ABSTRACT

In this growing world, as a Civil Engineering student one needs to be

fully aware of the Structural elements and their safety parameters before and during the
execution of the project. As a sequel to this an attempt has been made to learn the process of
analysis and design of a multi-storey Building using Limit State Method (IS 456:2000).

The project focuses on Reinforced Concrete buildings. The design

using Limit State Method (of collapse and serviceability) is taken up. In the limit state of
collapse, the strength and stability of structure is ensured. The guidelines being followed are
as per IS 456:2000 and IS 13920 : 1993.

The structural components in a typical multi storey building, consists

of floor system which transfers the floor loads to a set of plane frames in one or both
directions. The design study comprises of the footing, columns, beams and slabs.

The present project deals with the analysis of a multi-storey residential

hostel building of G+9 consisting of 22 rooms in each floor at SRM University, NCR
Campus. The loadings are applied and the design for beams, columns, slabs and footings is
obtained.

STAAD Pro with its new features surpassed its predecessors and
compotators with its data sharing capabilities with other major software like AutoCAD, and
MS Excel.

The conclusion of this study is that the design parameters of a multi-

storey building are successfully construed and Staad Pro is a very powerful tool which can
save much time and is very accurate in Designs.
INTRODUCTION

Building construction is the engineering deals with the construction of

building such as residential houses. In a simple building can be define as an enclose space by
walls with roof, food, cloth and the basic needs of human beings. In the early ancient times
humans lived in caves, over trees or under trees, to protect themselves from wild animals,
rain, sun, etc. as the times passed as humans being started living in huts made of timber
branches. The shelters of those old have been developed nowadays into beautiful houses.
Rich people live in sophisticated condition houses.

Buildings are the important indicator of social progress of the county.

Every human has desire to own comfortable homes on an average generally one spends his
two-third life times in the houses. These are the few reasons which are responsible that the
person do utmost effort and spend hard earned saving in owning houses. Nowadays the house
building is major work of the social progress of the county. Daily new techniques are being
developed for the construction of houses economically, quickly and fulfilling the
requirements of the community engineers and architects do the design work, planning and
layout, etc. of the buildings. Draughtsman is responsible for doing the drawing works of
building as for the direction of engineers and architects. The draughtsman must know his job
and should be able to follow the instruction of the engineer and should be able to draw the
required drawing of the building, site plans and layout plans etc., as for the requirements.

A building frame consists of number of bays and storey. A multi-storey,

multi-panelled frame is a complicated statically intermediate structure. A design of R.C
building of G+9 storey frame work is taken up. The building in plan consists of columns built
monolithically forming a network. It is residential complex. The design is made using
software on structural analysis design (STAAD PRO V8i). The building subjected to both the
vertical loads as well as horizontal loads. The vertical load consists of dead load of structural
components such as beams, columns, slabs etc. and live loads. The horizontal load consists of
the wind forces thus building is designed for dead load, live load and wind load as per IS
875. The building is designed as two dimensional vertical frame and analysed for the
maximum and minimum bending moments and shear forces by trial and error methods as per
IS 456-2000. The help is taken by software available in institute and the computations of
loads, moments and shear forces and obtained from this software.
BACKGROUND WORK (LITERATURE SURVEY)

2.1 Elements of Structural Design

Structures in concrete have become very common in civil engineering

construction. Concrete has established itself to be a universal building material because of its
high compressive strength and its adaptability to take any form and shape. Its low tensile
strength is compensated by the use of steel reinforcement. Thus, the concrete is
strengthened(i.e. reinforced) by steel and the resultant composite mass is known as
Reinforced Cement Concrete (R.C.C.) It is this combination which allows almost unlimited
use of reinforced concrete in construction of buildings, bridges, tanks, dams etc., with the
result that almost every civil engineer is intimately concerned with reinforced concrete (R.C.)
structures. It is therefore, necessary that every civil engineer knows the basic principles
involved in design of R.C. structures. So, it will be approximate to begin by reviewing the
basic principles of structural design in general and then its application to reinforced concrete
structures.

2.1.1. Engineering Structure and Structural Design

An engineering structure is an assembly of members or elements
transferring load (or resisting the external actions) and providing a form, space, an enclose
and/or cover to serve the desired function.
Structural design is a science and art of designing, with economy and
elegance, a durable structure which can safely carry the design forces and can serve the
desired function satisfactorily in working environment during its intended service life span.

