Algeria - Travel

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Algeria
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Algeria is the largest of the three countries (with Morocco and Tunisia) of the
Maghreb area of North Africa. It is the second largest African country.
A link between Africa and Europe, Algeria's most important industries are oil and
gas, with exports to Europe providing the basis of their economy. Even with
agricultural assistance, the country does not produce enough to feed their people.
Since 80% of the country is the Sahara Desert, lack of water is a constant
challenge.
Starting with the fight for independence from France in 1962, Algerian politics have
been dominated by struggles between the military and Islamist militants. A group
called Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) has claimed responsibility for
recent bombings.
Major protests in January 2011 over food prices and unemployment forced the
government to reduce prices on foodstuffs and repeal the 1992 State of Emergency
law.
Culture Overview
Cultural Essentials
Honor
An Algerians most cherished possession is the familys good name, and
an individuals honor is intricately entwined with the reputation and honor of
everyone in their family. Therefore, the behavior of individual family
members is viewed as the direct responsibility of the family.
Algerians believe that turning down a friends request for a favor causes
the other person to lose honor. Therefore, they will agree to do something
rather than risk either party losing face. To avoid losing honor, Algerians
avoid making others look bad. They do not openly criticize others, insult
them, or put them in a position that will be uncomfortable. You will
jeopardize your relationship if you undermine an individual's status in any
way.
Honor requires that Algerians demonstrate hospitality to friends and

guests. It also dictates that people dress as well as their financial
circumstances allow, and show proper respect and deference to their
elders and those in authority.
http://kpmg.culturewizard.com/DesktopModules/RW3Modules/CP2014/PrintView.aspx... 8.2.2017.
Hierarchy
Algeria has a hierarchical culture where people are respected because of
their age and position. Older people are viewed as wise and are granted
respect and the oldest person in a group is revered and honored. Algerians
expect the most senior person, by age or position, to make decisions that
are in the best interest of the group. In a social situation, they are greeted
and served first.
When Algerians meet someone, they try to place the person within a
hierarchy so they know how to treat the person. This is why they ask
personal questions. If you do not respond, the question will be re-phrased
until you provide sufficient information for the Algerian to evaluate your
status relative to theirs.
The family is the most significant unit of the Algerian social system and
plays a pivotal role in social relations. The individual is always subordinate
to the family or group. The family often has more importance than
business. Nepotism is viewed positively, because it is patronage of ones
family.
The family consists of both the nuclear and the extended family. The basis
of the Algerian family unit is patrilineal. When a woman marries, she
becomes a member of her husbands family. In more rural areas, it is
common for several generations of extended family to live together, while
in large cities, only the nuclear family shares the dwelling. Despite moving
to urban areas to work, most Algerians travel to their village to visit
relatives on a frequent basis.
Fluid Time
Algeria has a fluid time culture where time management is not viewed with
the same importance as in many Western cultures. Therefore, when
developing a timeline, it is vital that you take into account that things do not
happen as swiftly as you might expect.
In general, time is seen as fluid. Punctuality is prized since it demonstrates

respect. At the same time, if an Algerian is attending to a personal
relationship, s/he will not rush through that process in order to arrive on
time for a meeting.
Deadlines and schedules are viewed as goals that can and should change
to take into consideration changed. There is a general belief that what is
not done today can be done tomorrow, which conforms to Algerians
somewhat fatalistic view of life.
Since time is viewed as changeable and unmanageable, Algerians can be

reluctant to put deadlines or timelines in writing. If the deadline is perceived
as important, Algerians' personal honor spurs them on to achieve it within
the accepted timeframe.
Religion
After independence, the Algerian government asserted control over

religious activities. The constitution names Islam as the national religion.
Islam prescribes a way of life and governs political, legal, and social
behavior. Islam means submission to Allahs will. It organizes an orderly
system for both society and the individual. The rules of Islam can be found
in the Koran (Qur'an), which is believed to have been revealed by Allah to
his Prophet Mohammed. The Koran (Qur'an) is considered the direct word
of God and is therefore believed to be infallible.
Muslims must pray five times a day at dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset,
and evening. Prayer is a ritual and takes some time to prepare for. Prayers
("salat") take 20 to 30 minutes. The exact time is listed in the local
newspaper each day or can be found at this website
(http://www.islamicfinder.org/). Friday is the Muslim holy day; most shops,
businesses, and government offices are closed.
Ramadan
During the holy month of Ramadan, Muslims must fast from dawn to dusk.
Fasting includes not eating, drinking, cigarette smoking, or gum chewing.
Algerians found eating or drinking during daylight hours may be arrested.
Foreigners are not required to fast; however, out of courtesy they should
not eat, drink, smoke, or chew gum in public. Most cities have restaurants
that remain open for non-Muslims to eat.
Families and friends gather to break the fast together at sunset. The
festivities often continue well into the night. As a result, many Algerians are
tired at work the following morning. In general, things happen more slowly
during Ramadan. All businesses operate shortened hours, generally
closing as early as 2pm since there is no need for a lunch break. Shops
may be open and closed at unusual times.
Role of Women
The Algerian women's movement has made little progress since

independence. Once the war was over, women were expected to return to
their traditional roles. In recent years, women's access to higher education
has improved. Yet their rights to employment, political power, and
autonomy are limited, even when compared to other countries in the
region.
Algerian women face many obstacles when seeking employment outside

the home: there is an extremely high unemployment rate and the culture is
patriarchal.
With the implementation of a 30% quota for women in parliament, women

are becoming more active in politics. However, most appointments are in
health, education, or other fields perceived as feminine.
As women become more educated and enter the workforce, the family
structure is changing. Many women choose to marry later and have fewer
children. In spite of womens increased level of societal independence,
they only constitute a small portion of the workforce. While more women
are active members of the workforce than in previous years, traditional
social values still cause many to face criticism for challenging acceptable
social norms.
Women may dress traditionally according to Muslim law, but they may also
show a flair for fashion. Traditionally, Algerian women wore a haik, which
drapes them from head to toe and may be used as a veil to cover their
face, over loose fitting pants that are gathered at the ankles. Women today
wear the Hijab, which is a headscarf, often worn with a loose gown. The
headscarf may be brightly colored and or embroidered to make a fashion
statement.
View of Foreign Women

Women who travel without a male escort may receive unwanted attention
and even harassment from men. Since men do not like being the center of
public attention, loudly rebuffing such advances will generally put an end to
their comments.
In business, foreign businesswomen should experience few difficulties in

Algiers and will generally be treated with respect. The situation may be
different in more rural areas.
Tips for Businesswomen

It is advisable for women to wear loose clothing that is somewhat
shapeless. Skirts should cover the knee while blouses should cover at
least the elbow and have high necklines. Outside Algiers, women may
need to wear a headscarf, although this is seldom required in the capital
city.
Most Algerians retain a traditional view of a womans role in society. Do not

mention your living arrangements if you are cohabitating.
Businesswomen may have limited roles outside Algiers. Although you may
be greeted courteously if you have excellent credentials, some
businessmen may not be willing to deal with a businesswoman as equals,
regardless of her title or accomplishments.
It is important for businesswomen to pay attention to the level of

fundamentalism in the country, which changes frequently. Business
behavior is often situational as well as geographical. Therefore, it is
important that the businesswoman pay attention to non-verbal cues.
It is a good idea for a businesswoman to moderate her personal style to be

more compatible with the local culture. This includes not smiling too
frequently or making prolonged eyed contact with an Algerian
businessman.
Algerians stand very close when conversing with someone of the same sex
and widen the distance considerably when speaking across sexual lines.
Avoid the temptation to narrow the gap as doing so may make your
business colleagues uncomfortable.
Pride and honor are very important to Algerian businessmen. Therefore, it

is incumbent upon the foreign businesswoman to avoid saying or doing
something to cause a businessman to lose dignity or respect.
Establishing Credibility
It is a good idea to advise Algerians in advance of a businesswomans
credentials to avoid any misconception about her role. Forward a brief bio
including her academic background, title, and professional
accomplishments. If a businesswoman is meeting with a company for the
first time, she should strive to be introduced by the oldest, highest-ranking
male who knows the people with whom she will be meeting. The status of
the person who makes the introduction lays the foundation for the way a
businesswoman is perceived.
Titles are important in Algeria since they denote where a person fits within
the hierarchy. Algerians are not comfortable until they know someones
rank relative to their own. Thus, more so than in many other countries, it is
important that a businesswoman have a title that is readily understood and
reflects what is considered to be a position of status such as director.
If you are meeting with businessmen who are not fundamentalist, you may
be able to take an active role in business discussions. If so, establish
yourself as an expert quickly. In many cases, however, a businesswoman
may have more success communicating in writing and allowing a male
colleague to speak for her at meetings.
A businesswoman may come in contact with businessmen who do not wish

to conduct business with a woman. Should this occur, it is essential to
remain polite and deferential. If you lose your temper, you will lose
credibility. Low key, tact, and diplomacy can go a long way in promoting
good working relationships. Although Algerians understand the need for
foreign investment, they are very sensitive to any slights, real or imagined.
It is especially important for businesswomen to maintain composure at all
times.
Modify your speech pattern if you come from a culture that is direct and to
the point. Arabic is a language of hyperbole. Algerians generally have an
emotional, indirect, circular, and ambiguous speech pattern. Although you
do not want to mirror their speech, it is a good idea to include more
adverbs and adjectives.
Unless a businesswomans role has been clearly defined before her arrival,
Algerian men will defer to the men on the team. If the businesswoman is
not the team leader, arranging with the team to have certain questions
deferred to her will enhance her credibility.
View of Foreigners
For the most part, Algerians are welcoming to foreigners. However, politics
and geography can impact this. In general, it is important to show respect
to the local culture and religion.
Since an Algerian's personal honor is of paramount importance, it is vital

that you do not say or do anything that could embarrass an Algerian,
especially in public.
Cross Culture Tips
The following cultural observations are based on the dimensions in the

