Chemical Engineering Science 57 (2002) 2987 2994

www.elsevier.com/locate/ces

In uence of viscosity and surface tension on performance of

gasliquid contactors with ejector type gas distributor
A. Elgozalia , V. Linekb; , M. Fialov1ac , O. Weinc , J. Zahradn16kc
a Synthetic Rubber Research Institute, O. Wichterleho 810, 27852 Kralupy nad Vltavou, Czech Republic
b Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Technicka 5, 16628 Prague 6-Dejvice, Czech Republic
c Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova 135,

16502 Prague 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic

Received 23 October 2001; received in revised form 22 February 2002; accepted 19 April 2002

Abstract

E;ect of the liquid-phase viscosity (0.725 mPa s) and surface tension (3365 mN m1 ) on hydraulic and mass-transfer characteristics
in a bubble column with an up- ow ejector-type gas distributor was studied. The coalescent character of the aqueous batches was changed
by addition of a polymeric thickener, sucrose and an alcoholic foam breaker. Mass transfer was studied using steady-state physical
absorption of air.
Better performance of the ejector with swirl body for all tested liquid batches was achieved. Gas hold-up in the bubble column increased
with increasing viscosity and surface tension in all batches. Mass-transfer coeCcient in the ejector decreased with increasing viscosity
by 60% maximally in the maximum viscous coalescent batch. It was correlated within 10% using the gas monodispersion model.
Mass-transfer coeCcient in the column decreased with increasing viscosity by 30% maximally in the same coalescent viscous batch. It
was correlated with large relative error, 27%.
? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Ejector gas distributor; Hydrodynamics; Mass transfer; Multiphase reactors; Surfactant; Viscous liquids

1. Introduction The mechanism of gasliquid dispersion formation in

A systematic development of ejector as gas distributor
for a broad spectrum of gasliquid bubble columns is dated
roughly to early 1970s, see e.g. Nagel, KHurten, and Sinn
(1970), Nagel, KHurten, and Hegner (1973), Cunningham
and Dopkin (1974). Since then, various aspects of ejector
performance have been extensively studied. Accordingly,
Zehner (1975) has reported increased suction rates by using
a swirl wheel inside the nozzle. The e;ect of ejector noz-
zle construction and di;user design on the rate of energy
dissipation, the character of gasliquid dispersion formed in
the bed and consequently the intensity of interfacial mass
transport in the bed have been investigated by Zahradn16k,
KaJst1anek, Kratochv16l, and Rylek (1982), Zahradn16k, Kra-
tochv16l, and Rylek (1985), Zahradn16k and Rylek (1991),
Bhutada and Pangarkar (1987), Panchal, Bhutada, and Pan-
garkar (1991), and Havelka, Linek, Sinkule, Zahradn16k, and
Fialov1a (1997, 2000).
Corresponding author. Tel.: +42-2-24353298; fax: +42-2-3117335.
E-mail address: linekv@vscht.cz (V. Linek).
ejector was presented by KHurten and Maurer (1977), Hal-
lensleben, Buchholz, Lucke, and SchHugerl (1977), and by
SchHugerl (1980). The occurrence of two zones with di;erent
hydrodynamic behavior and thus di;erent intensity of inter-
facial mass transfer can be viewed as a distinguishing fea-
ture of gasliquid reactors with ejector-type gas distributors.
Due to the lack of data describing behavior of gasliquid
dispersions in the two zones separately, i.e. in the ejector
and in the bubble column, design of such types of reactors
has been commonly based on the integral values of the vol-
umetric mass-transfer coeCcient kL a measured in the whole
apparatus. Such an integral approach, however, does not dis-
tinguish the contributions of the two di;erent reactor zones
with substantially di;erent rate of mass-transfer. This was
demonstrated by Dirix and van der Wiele (1990), Cramers,
Beenackers, and van Dierendonck (1992), and Cramers,
Smit, Leuteritz, van Dierendonck, and Beenackers (1993).
On the other hand, no attention has been paid to the e;ect
of physical properties of liquid phase on the ejector design
parameters. To our knowledge there is no paper in the open