2.1.2. Objectives and Basic Requirements of Structural Design

The objective of the structural design is to plan a structure which meets the basic
requirements of structural science and those of the client or the user. The basic requirements
of the structural design are as follows:
i. Safety: It has been the prime requirement of structural design right from the history
of civilization and construction that a structure shall be so designed that it will not
collapse in any way during its expected life span. Safety of structure is achieved by
adequate
 ii. Strength and stability. Besides strength, ductility of structure is also nowadays
considered to be an additional desired quality from a view point that if at all failure
occurs, it should not be sudden but should give prior warning of its probable
occurrence so as to enable one to minimize the consequences of collapse and avoid
loss of human life. Ductility is thus obtained by providing steel of such quality that it
would yield prior to crushing of concrete.

iii. Serviceability: The structure shall efficiently serve the intended function and also
shall give a satisfactory performance throughout the life span. The performance is
rated buy the fitness of the structure to maintain deflections, deformations, cracking
and vibration effects within acceptable limits. It is achieved by providing adequate
stiffness and cracking resistance.

iv. Durability: The structure shall resist effectively environmental action during its
anticipated exposure conditions, such as rain, alternate wetting and drying or freezing,
climatic variations in temperature and humidity, chemical actions of salt, abrasion
action etc.

v. Economy: The economy shall be of material by optimum utilization of its strength

or it may be the economy of cost which includes cost of construction as well as cost
of maintenance and repairs.

vi. Aesthetics: The structure should be so designed that it should not only be safe,
serviceable and durable but should also give a pleasing appearance without affecting
the economy to a great extent.

vii. Feasibility, Practicability and Acceptability: The structure has to be so

designed that the proposed solution is feasible, practicable an acceptable.

2.1.3. The Design Process:

The entire process of design requires conceptual thinking, sound
knowledge of engineering, relevant design codes and byelaws, backed up by experience,
imagination and judgment. The codes of practice are compendia of good practice drawn by
experienced and competent engineers. They are intended to guide the engineers and should
not be allowed to replace their conscience and competence.
 The design process commences with the planning of the structure
primarily to meet its functional requirement and then designed for safety and serviceability.
Thus, the design of any structure is categorized into the following two types:
1) Functional Design: The structure to be constructed must primarily serve the basic purpose
for which it is to be constructed to satisfy the need of the user efficiently. This includes proper
arrangement of rooms, halls, good ventilation, and acoustics, unobstructed view in cinema
theatre / community halls, proper water supply and drainage arrangements etc.

2) Structural Design: As mentioned earlier Structural design is a science and art of

designing, with economy and elegance, a durable structure which can safely carry the design
forces and can serve the desired function satisfactorily in working environment during its
intended service life span.

It consists of the following steps:

a) Structural Planning

b) Determination of Loads

c) Analysis

d) Member Design

e) Drawing, Detailing and Preparation of Schedule.

2.1.4. Elements of a R.C. Building Frame

The principle elements of a R.C. building frame are slab, beam, column and footing.
a) Slab: It is two-dimensional or a planar member supporting a transverse load and providing
a working floor or a covering shelter. The loads are transferred to supporting beams or walls
in one or both directions.

b) Beam: A Beam is a one-dimensional (normally horizontal) flexural member which

provides support to the slab and the vertical walls.

c) Column: It is one dimensional vertical member providing a support to beam. Load is

transferred primarily by axial compression accompanied by bending and shear.
d) Footing: A footing can be considered as a horizontal two way cantilever slab providing a
wide base to a column for distributing concentrated column load over a large area of
supporting soil. Load transfer is affected partly by bending and partly by bearing.

2.1.5. Computer Programming

It is important to emphasize that in every field the use of computer
prevails. Access to personal computers, due to their affordable cost, has made it possible for
almost every engineer and student to be equipped with such tools. The need is more apparent
to utilize this powerful tool for simplifying engineering design works. It has now become
practically obligatory for structural engineers or students to get conversant with the
programming languages and techniques of computer aided design.

2.2. Design Philosophies

Since the inception of the concept of reinforced concrete in the last
twenties of the nineteenth century, the following design philosophies have been evolved for
design of R.C. structures:
a) Working Stress Method (WSM)

b) Ultimate Load Method (ULM)

c) Limit State Method (LSM)

2.2.1. Limit State Method (LSM)

The limit state method ensures the safety at ultimate load and
serviceability at working load rendering the structure fit for its intended use. Thus, it
considers the fitness of the structure to perform its function satisfactorily during its life span.
The salient features and the merits of the method are briefly given below:
1) It considers the actual behaviour of the structure during the entire loading history up
to collapse.

2) It adopts the concept of fitness of structure to serve the desired function during the
service life span and defines the limiting state of fitness as the limit state.

3) It attempts to define quantitatively the margins of safety or fitness on some scientific

mathematical foundations rather than on adhoc basis of experience and judgment.
 The mathematical basis is derived from classical reliability theory and statistical
probability (e.g. the reliability of the fitness of the structure and the probability of
attainment of a critical limit state).
4) The method, adopts the idea of probability of the structure becoming unfit, and
attempts to achieve the minimum acceptable probability of failure.

5) The method is based on statistical probabilistic principles.

The method examines the factors which can be quantified by statistical

method (such as loads, material strength) and then they are accounted through characteristic
loads and characteristic strength on the basis of statistical probabilistic principles and the
others which are abstract (such as variation in dimensions, accuracy, variation in loads and
material properties etc.) are taken into account through partial safety factors.
In the limit state method, a structure is essentially designed for safety against
collapse (i.e. for ultimate strength to resist ultimate load) and checked for its serviceability at
working loads.
The first part of design thus incorporates basic principles of ultimate load
method. But at the same time, it eliminates the drawbacks of the ultimate load method by
introducing the second part of check for serviceability. Since this second part relates to
working loads at which the behaviour of structure is elastic, the material uses the principles of
working stress method to satisfy the requirements of serviceability. The limit state method,
thus, makes a judicious combination of the ultimate load method and working stress
philosophy avoiding the demerits of both.