ICAM169; Cultural Model. They are designed to help you work and
understand people from other cultural backgrounds.
Please keep in mind that not all people from any given culture act the
same, but in order to describe cultural traits, we had to make
generalizations, which may not apply in some cases. Perhaps the most
important tip we can provide is that when interacting across cultures, you
need to approach every situation with an understanding of the basic tenets
of a given culture and yet remain alert to the specific cultural signals you
receive in each situation and adjust your behavior and expectations
accordingly.
Hierarchical vs. Egalitarian

The defining characteristics of this dimension are:
How society is structured

How power is allocated or earned
Tolerance for social mobility
How organizations are structured and run
The amount of responsibility and control employees are given
Algeria is hierarchical, so when interacting with people from Algeria, you

should remember the following tips:
Whether you are managing a corporate team or a household staff,

you will need to give clear, explicit directions regarding duties,
deadlines, and decisions.
As a manager or employer, you will be expected to demonstrate an
authoritative leadership style.
Do not expect employees to display individual initiative; they expect
to take direction from the leader.
Be aware that people expect to be treated differently based on their
socio-economic backgrounds or levels in the organization. Dont
expect meetings or social functions to involve people from multiple

levels.
Show the appropriate level of deference and respect, through
language and behavior, to the more senior members of society and
the organization.
Expect to encounter more bureaucracy in organizations and
government agencies.
Interpersonal vs. Transactional relationships

What constitutes a relationship

What are the expectations
Whether trust is deemed critical to building social or business
relationships
What takes precedence in making a business decision: the people
involved or other more objective business criteria
The pace and degree of formalized rituals in building new
relationships
The appropriateness of mixing business and pleasure, or
professional and personal lives
Algeria is an interpersonal, relationship-oriented culture. When you have

business or social interactions with people from Algeria, you will want to
remember these points:
Relationship building is important and tends to be somewhat formal

and ritualized.
In general, relationship building takes time and attention. In return,
once developed, relationships are long lived.
Expect to be asked personal questions. This is how locals learn more
about you as a person so that they can be learn if the type of person
with whom they want a relationship.
In a business situation, personal relationships, trust and familiarity will
likely take precedence over price and perhaps even efficiency.
Employing or giving favorable treatment to family members and
friends may be good business, and what may be considered to be
"nepotism" in your culture may be openly accepted.
There are expectations that people have of relationship-based
behavior, which may include going out after work to socialize,
entertaining at ones home or even inviting someone for the weekend
and while these may be seen as casual in your culture, they carry an
underlying assumption of friendship.
Indirect vs. Direct Communication

The relative importance of verbal vs. non-verbal communication

The degree of directness or subtlety in the language
The relative importance of contextual versus tactical information in

conveying a message
The need to maintain harmony and dignity when communicating
The degree to which a society uses conciseness and clarity versus
eloquent language when communicating
Algeria is an indirect communication culture. The following tips will give you
clues about how you might handle communication with people from
Algeria:
Non-verbal gestures are important to enhance the meaning and

acceptance of the words being spoken.
Adding some context, background information, and dialog are
important to assure understanding.
Eloquence in verbal communication and meticulous preparation of
written or visual communication forms are highly valued.
Take care when making introductions to have a respectful, even
deferential demeanor.
Show you are considering the subject thoroughly when a topic is
presented.
Fluid vs. Controlled Time

The degree to which people feel that they can control time
The relative importance of relationships vs. schedules
Attitudes towards timekeeping and punctuality
Comfort level with short range vs. longer term planning
The feasibility / appropriateness of assigning set times for social
functions or business meetings to start and finish
Algeria is a Fluid Time culture. The following tips will give you clues about
how you may best interact with people from Algeria around time issues:
Time schedules and deadlines are not necessarily considered final.

Tending to relationships may be more important.
Given their exposure to global business standards, people generally
know that foreigners value promptness and they may strive to
comply. This may be less pronounced when meeting with
government officials.
There is generally a large window of accepted lateness for social
events in someones house.
It may be rude to interrupt a colleague who is taking a long time to
deliver a message, and brevity to maintain time schedules is not
considered a virtue.
External vs. Internal Control

The degree to which people feel they control their environment and
destiny-or the degree to which they feel their environment and
destiny control them
Openness to change and innovation
The preference for rules and structure
Willingness to take risks
The degree to which organizational practices encourage and reward
initiative and risk taking, and allow failure
Algeria is an External Control society. When interacting with people from

Algeria, you should remember the following tips:
People in these societies are typically quite risk averse and the
society is not readily forgiving of failure.
People in this society look for strong, directive leadership.
Management is often paternalistic and care-taking towards
employees.
Don't expect changes to be readily embraced and be prepared for
considerable resistance even after youve been able to demonstrate
the value of a proposed change.
While employees and colleagues in Algeria may show a great deal of
competence, dont be surprised if they dont show much initiative.
When introducing initiatives, be prepared for considerable discussion
and debate and other actions that demonstrate resistance.
Balance vs. Status Motivation

The importance and value attached to professional vs. personal lives

How status and success are defined by a society
The presence or absence of government-sponsored initiatives
relating to family welfare benefits
The source of an individual's identity and self-esteem
Tolerance for blurring the lines between professional and personal
lives
Algeria is a Balance-Motivation culture. When interacting with people from

Algeria, you should remember the following tips:
Individuals value their personal and family time.

Personal identity, status and sense of personal accomplishment are
derived from family, education and pursuits outside of the workplace.
Employees see a clear distinction between work time and personal
time and rarely blur those lines.
Family obligations will take precedence over professional loyalties or
advancement.
People are reluctant to permanently relocate and leave family and
friends.
Formal vs. Informal

The importance of appearance and demeanor as an indicator of

status
The importance of protocol and etiquette
The appropriate use of titles, surnames and honorifics
The appropriateness of discussing personal matters at work
Appropriate ways of meeting people, building relationships and
entertaining
Algeria is a formal society. When you interact with people from Algeria:
Address people by their appropriate title and name. Do not move to

first-name basis until invited.
In general, it is best to use the formal tense when using the local
language.
Status is important and you may be judged on the image you present,
the clothes you wear and where you live and what car you drive.
These external cues matter to locals.
Do not ask personal questions in a social setting unless you have
developed a close relationship with someone. Check to be certain it
is proper to use social functions to network.
Check with a colleague or local national about rules of protocol and
etiquette about specific circumstances since being correct with
etiquette is important.
Group vs. Individual

The source of an individual's identity and loyalties

The relative importance of the individual versus the group
Whether legal systems will protect the rights of the individual or focus
on the group as a whole
Whether individuals prefer to work alone or be part of a group
Whether work teams operate as a seamless entity or as cooperating
individuals
The value of individual contributions vs. teamwork in accomplishing
and rewarding business goals
The roles and responsibilities of individuals to other family members
The appropriate levels of self-assertion and self-promotion within a
society
Algeria is group-oriented culture. The following will help you when you
interact with people from Algeria:
People value their role as a team member and identify themselves

first as part of a group, then as an individual.
They may be uncomfortable if too much focus is placed on them
individually.
In general, people will consult with others before stating their opinion.
Individuals are not generally comfortable taking credit for their
accomplishments, preferring the praise to be given to the entire
group.
Promotions tend to be based on seniority and relationships rather
than performance.
Individuals feel a strong sense of responsibility for family members.
Decision making may be a slow process since consensus is
important. Once a decision is reached, implementation may be quite
rapid.
Country Overview
The People
Arabic is spoken by over 80% of the population. The rest of population

speaks various Berber dialects with Arabic as a second language. French
colonialism left French as the second language of many educated
Algerians. The Tuareg tribes in the south of the country speak two Berber
dialects.
The majority of the population is of Berber descent. The other significant

ethnic group is Arab, although centuries of integration have made the two
groups practically indistinguishable. The European population has declined
from over one million before independence to less than 50,000.
The large Berber minority has spawned an anti-Arab, anti-Islamic

separatist nationalist movement. With the harsh suppression of democracy
in 1991, Islamic fundamentalists turned to violence, often targeting Berber
separatists.
After a century of rule by France, Algeria became independent in 1962.
Nationality:
Noun: Algerian(s)
Adjective: Algerian
Population:
40,263,711 (July 2016 est.)
Population growth rate:

