaalanplakdeme) (balklkiriliplakdeme) (ikidorultudaalanplakdeme)
columnhead droppanel (kasetdeme)
(kolonbal) (balkpla)
withorw/outfillerblocks
strips
(assumenodeformationatedges)
samedeflectionatcenter
Uur Ersoy Copyright1995byProf.Uur Ersoy /Evrim Yay.
Forsimplysupportedbeam,midspandeflection=
Example:
thenfrom
table:
Asaspectratioincreases,
loadprefersshorterpath!
Slabloadiscarriedtobeams,thento Slabloadiscarriedtocolumnsdirectly,
columns.Beamsalsocarrysomeportionof throughimaginarybeams.
load.
Whenlu/lk ratioofaslab,supportedonbeamsonallsides,isgreaterthan2.0,
slabisconsideredtowork(carryload)inoneway.
Then,slabworks(carriesload)inshortdirection.
lu
lk
Continuousspanmoments inshortdirectioncanbecalculatedusingbelow
coefficients k ,if:
ratiooftwoadjacentspans:
and
ratioofuniformdistributedloadonspan:
l:slabspanlength(hesap akl)
ln:slab unsupportedspanlength
Consideraverageofspan
length (l)andaverageof
loads onadjacentspans
whencalculatingmoments.
SlabThickness:
AND
ln:slabunsupportedspanlength
ReinforcementRequirements:
BendingReinforcement (inshortdirection)As:(anadonat)
Ana donat:
DistributionReinf. (inlongdir.)Asd:(datmadonats)
Minimum @ bottom:
Minimum @ top:
provide at Top, extend lk/4 on both sides of support.
DesignProcedure:
1. Checkwhetherthelu/lk ratiois 2.0(onewayslab).
2. Constructcontinuousbeammodel,ifthereareadjacentonewayslabsthat
worktogetherindirectionconsidered.Determine k .
3. Determineuniformdistributeddesignload Pd .
4. Ifconditionsaresatisfied,calculatedesignmomentsusingmoment
coefficients Md .
5. Fora1mwidestripinshortdirection,determinesupport&midspan
reinforcements,satisfyingminimumarea&spacingrequirements.
6. Inlongdirection,providedistribution&supportreinforcements,satisfying
minimumarea&spacingrequirements.
Demedonatlar
izilirken,demeye
alttanbaklr,donatlar
yatrlmekildeizilir.
TransferofSlabLoadstoBeamsinOneWaySlabs:
Slabloadsarecarried
bybeamsparallelto
longdirection.
GIVEN:
1stFloorSlab
C20/S420
fyd 3650kgf/cm2
Kl 38cm2/t
SDL:
Finish 0.8kPa
CeilingPlaster 0.8kPa
LL=3.5kPa
REQUIRED:
DetermineSlabthickness
Design&DetailReinforcement
Then, h 120mm
d 120 20 100mm
LOADS:
CDL: (120mm/1000 *24kN/m3 2.9kN/m2
SDL: finish 0.8kN/m2 DL CDL SDL 2.9 1.6 4.5kN/m2
ceilingplaster 0.8kN/m2 LL 3.5kN/m2
1.6kN/m2
LL: office 3.5kN/m2 Pd 1.4DL 1.6LL 1.4 4.5 1.6 3.5
Pd 11.9kN/m2
zgr zkul, PhD, PE CE409 - Reinforced Concrete II 13
Chapter2:ReinforcedConcreteSlabs
OneWaySlabs Example
Moments:
and usemomentcoefficientsfromTS500
fyd 3.65t/cm2
Assumenomomentcorrection(M). j 0.86
d 10cm
etriye araligi
Ana donat:
Datmadonats uzunkenarynnde:
Minimum @ bottom:
Minimum @ top:
For connvenient placement at site, you may specify: 8/150 3.33cm2/m everywhere.
Whenlu/lk ratioofaslab,supportedonbeamsonallsides,islessthan2.0,
slabisconsideredtowork(carryload)intwoway.
lu
lk
m lu/lk 2.0 twowayslab
TS500ApproximateMethod(TS500 11.4.3):
Eachslabpieceisconsideredseparate.
Slabboundaryconditionsareimportant.(whetheraslabispresentnexttoitornot)
Calculatedmomentsareindependentofadjacentslabspanlengths.
Consider M @faceofsupport
M @midspan
V @d distanceawayfromfaceofsupport
5
6
7
Determine
lk:slabsupportcclengthofshortspan typeofeach
lkn:spanlength(fromfaceofsupporttofaceofsupport) slab?