2.2.2. Limit State of Collapse (Ultimate Limit State)

It is the limit state on attainment of which the structure is likely to
collapse. It relates to stability and ultimate strength of the structure. Design to this limit state
ensures safety of structure from collapse.
The structure failure can be any of the following types:

1) Collapse of one or more members occurring as a result of force coming on the

member exceeding its strength(Types (a) and (b) given below);
 2) Displacement of the structure bodily due to lack of equilibrium between the external
forces and the resisting reactions (Types (c), (d), (e) given below).

The various conditions leading to structural failure are as follows:

a) Failure, breakage and hence division into segments of one or more members of the
structure either due to material failure or on account of formation of mechanism by
development of plastic hinges at one or more critical sections.

b) Buckling;

c) Sliding;

d) Overturning;

e) Sinking.

This limit state is attended to by providing resistance greater than the force
coming on it and keeping a margin of safety through safety factors. I.S. Code prescribes
different safety factors for overturning and sliding without giving any special status to
sinking or buckling.

2.2.3 Limit State of Serviceability

Limit states of serviceability relate to performance or behaviour of
structure at working loads and are based on causes affecting serviceability of the structure.
They are mainly subdivided into following categories:

A. Limit State of Deflection,

B. Limit State of Cracking, and

C. Other Limit States.

2.3. MULTISTOREY BUILDINGS
Reinforced concrete buildings consist of floor slabs, beams, girders
and columns continuously placed to form a rigid monolithic system. This continuous system
leads to greater redundancy, reduced moments and distributes the load more evenly. The floor
slab may rest on a system of interconnected beams.
A building frame is a three dimensional structure or a space structure.

A wide range of approaches have been used for buildings of varying

heights and importance, from simple approximate methods which can be carried out
manually, or with the aid of a pocket calculator, to more refined techniques involving
computer solutions. Till a few years ago most of the multistory buildings were analysed by
approximate methods such as substitute frame, moment distribution, portal and cantilever
methods.
The recent advancement of abundance of ready-made computer
package programs has reduced the use of approximation methods. This has been induces
from analysis to design, to plotting, to detaining, to specification writing, to cost estimating,
etc.

2.3.1. Structural Systems

A building is subjected to several loads which are transferred to ground
through a system of interconnected structural members.
In tall buildings, the biggest challenge comes from controlling lateral displacements within the
serviceability limit state.
The lateral stiffness may be achieved through a permutation and combination of placement of
columns and walls in plan.

A structural system may be classified as follows:-

1. Load Bearing wall system: -

Walls provide support for all gravity loads as well as resistance to lateral loads.

No columns.

The Walls and partition wall supply in-plane lateral stiffness and stability to resist
wind and earthquake loads.
 Clause 8.2.1 and 8.4.8 of IS: 4326-1993 restricts the use of such system to 3 storey in
seismic zone V and 4 storey in other zone.

2. Building with flexural (shear) wall system: -

Gravity load is carried by frame supported on columns rather than on bearing walls.

The frame provides vertical stability to the building and prevents collapse after
damage to flexural wall or braced frames.

3. Moment resisting frame system: -

Members and joints are capable of resisting vertical and lateral loads primarily by
flexure.

Relative stiffness of girders and columns is very important.

A frame can be designed using weak column-strong girder proportions or strong

column-weak girder proportions.

4. Flexural (shear) wall system: -

Reinforced concrete wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the
wall and detailed to provide ductility as per IS 13920-1993.

The America IBC 2000 permits use of flexural (shear) wall system up to 45m high.
However it can be used up to 70m; if and only if, shear walls in any plane do not
resist more than 33% of earthquake design force including torsional effects.

5. Dual frame system: -

Moment resisting frame providing support for gravity loads.

Resistance to lateral loads by: -

Special detailed moment resisting frame (concrete or steel) which is capable of

resisting at least 25%of base shear including torsional effects.

Flexural walls i.e. shear walls or braced frames must resist total required lateral loads.
6. Space frame: -
3-Dimensional structural system without shear or bearing walls composed of
interconnected members laterally supported

2.4. Structural Planning

Salient features:
Utility of building Residential Hostel Building
No of stories G+9
No of staircases 1
No. of Rooms/floor 22 rooms on each floor with attached washroom.
No of lifts 1
Type of construction R.C.C framed structure
Types of walls Brick wall
Ventilation Ventilated rooms with window in each room.

Geometric details:
Ground floor 2m
Floor to floor height 3.65m.
Height of plinth 2m
Depth of foundation 2m

Materials:
Concrete grade M35 (for footing) & M25 (for all other elements)
All steel grades Fe415 grade
Bearing capacity of soil: 175KN/m2
Depth of Water Table 4m.