1.77% (2016 est.)
Ethnic groups:
Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%
Note: Although almost all Algerians are Berber in origin (not Arab), only a
minority identify themselves as Berber, about 15% of the total population;
these people live mostly in the mountainous region of Kabylie east of
Algiers; the Berbers are also Muslim but identify with their Berber rather
than Arab cultural heritage; Berbers have long agitated, sometimes
violently, for autonomy; the government is unlikely to grant autonomy but
has offered to begin sponsoring teaching Berber language in schools
Religions:
Muslim (official; predominantly Sunni) 99%, other (includes Christian and
Jewish) <1% (2012 est.)
Languages:
Arabic (official), French (lingua franca), Berber or Tamazight (official);
dialects include Kabyle Berber (Taqbaylit), Shawiya Berber (Tacawit),
Mzab Berber, Tuareg Berber (Tamahaq)
Source: The World Factbook
Cities & Regions
Algeria has four distinct parallel geographical regions running east to west.
The Tell region extends along the northern coastal area. It is a narrow
discontinuous coastal strip where the large majority of the population
resides. It is comprised of hills and fertile valleys that contain most of the
country's arable land. The southern perimeter of this region is bounded by
the Tell Atlas mountain range, which extends from the Moroccan frontier of
Cap Carbon to the east near Bijaya.
The second geographical region is a tableland interspersed with large

shallow basins that collect water during the rainy season, becoming dry
lakebeds or salt flats called chotts, or shotts, in the hot season. This region
extends on a southwest to northeast axis from east of shott ash-Shargui to
shott al-Hodna. The High Plateau is mostly a barren, arid wasteland,
although its western area is known for its abundance of esparto grass, a
needlegrass which grows in the deserts of North Africa and which is an
age-old material used for making ropes, sandals, baskets and other
traditional items.
The third geographical region, the Saharan Atlas, is formed from three
mountain chains: the Jebal Amor in the southwest; the Jebal Awlad Nail in
the center and the Monts du Zab in the northeast. The Saharan Atlas
receives contains large areas of pastureland.
The fourth and largest region is the Sahara Desert, which covers 90% of
the country. This is mostly a desolate flatland covered with gravel, but
there are wide expanses of sand desert composed of two 'uruq, or dune
chains, called the Great Western 'Irq and the Great Eastern 'Irq. At the
Sahara's geographical center is a volcanic highland. Jebel Tahat is the
highest peak in Algeria (9,852 ft/ 3,003 m). There are scattered oasis
settlements throughout the Sahara where dates are cultivated and small-
scale farming is carried out.
Algiers is the capital city of Algeria and the most important Mediterranean
port of northwest Africa. It is located on the Mediterranean coast, set
against forested mountains and overlooking a bay. Once one of the most
romantic cities in Africa, encompassed by the legendary whitewashed
Casbah, Algiers is now a major modernized city.
The modern city consists of the French-built new town with wide
boulevards and the cultural trappings of colonialism as well as the city's
educational institutions including the University of Algiers. The Casbah, or
old city, forms the upper part of Algiers. It contains labyrinthine
passageways and a walled fortress.
Oran is Algeria's second largest city as well as one of the country's busiest
ports and a major trading and industrial center. The town was founded by
Andalusian seamen in 937 and flourished under Zianid rule, developing
strong trading ties with Spain, which eventually led to Spanish occupation.
The city was later occupied by the French colonial army. During the second
part of the 19th century, the European influence over the city became
manifest in new construction.
After independence in 1962, European residents abandoned the city. It

took years for the city to revive, but today Oran has regained its place as
one of Algeria's most important cities.
Government
Country name:
Conventional long form: People's Democratic Republic of Algeria

Conventional short form: Algeria
Local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Jaza'iriyah ad Dimuqratiyah ash
Sha'biyah
Local short form: Al Jaza'ir
Note: the country name derives from the city of Algiers
Government type:
Presidential republic
Capital:
Algiers
Independence:
5 July 1962 (from France)
Legal system:
Mixed legal system of French civil law and Islamic law; judicial review of
legislative acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of various public
officials including several Supreme Court justices
More Government Information
Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members in Algeria

https://www.cia.gov/
An online directory of leaders updated weekly by the Central Intelligence
Agency.
Background Note: Algeria

http://www.state.gov/
An overview of government and political conditions published by the U.S.
Department of State.
Links to Government Web Sites

http://www.gksoft.com/
A comprehensive directory of Algeria government Web sites.
Economy
Currency:
Algerian dinar (DZD)
Economy - overview:
Algeria's economy remains dominated by the state, a legacy of the

country's socialist postindependence development model. In recent years
the Algerian Government has halted the privatization of state-owned
industries and imposed restrictions on imports and foreign involvement in
its economy.
Hydrocarbons have long been the backbone of the economy, accounting

for roughly 60% of budget revenues, 30% of GDP, and over 95% of export
earnings. Algeria has the 10th-largest reserves of natural gas in the world
and is the sixth-largest gas exporter. It ranks 16th in oil reserves.
Hydrocarbon exports have enabled Algeria to maintain macroeconomic
stability and amass large foreign currency reserves and a large budget
stabilization fund available for tapping. In addition, Algeria's external debt is
extremely low at about 2% of GDP. However, Algeria has struggled to
develop non-hydrocarbon industries because of heavy regulation and an

emphasis on state-driven growth.
The government's efforts have done little to reduce high youth

unemployment rates or to address housing shortages. A wave of economic
protests in February and March 2011 prompted the Algerian Government
to offer more than $23 billion in public grants and retroactive salary and
benefit increases, moves which continue to weigh on public finances. Since
late 2014, declining oil prices forced the government to spend down its
reserves at a high rate in order to sustain social spending on salaries and
subsidies, particularly since the government has been unable to boost
exports of hydrocarbons or significantly grow its nonoil sector. In 2015, the
Algerian Government imposed further restrictions on imports in an effort to
reduce withdrawals from its foreign exchange reserves. The Government
also increased the value-added tax on electricity and fuel, but said it would
address subsidies at a later date.
Long-term economic challenges include diversifying the economy away

from its reliance on hydrocarbon exports, bolstering the private sector,
attracting foreign investment, and providing adequate jobs for younger
Algerians
Industries:
Petroleum, natural gas, light industries, mining, electrical, petrochemical,
food processing
Exports - partners:
Spain 18.8%, France 11.2%, US 8.8%, Italy 8.7%, UK 7.1%, Brazil 5.2%,
Tunisia 4.9%, Germany 4.5% (2015)
Geography & Climate
Location:
Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Morocco and
Tunisia
Area:
Total: 2,381,741 sq km
Land: 2,381,741 sq km
Water: 0 sq km
Land boundaries:
Total: 6,734 km
Border countries: Libya 989 km, Mali 1,359 km, Mauritania 460 km,
Morocco 1,900 km, Niger 951 km, Tunisia 1,034 km, Western Sahara 41
km
Coastline:
998 km
Climate:
Arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier
with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot,
dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer
Terrain:
Mostly high plateau and desert; some mountains; narrow, discontinuous
coastal plain
Elevation extremes:
Lowest point: Chott Melrhir -40 m
Highest point: Tahat 3,003 m
Natural hazards:
Mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; mudslides and floods in
rainy season
Environment - current issues:

Soil erosion from overgrazing and other poor farming practices;
desertification; dumping of raw sewage, petroleum refining wastes, and
other industrial effluents is leading to the pollution of rivers and coastal
waters; Mediterranean Sea, in particular, becoming polluted from oil
wastes, soil erosion, and fertilizer runoff; inadequate supplies of potable
water
Geography - note:
Largest country in Africa
History Overview
The first Algerian kingdom was

established by Berber chieftains during
the Punic Wars. Over time, the country
was invaded by the Romans (148 BC to
the 3rd century AD); the Vandals (5th
6th century); and the Arabs (7th century).
Piracy along the Barbary Coast led to
Spanish occupation of several ports, thus
forcing out the Muslims. The Spanish were driven out by the
Ottomans.
In 1815, the USA navy attacked Algiers and forced a treaty banning
piracy against American ships. With continued attacks against
European ships, the British and Dutch joined together, almost