Inpractice,itisoktouselk.
column middle
Momentcoefficientsintableareformiddlestrip. strip strip
M valuesareforcontinuousedges.
Discontinuousedgesrotateduetomidspan M.
Fordiscontinuousedges,use M asaratioof
midspan moment,rangingfrom0.5to1.0.
Ifrotationisnotallowed,
use1.0 M midspan
Ifrotationisallowed(beam),
use0.5 M midspan
provideatleast1/2Asmid atsupport
(orbentmidspan bars pilye) TS500 Figure11.2
Nocorrection.
Forsameslab
thickness
Distributed
wrt.rigidity
ofslabs.
assumerigidityofslab h/l
Example:
h 15cm, l1 5m, l2 3m,
M1 120tcm/m,M2 80tcm/m
SlabThickness:
Slabthicknessshouldbesuchthatnoshearreinforcement
isrequired(concretealonecancarryshearforces).
AND
ReinforcementRequirements:
Ineachdirectionreinforcementratioshallbegreaterthan0.0015.
Sumofreinforcementratiosshallbegreaterthan 0.0040 forS220 steel,
0.0035 forS420&S500steel.
TransferofSlabLoadstoBeamsinTwoWaySlabs:
Slabloadsarecarried
bybeamsineach
direction.
TransferofSlabLoadstoBeamsinTwoWaySlabs:
GIVEN:
3rdFloorSlab
C16/S420
fcd 110kgf/cm2
fyd 3650kgf/cm2
Kl 45cm2/t
SDL:
Carpet Screed 50kgf/m2
CeilingPlaster 40kgf/m2
LL=500kgf/m2
REQUIRED:
DetermineSlabthickness
Design&DetailReinforcement
Then, h 120mm
d 120 20 100mm
LOADS:
CDL: (120mm/1000 *2400kgf/m3 290kgf/m2
SDL: carpet+screed 50kgf/m2 DL CDL SDL 290 90 380kgf/m2
ceilingplaster 40kgf/m2 LL 500kgf/m2
90kgf/m2
LL: office 500kgf/m2 Pd 1.4DL 1.6LL 1.4 380 1.6 500
Pd 1.3t/m2
zgr zkul, PhD, PE CE409 - Reinforced Concrete II 28
Chapter2:ReinforcedConcreteSlabs
TwoWaySlabs Example
a b
c d
Interpolatebetween
m 1.5&1.75
a :
b :
c :
MSUP:supportmomentatcontinuousedge
+ MMID:midspanmoment
d :
D301 D302:
(noadjustment)
D303 D304:
(noadjustment)
D303 D301:
Correctionneeded:
h/lD301 10/475 0.021
h/lD303 10/275 0.036
D304 D302:
Correctionneeded:
h/lD302 10/475 0.021
h/lD304 10/275 0.036
fyd 3.65t/cm2
j 0.86
d 10cm
XDirection
YDirection
LoadsTransferredtoBeamK304:
SlabloadfromD303 only:
uniform dist. load:
LoadsTransferredtoBeamK307:
SlabloadfromD301&D303:
UnitWeights:
HardenedReinforcedConcrete SertlemiBetonarme 25kN/m3
WetReinforcedConcrete SertlememiBetonarme 26kN/m3
Concrete (fck<C14) Beton(fck<C14) 23kN/m3
(fckC14) Beton(fck C14) 24kN/m3
ReinforcingSteel Donatelii 78.5kN/m3
Lime+cementpaste Kire+imentoHarc 20kN/m3
Plaster Sva 20kN/m3
ScreedConcrete TesviyeBetonu/ap 22kN/m3
WoodFlooring AhapParke 8kN/m3
SlagConcrete CrufBetonu 14kN/m3
MosaicFinish MozaikKaplama 22kN/m3
BrickWalls TulaDuvarlar
Halfbrick Yarmtula 2.5kN/m2
Fullbrick Tamtula 4.2kN/m2
LiveLoads: (HareketliYker TS498)
atarasodalar 1.5kN/m2
Konut,oda,terasvekoridorlar,brolar,hastaneodalar 2.0kN/m2
Snflar,yatakhaneler,anfiler,konutmerdivenleri 3.5kN/m2
Camiler,tiyatrovesinemalar,ktphaneler,maazalar
toplantsalonlar,sporsalonlar,koridorlar,balkonlar 5.0kN/m2
Tribnler(oturmayerisabitolmayan) 7.5kN/m2
(Yarmtulablmeduvartayandemelere1.5kN/m2 yaylykolarakeklenebilir)
NormalDeme:
at Demesi:
Whenspanlengthincreases,requiredslabdepth
alsoincreases.
However,concretebelowNAonlyprovidestensile
forceswithrebars.
Hence,concretebetweenribs(beams)hasno
contributioninmomentcapacity.
Toreducethisadditionalweight,joistfloorsare
used.
(forheavyloadingoffice &longspans)
TS500 11.3
TS500 11.3
SupportMomentCorrection:
Tasarmmesnetmomenti,
mesnetortasndaki
momenttenM Va/3
deerininkartlmasile
bulunur.
almadilerinolduudorultudadr. amesnetgenilii,dili
Dileremesnetlikyapankirilerinyksekliienazdi demetoplam
yksekliikadarolmaldr. yksekliininikikatndan
fazlaolamaz. a 2h
CalculationofMoment:
Usemomentcoefficients(asinonewayslabsonbeams),
if:
ratiooftwoadjacentspans:
and
ratioofuniformdistributedloadonspan:
MinimumDepth:
Toplamdiyksekliinin(plaklabirlikte)serbest
aklaoran:
JoistOrientation:
Dilerin demenin uzun kenarna paralel
yerletirilmesi tercih edilir.(Ksa akla
Uzunaklklkirilerykleniyor,tercihEDLMEZ. sahip kiriler mesnetlik yaparsa kiri i
kuvvetleri daha kk kar).
Ksa aklkl
kiriler
ykleniyor,
tercih EDLR.
BridgingJoist: (eninedi)
L 4m NONE
4m L 7m 1BridgingJoist
L 7m 2or3BridgingJoists
Dimension&reinforcementofbridgingjoist
shallbeatleast mainjoist
4m L 7m 4m L 7m
bridgingjoist
(eninedi)
Namely,thisresultswithbeamsoflowrigidity&excessivelateraldeflectionsincaseofEQ.These
interstory driftscreatesecondordermomentsincolumns(1967Adapazar depreminde baz asmolen
demeli yaplar bu nedenle ykld).
Topreventsecondordermomentsincolumns,shearwallsaretobeprovidedinbothEQdirections,
forbuildingswithjoistslabs.
Demeyklerinin
dorudankolonlara
aktarld
demelerdir. UurErsoy Copyright1995byProf.UurErsoy/EvrimYay.
Balksz Balkl
Whentwowayslabsaresupporteddirectlybycolumns(flatplates/flatslabs),principalstressesintheslabaround
thecolumncancauseseverediagonalcracking(twowayindividualcolumnfootings,pilecaps,etc)
Wight&MacGregor Copyright2012byPearsonEducation,Inc.
Theslaborfootingfailssuddenlybypushingapyramidconeof
concrete verybrittle&sudden
Theinclinationofthecrackisusually45 forslabswithoutshear
reinforcement.
Heavyconcentratedloadsappliedtoslabscanalsocausepunching
failures.
PunchingShearisCritical!
Insteadofincreasingthicknessofwholefloor,
Providedroppanels/columncapitalatsupport:
h Increaseconcreteareaatsupport reducedAsTOP
Probablynoeffectonactualcalculatedmoment
lu:lengthoflongerspanbtw.ccofslabsupports(uzun
dorultuda mesnetin akslar arasnda kalan akl )
Itisdesirabletochoosetheslabthicknesssuchthatnopunchingshearreinforcementisrequired.
Advantages:
Architecturallyflatceilings.
Lowerformworkcost.
Ifdroppanelsorcolumnheadsareprovidedduetopunchingshear,theseadvantagesarelost.
Also,comparedtoslabonbeamswithsamespanlengths,flatslabrequiresmorereinforcement.
Duetolowerrigidityofflatslabs,comparedtoslabsonbeams,excessiveinterstorydriftsare
experiencedunderEQloads.Topreventsecondordermomentsincolumnsiplacementofshear
wallsinbuildingswithflatslabsareadvised(TS500).
TS500 11.4.2
Kirisizdemekalnl,olabildiincezmbalamadonatsgerektirmeyecekbiimdeseilmelidir.
Kirisizdemelerdeplakvekolonlarnmomentaktaracakbalantsnsalamakiinkolonkesitinin
aklkdorultusundakigenilii,ayndorultudakieksenaklnn1/20sindenve300mmdenaz
olamaz.