completely destroying the Algerian fleet in 1816.
The French occupied Algeria in 1830. They attempted to modernize
the country by imposing European-style culture, infrastructure,
economy, education, industry, and government.
An Algerian nationalist movement began between the two World
Wars. French proposed concessions were blocked by the National
Assembly because colonials resisted reforms giving Muslims equal
rights. The nationalists formed a militant anti-French party in 1939
(Friends of the Manifesto and Liberty), which combined Islamic and
Communist factions.
In March 1954, Ahmed Ben Bella and Algerian exiles formed a
revolutionary committee that became the center of the National
Liberation Front (FLN). On November 1st, the FLN declared war on
the French by attacking government and military buildings.
In 1958, colonials and French army officers joined forces against the
French government. A ceasefire was negotiated in March 1962. Most
colonials evacuated by the end of the year. The Evian Accords were
signed in 1962, giving Algeria independence and French aid to
rebuild the infrastructure.
Ahmed Ben Bella was elected president in 1962. In 1965, Defense
Minister Houari Bourmedienne staged a coup d'etat and formed a 26-
member Council of Revolution. During his reign, he launched rapid
industrialization.
The government's repressive secularism and one-party rule led to
widespread rioting in 1985. Benejedid initiated reforms and tried to
privatize some industries.
A new constitution reduced the role of the FLN, allowed limited
political opposition, and reduced the role of the army. Islamic activism
brought the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) to power in 1990. The FIS-
controlled parliament forced Benjedid to resign.
The first multi-party parliamentary elections were held in December
1991. When the FIS won by a landslide, the FLM intervened. Three
days before the second ballot took place, the army cancelled the
election. This led to years of civil war.
The 1995 elections promised democracy. A new constitution was
enacted in 1996 that banned political parties based on religion or
language. This led to an increase of violence.
In April 2001, the death of a teenager in police custody led to clashes
between security forces and Berber protestors. In May, the Berber
party (Rally for Culture and Democracy, withdrew from the
government protesting the handling of the riots.
In September 2005, the government agreed to amnesty for the 1992
killings. In October 2005, the government granted the Berber
language official status.
A six-month amnesty began in March 2006. Militants who
surrendered were to be pardoned for most crimes. Rabah Kebir,
leader of the banned Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) returned from exile
in September 2006, urging rebels to disarm. The army increased their
offensive against Islamist militants in March 2007.
In June 2008, President Bouteflika named Ouyahia as prime minister,
replacing Abdelaziz Belkhadem. In November, the government
allowed Bouteflika to run for a third term.
In January 2011, there were protests over food prices and

unemployment. The government ordered price cuts on basic
foodstuffs. Protests continued. In February, Bouteflika lifted a 19-year
state of emergency. In April, he created a committee to suggest
constitutional changes to reinforce democracy. In September,
Bouteflika ended state monopoly over radio and TV.
Security alert levels were heightened in November 2012 due to
foreign intervention against Islamists in Mali.
Foreign hostages were killed by Islamist militants during a four-day
siege in January 2013 at the Amenas gas plant, a joint venture
between BP and Norway's Statoil and the Algerian state energy firm
Sonatrach.
We recommend these resources for historical information
Algeria - A Brief History

http://www.aaa-nc.org
A brief history of Algeria prepared by the Algerian American Association.
Country Information
Embassies
Public Holidays
Social Etiquette
Meeting People
Algerian greetings are cordial, lengthy, and prolonged. People take time to
converse about their families, friends, the weather, and other general
topics. The most common form of greeting between people of the same
sex is the handshake. Holding the hand after the initial handshake is a sign
of sincerity. Once a relationship has developed, members of the same sex
may kiss on both cheeks, starting with the left cheek while shaking hands.
When a man is greeting a woman, it is best to nod unless the

woman extends her hand. A man should not make prolonged eye contact
with a woman during the greeting process. Religious men do not shake
hands with members of the opposite sex.
Since this is a hierarchical society, elders are greeted first. To demonstrate

respect, younger people may address their elders as "aunt" or "uncle".
Titles are important in Algeria because they denote respect. When

introduced, call the person by their honorific, professional, or academic title
and their surname. The title may be said in either French or English.
French titles may be used with Arabic names, but English titles seldom are.
When using Arabic titles, they are joined with the first rather than the
surname. Common titles are "doctor", "professor", and "lawyer" in English
or "docteur", "professeur", and "avocat" in French.
The most common Arabic greeting is "marhaban bikoum" ("hello to you") or

"Ahlah wa sahlan" ("may your way be easy").
At small gatherings, expect your host to introduce you to each guest

individually, starting with the eldest. If your host is otherwise engaged, ask
someone you know to make the introductions. This is not a society where
you may introduce yourself. Take time for small talk with each person
before moving on to the next person. Say good-bye to each person
individually when leaving, again starting with the eldest.
Algerian Naming Conventions

Algerian names depict the persons lineage. Many people have three
names.
The first is the personal name and is what someone is most usually
called.
Men typically have the connector "ibn" or "bin" and their fathers
name, while women use the connector "bint" and their fathers name
for their second name.
This is often followed by a name that denotes their family line.
Gift Giving
In general, Algerians are warm and hospitable people who enjoy giving
gifts to family and friends. Gifts need not be expensive. This is a relatively
poor country, and giving a gift that is more expensive than the level of
friendship warrants could be seen as an attempt to garner influence. This is
a culture where it is the thought that matters.
Here are some general gift giving guidelines (but also check to be sure
they are permitted under company policy):
If you are invited to an Algerians home, bring pastries, fruit, or

flowers to the host.
Red or pink roses or tulips make good gifts.

Avoid giving violets as they symbolize sadness.
A small gift for the children will be appreciated.
Do not bring alcohol unless you know that your host drinks.
Gifts are not opened when received.
Gifts are given with two hands.
Entertaining
How Algerians Entertain

Algerians are quite hospitable and prefer to entertain close friends in their
homes. Many Algerians adhere to Islamic traditions and entertain men and
women in separate rooms.
Invitations to the home are considered an honor. If you must turn down an
invitation, it is important to offer the reason why you cannot accept, or you
risk insulting the host. It is a good idea to verify if your spouse is included in
the invitation, as it may not be the case.
If you are invited to an Algerians house:
Check to see if you should remove your shoes.

Arrive within 15 minutes of the appointed time.
Dress as you would in the office. Dressing well demonstrates respect
towards your hosts.
Shake hands with each guest individually.
A woman may offer to help the hostess with the preparation or
clearing up after a meal is served. The request will most likely be
declined, but the offer will be appreciated.
The home is private. Do not ask for a tour.
You will be offered something to eat or drink. It is considered impolite
to refuse.
Send a handwritten thank you note to your hosts the following day.
Although not required, it marks you as someone of breeding with
excellent manners.
Table Manners
Since their culture is a combination of French and Arabic, Algerians are
relatively formal and believe good table manners are a sign of respect.
When in doubt, watch what others are doing and emulate their behavior.
There are several types of dining styles:

Low couches around a big table
Mats on the floor around a low table
Western-style table with chairs.
You will be expected to wash your hands before and after the meal.
Cutlery is generally only used for certain dishes. Other food is eaten
by hand. Couscous is eaten with a tablespoon while stew is eaten
with a fork.
Only use the right hand for eating.
Keep your left hand in your lap when eating.

Do not begin eating until the host says "Bismi Allah" ("in the name of
god").
Meals are generally served family-style, with the eldest served first.
If there are no serving utensils, you may scoop the food with a piece
of bread or the thumb and first two fingers of your right hand.
Expect to be urged to take more food. Providing an abundance of
food is a sign of hospitality.
When you have eaten your fill, you will need to emphatically turn
down more food several times before your host believes you.
Leave some food on your plate when you have finished eating. This
indicates that your hosts have provided sufficient hospitality.
When the meal is finished, say "El hamduli Allah" ("praise be to god")
and wash your hands again.
Tea is generally served at the end of the meal.
It is considered polite to remain for about two hours after the meal is
finished.
Dining Out
Most restaurants add a service charge to the bill so tipping is optional and
is generally only given to reward superior service. If there is no service
charge, tip between 10 and 15% depending upon the quality of the service.
Alcoholic beverages are generally served in restaurants and hotels in

urban areas. Algeria exports much of the wine they produce.
The person who extends the invitation generally pays. Algerians pride
themselves on being hospitable, so even if you have extended the
invitation, there may be some haggling over the check. Making payment
arrangements in advance can avoid this situation.
There are many French-style cafs in Algeria, where men enjoy sipping
coffee and conversing with friends. In Algiers, women may go to cafs with
other women, but in more rural areas, women should avoid them.
Tipping
The following tipping hints are guidelines. You can find more explicit
information on restaurant tipping in the Dining Out section above.
Restaurants: 10 15%
Porters: $1 per bag
Taxis: Round up
Approach to Time
Most Algerians see time as something that is fluid that adjusts to

circumstances. They view personal relationships as more important than
time and would not want to rush someone to finish a conversation merely
so that they would not be late for their next appointment. At the same time,
they will not rush you in order to be on time for another appointment.
Conversation Topics
Algerians are extremely hospitable and will gladly converse on a wide

range of topics. As with other Islamic countries, it is best to avoid the
subjects of religion, the female members of the family, Middle Eastern
politics, or other contentious issues. It is also best to avoid raising the
subject of relations with France or the French. Safe topics include soccer,
the beauty of the country, the quality of the food, your travels, or the
weather.
Algerians do not require a great deal of personal space when conversing. If

you back away, you may give offense or the person may step forward to
close the gap.
In general, Algerians frequently touch friends while conversing. It is a good

idea to allow your Algerian counterpart to be the first to initiate this level of
personal contact.
Other Situations
Bargaining is an ingrained part of the culture. With the exception of

supermarkets, expect to bargain in stores.
Algerian women enjoy having friends visit in the afternoon, generally

between 3 and 6 p.m. Until a close relationship has developed, it is a good
idea to telephone in advance rather than drop in without an invitation. Men
enjoy having friends visit on Friday or public holidays. Again, unless you
have a close relationship, it is best to telephone your intentions before
arriving.
Be cautious when complimenting something an Algerian owns. Their need

to show a generous spirit and be hospitable to a guest may make them
attempt to give the object to you. It is safer to compliment the overall dcor
of the home rather than a portable object.
Algerians are respectful of hierarchy and pay particular deference to their

elders:
Stand when an elder enters or leaves the room

Defer to an elders opinion, especially in public
Allow the eldest person in the group to be the spokesman
Faux Pas
Keep in mind the following behavior while in Algeria:
Do not point your finger at a person or object.