Tablavebalkboyutlariinuyulmasngrlenkoullar,ekil11.3degsterilmitir:
kidorultudaalanplakdemelerde,donatykoruyannetbetonrtsenaz15mmolmaldr.
4h
l1/6
TS500 Figure11.2
Kolon ve orta eritlerin geniliklerinin belirlenmesi:
TS500MethodofDesign11.4.4 (forgravityloadanalysisonly)
11.4.4.1 EquivalentFrameMethod(EFM)(Edeerereveyntemi)
Useofacomputerprogramisadvised(ADOSSSAFE).Itsarigiriousprocedure.If
spanlengthsarenttoodifferent,DDM(directdesignmethod)givessimilarresults.
Computetorsionalrigiditiesofslab,beam,column.
UseMomentDistribution.
Distributeperrigiditiesofmembersinframe,to
columnstrip&middlestrip.
ereveyntemiiinTS500 izelge1deki
datmakatsaylarkullanlabilir.
Itshouldbenotedthatmajorityofnormalfloorsystemssatisfytheseconditions.
Circularcolumnscanbetreatedasequivalentsquarecolumns(togivesamearea).
TotalStaticMoment: l2:ccspanlengthinthedirectionperpendiculartol1
ln:clearspanofl1 (faceofsupporttofaceofsupport)
ln0.65 l1
Herhangi bir demede,aklk momenti ile iki mesnet momenti ortalamasnn toplam,
yukardaki denklemde belirtilen ogze ait toplam basit kiri momentdeerinden az olamaz.
ColumnStrip(koloneritinedatlanmomentler)
MiddleStrip(ortaeritedatlanmomentler)
Ifmomentsateachfaceofsupportisdifferent,uselargermomentforcalculations(unbalancedmoment).
MomentsfromTS500 11.4.4.2canbeadjustedwithin 10%ofvalues.
Thisadjustmentcannotchangethetotalstaticmoment,M0.
ReinforcementRequirements: TS500 11.4.5
Max. reinf. spacing:
Ineachdirectionreinforcementratioshallbegreaterthan0.0015.
Sumofreinforcementratiosshallbegreaterthan0.0040 forS220 steel,
0.0035 forS420&S500steel.
zgr zkul, PhD, PE CE409 - Reinforced Concrete II 50
Chapter2:ReinforcedConcreteSlabs
TwoWayFlatSlabs(kidorultudaalankirisizdemeler)
PunchingStrengthofSlabs&Footingsw/outShearReinforcement:[TS50020008.3.1]
Vpr:punchingstrengthofconcrete up:criticalshearperimeteratadistanced/2
Vpd:designpunchingshearload d:effectivedepthofslab
Fd:designshearload h:diameter/depthofthecolumn
Fa:portionoftheloadwithinup b:widthofthecolumn
:momenttransfercoefficient b1,b2:dimensionsofthepunchingperimeter
ex,ey:unbalancedmomenteccentricitiesinx&ydirections
Incolumnssubjecttomomentinadditiontoaxialloads,shearstresscausedbythemomentincreasestheshear
stresscausedbyaxialloadononeface&decreaseontheotherface:
EdgeColumn: CenterColumn:
shearstressdueto
b1 unbalancedmoment
shearstressdue
toaxialload
Ersoy,zcebe,Tankut Copyright2008byMetu Press.
Evaluateinx&ydirectionsseparately
(40%ofunbalancedmomentis
considered):
Wight&MacGregor Copyright2012byPearsonEducation,Inc.
Wight&MacGregor Copyright2012byPearsonEducation,Inc.
Vpr:punchingstrengthofconcrete
Vpd:designpunchingshearload
Fd:designshearload
Fa:portionoftheloadwithinup
pd:slabdesigngravityload
qsp:designsoilpressure
Wight&MacGregor Copyright2012byPearsonEducation,Inc.
GIVEN:
Regulartwowayflatplatesystem
C25
SDL:Plaster finish 1.4kN/m2
LL=3.5kN/m2
Columns:350mmx350mm
hslab 150mm,d 20mm
Assume 1
REQUIRED:
a) Determinecolumn/middlestrips
b) Determinesupport&midspan
momentsatcolumn&middle
strips
c) Schematicallydrawthelocation&
directionofreinforcementthat
correspondstocalculated
moments(donotcalculate
requiredreinforcementvalues)
d) Checkpunchingshearatcolumns.
Arecolumnssafeunderpunching?
Ispunchingreinforcement
required?