Avoid public displays of affection with members of the opposite sex.
Do not point the soles of your feet or shoes at anyone.
Do not photograph anyone without permission.
Women should not make eye contact with men they do not know.
Avoid public displays of wealth.
Avoid driving at night except in urban areas. You may encounter
bandit roadblocks.
Communication
Communication Essentials
Algerians are somewhat direct in their communication style; however, they

are not confrontational. They strive for communication that maintains the
honor of both the speaker and the listener. Such face-saving is considered
kind.
Personal and family honor are inexorably linked. Making a statement that
impugns someone is views as an attack of the entire family. Given this, it is
best not to publicly criticize an Algerian. To be diplomatic, find an
intermediary to handle uncomfortable discussions.
As with most high context cultures, Algerians may pay more attention to
eye contact, facial expressions, tone of voice, and body language than they
do the spoken word. To avoid bringing dishonor to another, Algerians can
be evasive when speaking about contentious issues. If you come from a
culture with direct communication is prized, you may want to temper your
speech to avoid making blunt statements that could cause the listener to
lose face.
Although the Algerian speech pattern is not as flowery as in many Arab

countries, Algerians often use exaggerated phrases or repetition to
emphasize a point.
Algerians strive to control their temper publicly, although they can be

emotive speakers, especially when excited. If they feel humiliated or that
their personal honor has been challenged, they may raise their voices or
employ sweeping hand gestures.
Communication styles change with the relationship. When conversing with

someone senior to themselves in age or position, formal, neutral language
is used whereas when speaking with colleagues, first names and a more
casual tone may be used.
As a general rule, if speaking French, use the formal form of "you" ("vous")
until you are invited to move to the informal "tu".
Key Words/Phrases
Arabic is the official language of Algeria. French, Berber, and in some
cases Spanish or English may also be spoken in business.
English Arabic French

Yes Na'am Oui
No La'a Non
Hello as-salaam-alaikum Bonjour
Goodbye ma'assalama Au revoir
Thank you Shokran Merci
Please Min Fadlak S'il vous plat
Spoken Key Phrases

http://klamdialna.blogspot.com
The Arabic alphabet, pronunciation guide, spoken phrases, and links to
more information.
Language Related Videos

http://www.youtube.com
A video featuring the top 100 useful phrases in Arabic.
http://www.youtube.com
A video series featuring hundreds of Arabic lessons from beginning to
advanced levels.
Using Translators
Take care in selecting a translator and develop an early understanding of
what you expect--specifically, the translation must be exact, rather than
what the translator thinks each party wants to hear.
To be on the safe side you may want to meet with the translator prior to
your appointments so that the person learns your accent and can be
exposed to any technical or non-familiar terms that may be used.
Developing a thorough relationship with your translator enables them to
argue your points with a level of confidence they might not otherwise have.
Have your translator explain to you the most elementary of basic
courtesies.
Non-Verbal Language
Algerians stand extremely close when speaking to someone of the same

gender. However, they increase the space considerably when speaking to
someone of the opposite sex. Do not attempt to move to a distance that is
more comfortable as it may make the Algerian uncomfortable.
Eye contact is critical while conversing, because glancing away can be

viewed as lack of interest in the discussion or even lack of respect towards
the speaker.
Algerians often touch others while conversing to enhance communication.

However they do not use sweeping hand gestures and feel more careful
when others restrain their hand movements.
When you are interacting with someone of the opposite sex, try to find the
right balance between standing too close and not close enough, and
between maintaining eye contact so you appear trustworthy and not too
much so you don't seem provocative.
Do not make a fist with one hand and bang the flat of your hand on top of
it. That is a sign of denigration of the Prophet Mohammed.
The right hand held up with the palm facing away from the body and the
fingers waving up and down indicates wanting a person to approach.
Mail & Telephone
Letters/Email
Written communication generally follows a formal and stylistic approach.
Addressing a letter by using the persons honorific or professional title and
their full name demonstrates respect.
Since successful business relies on strong personal relationships, it is a

good idea to begin your letter with a warm introduction. The final paragraph
should again include a personal statement and wishes for the good health
of the recipient.
As with verbal communication, written communication should be in Arabic

or French. In Algiers, French is more prevalent, whereas in the western
part of the country (Oran) is often used and in the north and south where
Arabic are more common. It is a good idea, therefore, to confirm the
preferred language before sending a letter.
It is a good idea to make liberal use of words that convey respect such as
"kind", "honor", "appreciate", "consideration" and "help". Use short, clear
sentences. Avoid using slang, jargon, or idioms, since they are readily
understood.
If you are writing to introduce your company, include eloquent phrases

such as "your esteemed company" and "let us have the privilege of
introducing ourselves" since this demonstrates respect towards the reader.
When writing to a company that you have not done business with
previously, it is best to address the letter to the head of the company. The
letter should come from somewhat at a similar level in your organization.
Algerians expect and appreciate frequent communication since it furthers

the business relationship. Therefore, it is a good idea to write frequently,
even if simply to inquire about the persons health and wellbeing.
Letters should not be used to present a proposal.
Email communication becoming more accepted, although it is not prevalent

outside of international companies. If you choose this medium, it is crucial
to use a proper salutation including the persons title and a warm, personal
closing. As with business letters, it is a good idea to include a personal
paragraph before the business question.
Telephone
Since Algerians like to remain in contact with business associates, the
telephone should be used frequently after the initial face-to-face meeting
as a means of maintaining the personal relationship.
When speaking, remember to modulate your speaking voice and enunciate

your words carefully. Do not immediately begin speaking about the matter
at hand. Small talk is important as it fosters the personal relationship so
necessary to conduct business.
Presentations
Handouts:
Limit graphics to abstract images so that you do not inadvertently

cause offense.
Have both the executive summary and main points available in
French and Arabic.
If this is the first time you have done business with a specific
company, include handouts with detailed information about your
company.
High quality paper gives a good impression.
Give out during the presentation or afterwards; not in advance.
Have more handouts than the size of the audience you expect.
Presentation Slides/PowerPoint:
Audio-visual aids should be logically laid out and pleasing to the eye.
Limit graphics to abstract images so that you do not inadvertently
cause offense.
Keep A/V slides simple and easy to read. If there is too much info,
you may lose your audience.
To emphasize a point, intersperse charts and graphs with written
material.
Use diagrams and pictures when possible rather than words.
Simple charts or working on a flip-chart may be more effective than
the latest gimmicks in visual aids. Glitzy computer presentations may
work to your disadvantage.
Audience:
Generally technical experts and/or managers.

Decision makers may not be present. They will be briefed by
someone who was at the presentation and given the handouts.
May be late. Stragglers often arrive after the presentation starts.
Side conversations are common.
Mobile phones are answered, even if you ask the audience to turn
them off.
Presenter:
Ask in advance if the French or Arabic should be used for the

presentation.
Learn the traditional greeting in Arabic.
Limit the presentation to 30 minutes or less.
Greet each member of the audience as they arrive.
Provide coffee and sweets; allow time for the audience to mingle.
Establish a personal rapport with the audience before beginning the
presentation.
If you dont speak French or Arabic fluently, hire an interpreter.
If you use an interpreter, spend time with the person prior to the
meeting so that they become familiar with both the material and your
speech pattern.
Status is determined by non-verbal behavior; strive to appear self-
confident and poised.
Avoid slouching and pacing, which give the impression you are not
an expert.
Do not toy with your papers or give visible signs of discomfort. Self-
confidence equals trustworthiness.
Speak slowly, summarize key points often, and pause frequently.
If you use expressive hand gestures, do not make a fist with one
hand and bang the flat of your hand on top of it. That is a sign of
denigration of the Prophet Mohammed.
Do not appear condescending or sound as if you are there to teach
the Algerians. It is better to say something to the effect that you "hope
to cooperate with them to make this project a success".
Opening the Presentation:
Thank your hosts for their abundant hospitality.

Thank the audience for attending.
Capture the audiences attention quickly and then move on to the
main points.
Avoid giving a long monologue, since the audience will lose interest
quickly.
Presentations should be brief and to the point, focusing on the big
picture.
Maintain good eye contact to show sincerity.
Body of the Presentation:
Provide background and context that leads back to the big picture.
Repeat key points in many different ways throughout the
presentation.
Use imagery, analogy and repetition to create visual images for the
audience.
Explain how your solution/product/service benefits the audience or
their company.
Present only as much detail as needed to fully explain the big picture.
Closing the Presentation:
Provide a concise summary that distills the key points a final time.
Thank the hosts.
Thank the audience.
Open the floor for a Q&A session.
Be available after the Q&A to handle questions that someone prefers
to ask in a face-to-face situation.
Be tactful when voicing a conflicting opinion. Do not contradict
someone in public and do not raise your voice or be too direct.
Date/Time
Date
When using the Gregorian calendar, dates are generally written in the day,
month, and year format with either periods or slashes between each
number. If the day or month is less than 10, Algerians do not use leading
zeroes. The year is written as four digits. Example: July 9, 2011 could be
written 9.7.2011 or 9/7/2011.
When using the Islamic calendar, dates are written in the year, month and
day format.
Some multinational organizations adopt the date format used in their

headquarter country.
To ensure there is no confusion, you may want to spell out the name of the
month. This leaves no ambiguity as to what is the day and what is the
month.
Time
The 24-hour clock is a timekeeping convention where the time of a day is
the number of hours since midnight. The 12-hour clock divides the day into
two periods (midnight to noon and noon to midnight), each with 12 hours.
Thus, 2 o'clock in the afternoon would be 14:00 in the 24-hour clock.
Algerians generally communicate using the 24-hour clock, although they

may use the 12-hour clock when speaking with foreigners.
Business Protocol
Meeting & Greeting
Shake hands when arriving and leaving.

Handshakes are somewhat prolonged and not especially firm.
Wait for an Algerian businesswoman to extend her hand. If she does
not, smile and nod, but avoid prolonged eye contact.
Religious men generally will not shake hands with members of the
opposite sex.
Greetings follow the Muslim protocol of extensive inquiries into ones
health and other social pleasantries. It is important not to rush this
process.
Algeria is a hierarchical society, therefore, using titles is important.
Address people using their professional or academic title and their
surname if using English or French titles. Arabic titles are appended
to the first name.
If they do not have a business or academic title, the honorific titles
Mister or Monsieur or Mrs. or Madame may be used.
Government officials may be addressed as "Excellency" without
using their name.
The professional title "Doctor" is used for both medical doctors and
Ph.D.s.
Wait to be invited before moving to a first name basis.
Business Cards
Business cards are given without formal ritual.

Have one side of your card translated into French or Arabic.
Present and receive business cards using two hands.
Present your card so the translated side faces the recipient.
Make a point of studying any business card you receive before

putting it into your business card case.
Business Attire
The way a businessperson dresses conveys their professional image and

their respect for the people with whom they conduct business. As such,
what we report is the conservative approach to business attire for a
country. Appropriate attire varies within countries based on location, event,
and individual organization culture. Some industries and companies may
have less stringent requirements. Before embarking on an international
trip, it is generally a good idea to check with the local office to determine
what the appropriate dress code is in a specific location.
Business attire is formal and conservative.

Men should wear dark-colored conservative business suits to the
initial meeting.
In the heat of the summer, it is often possible to dispense with the
suit jacket, although it is best to err on the side of formality for the
initial meeting or when meeting with government officials.
Algerian women generally wear dark-colored, loose-fitting business
suits and low-heel shoes.
It is recommended that women dress conservatively in skirts that
cover the knee and sleeves that cover most of the arm.
Businesspeople should not wear expensive accessories.
Gifts
Here are some general gift giving guidelines (but also check to be sure
they comply with company policy):
Although appreciated, business gifts are not part of the business

culture.
Business gifts may be given until the conclusion of the negotiations.
Giving something at the first meeting may be seen as trying to garner
influence.
Gifts should be small and not expensive.
Nice gifts include something from your home country or desk
accessories such as a pen and pencil set or a desk diary.
Gifts may include your company logo if it is discreet.
Business Entertaining
Business entertaining helps develop the personal relationship

necessary to conduct business.
Business is seldom discussed at meals. Wait for your host to initiate
the discussion; do not raise it yourself.
Algerians prefer to entertain at restaurants, cafs, or hotels.
The person extending the invitation usually pays. Even if you have
invited the other person, it may be difficult for you to pick up the bill
because the Algerian will want to appear hospitable.
If you want to play host, make payment arrangements in advance.
Even then, expect some haggling over the check.
Do not order an alcoholic beverage if your Algerian business
associate does not imbibe.
When you host a meal, urge your guests to help themselves to more
food. When you are the guest, expect to be prodded to eat more.
This demonstrates hospitality.
Business Hours
Government Offices: 8:00am-12:00noon; 2:00pm-5:00pm Sunday to

Thursday
Offices: 8:00am-12:00 noon; 1:00pm -4:30PM Sunday to Thursday
Banks: 9:00am-4:00pm Sunday to Thursday
Business Meetings
Meeting Essentials
Structure: Agendas and background materials are provided in

advance so key stakeholders have time to review the material.
Agendas may act as a springboard to further discussions.
Role of Leader: Calls meeting, agrees to the agenda, facilitates the
meeting, and sets the pace.
Purpose: With decision makers - finalize commitments or convey
overviews of proposal; when dealing with lower level or technical staff
- convey information.
Who attends: Key stakeholders, others who are interested in the
subject matter, sometimes the ultimate decision maker.
Who participates/speaks: Lower level or technical staff speak only
when spoken to and then only corroborate information. If the key
decision maker is not in the room, the person with the most
knowledge about the subject of the spokesperson.
As you would expect in a hierarchical culture, it is important to greet the

eldest or most senior Algerian first to demonstrate respect and deference.
Meetings generally start with extended pleasantries and getting-to-know-

you conversation, although this is not always the case. The best course of
action is to let the most senior Algerian initiate the business discussions.
The first meeting may be an introductory one where business is not

discussed. If so, this is an opportunity to describe your company and learn
about the Algerian company. You may enumerate your companys
accomplishments and track record in similar dealings and how they
benefited both companies.
Meetings are somewhat formal, although they may also be informal

depending upon the personal preferences of the people involved and the
amount of time they have known each other.
Meetings are frequently interrupted. In fact, it is rare to have a private

meeting. This is why some businesspeople prefer to hold meetings in
cafs. Decision makers often feel more inclined to speak frankly about a
topic if others are not present.
If you want to work from an agenda, send it as well as back-up materials in

advance so that your Algerian colleagues have sufficient time to consult
with the appropriate stakeholders. They will not feel bound by the agenda
and may use it as a springboard to other business discussions.
Business meetings with technical staff tend to brief and are generally used
to clarify issues. Only the most senior person is authorized to make
decisions and he will seldom do so at a meeting.
Expect to meet with several different groups within the same company so
that the ultimate decision maker receives varied input as to your character.
Algerian decision makers tend to have a wide network of people whose
opinions they seek. Since the culture holds personal honor at a premium, it
is imperative that they believe that you will not bring dishonor to them.
Scheduling Meetings
Appointments are necessary and should be made as far in advance as

possible. Since familial obligations often crop up without warning, confirm
the meeting when you arrive in the country, a day or two in advance, and
again the day of the meeting.
It is best to avoid scheduling meetings in July and August when the

summer heat is most intense. Workdays are shorter during Ramadan and
since Muslims cannot eat or drink during the day it is another time best
avoided. In general, morning meetings are preferred.
Try to arrive at meetings on time and be prepared to wait. Even if an

Algerian businessperson strives to arrive on time, it is often difficult for
them to do so in their relationship driven culture.
Agendas
If you send an agenda and presentation materials in advance, include

English, French, and Arabic versions.
It is a good idea to provide back-up materials when you send
suggested items for the agenda. This allows the Algerians to review
the material with others within the company who may not be present
at the meeting.
Agendas are not followed item-by-item.
Quite often the agenda provides a springboard to related topics.
Conducting Meetings
Algerians try to preserve their reputation so they avoid confrontation or

saying something that might embarrass the other person. It is important to
treat your Algerian business colleagues with utmost professionalism and
not to do anything that would diminish their reputation.
Although the Algerian speech pattern is not as flowery as many Arab

countries, Algerians often use exaggerated phrases to emphasize a point.
If you come from a culture with a more straightforward approach to
communication, you may want to temper your speech to avoid making
blunt statements that often sound harsh to Algerians and may cause the
listener to lose dignity and respect.
Performing favors indicates friendship. Therefore, Algerians feel obliged to

do something if asked by a friend. Since they generally do business with
people they consider friends, they have difficulty saying "no" to requests. It
is a good idea to agree to do a favor even if you do not think you will be
able to comply. Your Algerian colleague will understand that circumstances
intervened that made it impossible for you to oblige him and will appreciate
your initial willingness.
Algerians do not require a great deal of personal space. As such, they will
stand close to you while conversing and you may feel as if your personal
space has been violated. Do not back away, as your business colleague
will attempt to close the gap between the two of you and you may find
yourself backed up against a wall.
Algerians pride themselves on their hospitality. Expect to be served tea or

coffee at meetings. Declining the beverage may be viewed as a rejection of
the person. As in other Muslim countries, it is important that you accept all
offers of hospitality.
Do not remove your suit jacket unless invited to do so.
Meetings are seldom private. Expect frequent interruptions and strive not to
appear frustrated. After all, the person you are meeting with is merely
attending to existing personal relationships.
Management Styles
Relationships
Introductions are important in this relationship-driven culture. If you do not

know someone to provide this service, contact the Algerian Embassy in
your country, your countrys embassy in Algeria, the local chamber of
commerce, or you company's accounting firm.
Algerians prefer to do business with those they know and respect,

therefore expect to devote considerable time cultivating a personal
relationship before business is conducted. Initially, Algerians may appear
standoffish, but this demeanor changes once a relationship develops. Do
not attempt to rush the relationship-building process or you may jeopardize
potential business dealings.
Who you know is often more important than what you know, so network
and cultivate a number of contacts who may later be of assistance.
Socializing over a meal or coffee in a caf is a good way to develop a
personal relationship, since it allows your Algerian business associate to
get to know you as a person.
Exchanging favors is an important facet of relationships. If asked for a

favor, agree even if you think you may not comply. Your Algerian business
associate will understand that circumstances intervened and will recall that
you agreed.
To an Algerian, their personal honor is of paramount importance since it

impacts themselves as well as their family. Therefore, it is vital that you do
not say or do anything that could embarrass an Algerian, especially in
public.
Since Algerians judge people on appearances, stay in a high standard

hotel. Wearing good quality, conservative clothes marks you as a person of
status. Dressing appropriately demonstrates respect towards the person
with whom you are meeting.
As in most Middle Eastern cultures, Algerians' relationships are to a person

rather than the company they represent. If you leave the country, try to
introduce your replacement to your contacts so that you may vouch for
their expertise. This person will still have to develop his own relationships,
but you will have opened some doors.
Hiring family or friends is not viewed as nepotism, so you may find many
relatives working in the same company.
Management Essentials
If you were to think about the most important cultural attributes that you will
see operating in business in Algeria, they would be:
Hierarchical structure
Formal style
Group interests
Interpersonal relationships
Indirect communication
Due to the great importance of both hierarchy and personal honor, err on
the side of conservative behavior and demonstrate utmost deference to
position, age, and rank. This includes using appropriate titles when
addressing businesspeople and government officials.
Business is not rushed in Algeria and it is important to exercise patience

and restraint. Do not appear irritated by the time it takes to get things done.
Expect meetings to take a great deal of time since they are frequently
interrupted. It may require several meetings to accomplish what could be
handled by a telephone call elsewhere.
Take time to develop personal relationships before conducting business.

Consider the time involved an investment in future success.
Risk Tolerance
The view of risk is in transition in Algeria. Historically, the country had a low
risk and low change tolerant culture where the idea of change was not
received enthusiastically. This makes sense given the country's history of
conflict. In the government sector, there is a tendency to avoid decision
making in case it might later be shown to be incorrect. As such, there is a
tendency to pass the buck, especially among those who worked under the
socialist regime.
In small or family-owned companies, especially if they are run by a well-

educated younger people, the view of risk may be radically different. Such
individuals are often willing to accept calculated risks if they see a financial
advantage.
Schedules & Deadlines
Algeria is a fluid time culture where deadlines and schedules are viewed as
goals that can change to adjust to circumstances. There is a general belief
that what is not done today can be done tomorrow, which conforms to their
somewhat fatalistic view of life.
Since time is viewed as changeable and unmanageable, Algerians are

often reluctant to put deadlines or timelines in writing. This is changing as
more Generation Y (born 1980 2000) reach supervisory and managerial
positions.
If the deadline is perceived as important, Algerians' personal honor spurs

them on to achieve it within the accepted timeframe. Nonetheless, it is a
good idea to build in some slippage in any timetable to account for delays.
Then, stress the importance of the deadline and explain how failing to meet
it could negatively impact others within the organization.
Decision Making
Company Structure
Companies tend to be hierarchical, which makes sense given the years of
French rule. Newer companies, where the senior executives were raised
during the socialistic regimes, may have a more egalitarian approach.
Given the view that nepotism is a good thing, the organization chart may
not accurately detail the actual chain of command since it does not denote
personal relationships.
As the country desires more global trading, there is an increased interest in

adopting Western business practices.
Managing Employees
Managers delegate tasks to subordinates, who do not publicly question a
managers decisions because to do so would cause both parties to lose
face.
Managers do not publicly criticize employees because it would cause the

subordinate to lose dignity and respect.
Due to the need to maintain personal honor, a good manager speaks

privately with the employee if there is a performance issue. Since they
seek approval and acknowledgement, Algerians may be less willing to
accept criticism from non-Algerians.
As in other relationship-focused cultures, Algerians do not separate their

personal and work lives. Managers often adopt a paternalistic role with
their subordinates. They provide advice, listen to problems, and mediate

disputesboth business and personal.
Decision Making
As you would expect from a hierarchical culture, decisions are made at the
top of the company. In many cases, the decision maker consults with key
stakeholders to determine the consensus before reaching the ultimate
decision.
Since there is a risk to the decision maker's personal honor should the
decision be incorrect, decision making generally takes a great deal of time.
Various thoughts, opinions and facts must be evaluated from many angles.
Team Focus
Surprisingly for a collective culture, there is often reluctance to working on

a team, although employees willingly assist others in their work group.
When teams are used, roles are clearly delineated. Even then, there may
be competition within the team. It is the role of the leader to manage this
natural competition to be the best and to create an environment where the
members believe that they succeed only if the team does.
Many Algerians are hesitant to work on teams since they believe that it
takes away from their individual achievement. This can be a difficult hurdle
to overcome.
Negotiations
The social side of business is very important. Algerians must know and like
you to conduct business. Personal relationships are necessary for long-
term business.
Most companies are hierarchical. The highest ranking person makes

decisions, after obtaining group consensus of the major stakeholders.
Decisions are made slowly. Do not try to rush the process, as it would be
interpreted as an insult.
Most business dealings involve the government in some fashion, which

further lengthens the time involved since ministers of several departments
may be consulted.
Algerians are non-confrontational. They may agree in meetings rather than
cause you to diminish your reputation. They do not like to say "no" overtly.
Expect a fair amount of haggling. Algerians seldom see an offer as final.
Algerians often expect concessions on price and terms. Therefore, it is a

good idea to include a wide margin in your initial offer.
When granting a concession, do so with great reluctance and make it

conditional on a concession from your Algerian counterparts.
Do not remove your suit jacket without permission.
Even though Algerians can be deliberate and forceful negotiators do not

use high-pressure tactics.
Contracts should be detailed to avoid any misunderstandings.
In many industries, negotiators have specialized skills in that arena and

have executive level titles, but are not the ultimate decision makers. When
negotiating in small companies, you will likely negotiate with the decision
maker.
The most rigorous part of the negotiation often centers on administrative

issues such as customs clearance, taxes and transportation. Algerians
prefer that the foreign company is responsible for customs clearance, taxes
and transportation due to the complicated bureaucratic procedures.
Moving There
Advice and Tips for Moving
Customs Regulations
Entry Requirements
Getting Around
Getting There
Safety & Security
Emergency Numbers
Emergency Telephone Numbers

To reach emergency services from a local phone, dial:
Ambulance: 14
Fire: 14
Police: 17
Emergency Numbers
Emergency Telephone Numbers

To reach emergency services from a local phone, dial:
Ambulance: 14
Fire: 14
Police: 17
Safety Precautions
Today, we think of political situations as causing safety concerns, but

ordinary crime, weather and geographic problems also pose risks. The
wise traveler is cautious about hurricanes and earthquakes along with hotel
fires, pickpockets and spontaneous political demonstrations. Terrorist
attacks and kidnappings have simply brought all security concerns to our
awareness. With the exception of the emergency telephone numbers, this
information is compiled for travelers in general and will apply in varying
degrees to your destination and personal situation.
Before You Go
Take time to get all of your financial and personal records in order,
including preparing a will.
Talk with a trusted family member or friend about what types of

emergencies might arise in your absence, and what to do in those
events.
Think about the small (and large) disasters that could occur at home
during your absence and be sure there is someone prepared to assist
you.
Make copies of all of your travel documents (including detailed
itinerary with contact numbers) and be sure two people have easy
access to them.
Do the same with crucial health documentation.
Be sure someone knows where you will be and how to contact you in
emergencies at all times.
Find out the services your company offers to you in case of
emergency; obtain and make several copies of important emergency
company contact numbers to keep and give to all members of your
family who might need them.
Be sure you have enough of your prescription medication so you are
all right if you cannot get a refill right away; take an extra pair of
glasses if you wear them.
In-Country
So many variables go into being safe, and many of them revolve around
understanding the specifics of where you are. Be sure to learn details of
your location -- how to dress, where you can go and where to avoid, how to
act in public, how to carry yourself, and who to be watchful of.
Seek information from cultural experts and local nationals whom you have
confidence in. When in comes to your safety, dont be afraid to ask.
Hotel Safety
Know how to call for help AND what to say.

Do not display your guest room key unnecessarily.
Lock your door and do not answer it until you feel comfortable that
you know who it is.
Dont let strangers into your room.
Use the room safe or hotel safe deposit box.
Hide personal documents, valuables and other important items.
(Remember to safeguard your passport.)
Read the fire safety information and know what you would do if you
need to evacuate. Know exactly where the nearest fire exits are.
In the event that you might need to leave your room quickly, keep
your room key, your glasses (if necessary), a pair of shoes and some
money by your bedside.
Travel with a flashlight.
Women traveling alone will have different issues depending upon the
mors of the society youre visiting.
As a rule, be extremely cautious and circumspect.
Find out all the gender-based restrictions and abide by them.
Use a hotel known for its security and be sure that whatever
type of transportation you use, it is reliable and safe.
Ask hotel concierge or front desk manager to assist you
whenever you have questions about your safety. (They will also
arrange for you to have help, if you wish walking you to your
room very late at night or escorting you from a parking lot to the
hotel lobby).
The following websites offer specific advice for women:
Travel Tips for Women

Best Women's Travel Tips
Her Own Way: A Woman's Safe Travel Tips
Tips for Solo Women Travelers Women Travelers
Travel Tips
Crowded Situations
When youre in crowded places, be very careful to guard your

property at all times.
Carry as few valuable items with you as possible when you know
youre going to a crowded area. For example, expensive cameras,
PDAs and cash are easy targets.
Watch out for pickpockets who will try to distract you in many different
ways while taking your money. Even groups of children can be
working together to divert your attention while one will steal your
money.
Safety in Your New Home City
Learn about your host country and culture. This is not only wise for
business and social purposes, but is extremely important so you can
understand what may be offensive or negligent behavior.
The more you know about your location, the safer youll be; certainly
understand written and unwritten laws and codes of conduct.
Use your Embassy. These people are here to help you.
Embassies Around the World
Even if you are living in a relatively safe country, always be sure that
close family or friends have accurate contact information so they can
find you quickly.
For helpful information: Helpful Tips
If you are living in a high-risk location, your company should have
guidelines for your safety. Be sure you have 24-hour hotline numbers
and appropriate contacts who can assist you.
No matter where you livehigh risk or low risk countriestodays
world is volatile, and you never know when a potentially dangerous
situation can develop. Keep informednot only with your countrys
published data and warnings, but by identifying sources of local
news, reading local papers and telling your local friends to keep you
informed.
Emergencies
In an emergency that requires help by your government, such as a

lost passport or the need for money because yours has been stolen,
contact: Embassies Around the World
Make sure you know the name of the firm your company has selected
for medical emergencies and evacuation services. International SOS
provides emergency medical and evacuation services for individuals
and companies. You might want to contact: International SOS to see
if you qualify for some of their services.
Security Issues
Security is not simply a state-of-mind, nor is it a stroke of luck. Keeping

yourself and your family safe anywhere you gowhether it is an extended
trip within hours of your home or a long-term assignment halfway around
the worldrequires planning and active follow-through.
Clearly the length of time you spend and the geographic and political
profile of the countries youre living in--or traveling to--will make a
difference in your level of preparedness. Nonetheless, practicing common
sense based upon knowledge of your location will help you. Dont
underplay the importance of understanding what is culturally
appropriateit may help you avoid some difficult situations. With the
exception of the emergency telephone numbers, this information is
compiled for travelers in general and will apply in varying degrees to your
destination and personal situation. Always check to see what services your
company may offer to you.
Emergencies
In an emergency that requires help by your government, such as a

lost passport or the need for money because yours has been stolen,
contact: Embassies Around the World
Make sure you know the name of the firm your company has selected
for medical emergencies and evacuation services. International SOS
provides emergency medical and evacuation services for individuals
and companies. You might want to contact: International SOS to see
if you qualify for some of their services.
Prepare For Your Destination
Read about security and safety issues in the countries youll be

traveling to or living in.
For the most current, up-dated information, we recommend the
following government sites as quite comprehensive and easy-to-
understand:
Australian Travel Advisories
Canadian Travel Advisories
UK Travel Advice
US Travel Warnings
Read about other precautions you should take for weather- and
geographic-related concerns. For example, keep enough cash on
hand so you will be all right if there are power failures and ATM
machines dont work.
Be sure you know how to contact (and get to) your countrys
Embassy and Consulate wherever you are travelingyou need the
location details, phone and hours of operation. Embassies Around
the World
See if there are any health-related issues in the countries to which
youre traveling. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has in-
depth information regarding all regions of the world.
Be sure you know how to call for help in an emergency. You may need to
reach the police, fire and other emergency personnel. Be sure you know
the words to use in the local language.
En Route
Protect your passport; it is one of the most valuable items you

possess--so protect it as you would cash, credit cards and other
valuables. If it is lost or stolen, report it immediately to the nearest
appropriate Embassy or consulate.
Avoid calling attention to yourself by wearing fancy jewelry or carrying
other expensive items.
Whenever possible carry valuables and important prescription
medications in your carry-on luggage; do not pack valuables in your
checked luggage.
Do not leave laptops, computer bags or other luggage unattended at
any time.
Be able to answer questions about your luggage and be able to open
all suitcases and packages immediately, if asked.
Use your business address on your luggage tags, if possible.
Be sure to respond completely to requests by security officials and
avoid comments about security that could be misinterpreted.
When youre on the plane or train, read safety literature and be sure
you know where emergency exits are located.
For general information when you are en route, the U.S. State Dept.
offers a wide-range of information to travelers of all nationalities:
http://www.state.gov/travel/
Moving Around Safely
Always remain alert.

Avoid disturbances and loud arguments. When they occur, quickly
walk the other way.
Dress conservatively. Your interpretation of this guideline needs to be
based on local practices and customs. Attire you may think is
perfectly acceptable, may not be so youll be well served to learn
what is appropriate. Otherwise, you could run the risk of being
misinterpreted and perhaps becoming a target if your clothing is
provocative or offensive.
Ostentatious jewelry will also draw attention to you.
Learn about transportation in your locationwhats safe and what
can be problematic and when. Trains, subways, buses, independent
taxi cabs may pose specific problems. Find out before you go if it is
preferable to hire a private driver and car. Contact your Embassy for
detailed information.
You should also ask your company about specific transportation

guidelines theyve established for your safety.
Avoid areas where you can become a victim of crime, such as poorly-
lit streets, alleys, and deserted train stations.
If you drive, keep your doors locked and windows closed, and never
pick up hitchhikers.
Be wary when you are alone in lifts. Get off if someone suspicious
gets on.
If you find yourself alone in a train car or compartment after everyone
else leaves, you may feel safer moving to an occupied car. Identify
the location of the emergency alarm system.
Experts say that if someone does attack you, give them your
valuablesmoney and passportand do not fight back.
Be sure to know enough of the language to call for help. Consider
marking and tagging the pages of a phrase book with these types of
important phrases.
Even when you have a mobile phone, learn to use the local pay
phones and keep change with you.
Know Where Youre Going
Ask people in the hotel what areas you should avoid.

When you have a specific location youre going to, ask colleagues or
people who work in the hotel if there are things you should know
about that area.
If you cannot speak the local language, carry the card of your hotel or
your address with you at all times--as well as your destination
address.
Make others aware of your specific whereabouts, even when youre
going to business appointments.
*Sources: U.S. Transportation Security Administration
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Honor requires that Algerians demonstrate hospitality to friends and

In general, time is seen as fluid. Punctuality is prized since it demonstrates

Since time is viewed as changeable and unmanageable, Algerians can be

After independence, the Algerian government asserted control over

The Algerian women's movement has made little progress since

Algerian women face many obstacles when seeking employment outside

With the implementation of a 30% quota for women in parliament, women

View of Foreign Women

In business, foreign businesswomen should experience few difficulties in

Tips for Businesswomen

Most Algerians retain a traditional view of a womans role in society. Do not

It is important for businesswomen to pay attention to the level of

It is a good idea for a businesswoman to moderate her personal style to be

Pride and honor are very important to Algerian businessmen. Therefore, it

A businesswoman may come in contact with businessmen who do not wish

Since an Algerian's personal honor is of paramount importance, it is vital

Cross Culture Tips

The following cultural observations are based on the dimensions in the

Hierarchical vs. Egalitarian

How society is structured

Algeria is hierarchical, so when interacting with people from Algeria, you

Whether you are managing a corporate team or a household staff,

expect meetings or social functions to involve people from multiple

Interpersonal vs. Transactional relationships

What constitutes a relationship

Algeria is an interpersonal, relationship-oriented culture. When you have

Relationship building is important and tends to be somewhat formal

Indirect vs. Direct Communication

The relative importance of verbal vs. non-verbal communication

The relative importance of contextual versus tactical information in

Non-verbal gestures are important to enhance the meaning and

Fluid vs. Controlled Time

Time schedules and deadlines are not necessarily considered final.

External vs. Internal Control

Algeria is an External Control society. When interacting with people from

Balance vs. Status Motivation

The importance and value attached to professional vs. personal lives

Algeria is a Balance-Motivation culture. When interacting with people from

Individuals value their personal and family time.

Formal vs. Informal

The importance of appearance and demeanor as an indicator of

Address people by their appropriate title and name. Do not move to

Group vs. Individual

The source of an individual's identity and loyalties

People value their role as a team member and identify themselves

Arabic is spoken by over 80% of the population. The rest of population

The majority of the population is of Berber descent. The other significant

The large Berber minority has spawned an anti-Arab, anti-Islamic

After a century of rule by France, Algeria became independent in 1962.

Population growth rate:

Source: The World Factbook

Cities & Regions

The second geographical region is a tableland interspersed with large

scale farming is carried out.

After independence in 1962, European residents abandoned the city. It

Conventional long form: People's Democratic Republic of Algeria

Note: the country name derives from the city of Algiers

officials including several Supreme Court justices

Source: The World Factbook

More Government Information

Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members in Algeria