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PII: S 0 0 0 9 - 2 5 0 9 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 1 6 5 - 3
2988 A. Elgozali et al. / Chemical Engineering Science 57 (2002) 29872994
literature where the in uence of the liquid-phase properties
on the mass-transfer characteristics of ejector was studied.
So far, prediction of the e;ect of physical properties of the
liquid phase on the behavior of gasliquid dispersions and on
the rate of interfacial mass transfer in both ejector and bub-
ble column seems to be a question without speciOc answer.
The aim of present work is to study the e;ect of
liquid-phase viscosity and surface tension on the hydraulic
characteristics, i.e. gas suction rate, gas hold-up, and on
volumetric liquid-side mass-transfer coeCcient, kL a, of the
two reactor zones using two ejector conOgurations and
some selected Newtonian liquid batches.
2. Experimental
2.1. Ejector
Mechanical design of the applied ejectors is given in
Fig. 1. Ejector A includes swirl body inside the nozzle, while
Ejector B instead of the swirl body includes mixing cham-
ber, which has length to diameter ratio equals to 10.
2.2. Experimental setup
The schematic diagram of the experimental setup is shown
in Fig. 2. The liquid batch was circulated between the ab-
sorption EJ, BC, T2 and desorption PC, T1 branches of the
setup. In the co-current absorption branch, ambient air was
sucked by the ejector EJ, dispersed in liquid stream and in-
troduced to the bubble column BC (height 1:46 m and di-
ameter 0:3 m). The over ow from BC was stored in tank T2
and pumped to the top of desorption column PC. In the col-
umn, the oxygen dissolved in the liquid batch was stripped
o; by nitrogen introduced to the tank T1 and then to bottom
of the column PC, packed with 1 m of polypropylene Pall
rings 25 mm. In some mass-transfer experiments, a twisted
metallic sheet as shown in Fig. 2, was mounted inside T1
to suppress the bubbles content at the input to the absorp-
tion unit. Experiments with the installed metallic sheet are
referred as MT2, while without the guarding sheet referred
as MT1. Polarographic dissolved oxygen probe was used to
determine oxygen concentrations in the liquid stream at in-
let and outlet of the ejector and bubble column (see Fig. 2)
after reaching a steady state.
2.3. Liquid batches and their physical properties
The list of all used liquid batches with their physical
properties and the symbols used in the Ogures are given in
Table 1. Viscosity of the aqueous batches was modiOed
by addition of the commercial thickener SOKRAT (a wa-
ter soluble liquid polymer based on acrylonitrile and acrylic
acid in ratio 2 : 1). The resulting solutions displayed Newto-
nian ow behavior. An extensive foaming, which seriously
complicated the mass transfer experiments, was suppressed
by adding the foam breaker OCENOL (a mixture of satu-
rated and unsaturated alcohol from the fraction C16 C18 ) in
standard amount 3 ppm by volume. Symbols for the batches
containing OCENOL are distinguished by a cross or dot
inside. In addition, some experiments were made also us-
ing an aqueous sucrose solution and water with and without
OCENOL. All the experiments were carried out at temper-
ature 30 C and atmospheric pressure.
Immersion densimeter, rotational viscometer RheoStress
100, and hanging-ring LAUDA Tensiometer TE 1 C=2 were
used for the laboratory measurements of density L , viscos-
ity L , and surface tension , respectively.
The coalescence ratio of bubble pairs, , has been used
in the studies devoted to the bubble coalescence in relation
to physical properties of the liquid-phase, see Zahradn16k,
Kuncov1a, and Fialov1a (1999), and Zahradn16k, Fialov1a, and
Linek (1999). Brie y, gives a probability of coalescence
for a pair of identical air bubbles, synchronously discharged
from two closely neighboring metallic capillaries to a small
column Olled with stagnant tested uid. The parameter is
of empirical character where = 1 for the well coalescent
liquids like distilled water, while = 0 for non-coalescing
batches.
The oxygen di;usivity in aqueous SOKRAT solutions
was measured by the polarographic voltage-step transient
measurement. The details of the experimental procedure can
be found in Sobol16k, Tihon, Wein, and Wichterle (1998).
The results given in Table 1, conOrm a week variation of
the di;usivity with the polymer concentration, which is a
well-known rule for a broad class of water soluble polymers.
2.4. Calculation procedure
2.4.1. Gas hold-up
Gas hold-up in the ejector was calculated assuming the
zero slip velocity of the phases
QG
G; ej = : (1)
QL + Q G
Acceptability of this approach was discussed e.g. by Achar-
jee, Bhat, Mitra, and Roy (1975), Dirix and van der Wiele
(1990), and Raghuram and Das (1997). Gas hold-up in the
column was calculated from
Qh
G; col = ; (2)
QH
where Qh and QH are deOned in Fig. 2.
2.4.2. kL aej in the ejector
The oxygen mass balance in ejector was described assum-
ing constant and co-current plug ow of both phases
QL dcL; ej = kL aej (cG; ej =mO2 cL; ej ) dV = QG dcG; ej : (3)
Solving this equation gives the expression for kL aej
in
QL 1 (cG; ej =mO2 cL; ej )
kL aej = ln out : (4)
Vej 1 + QL =mO2 QG (cG; ej =mO2 cL; ej )
 A. Elgozali et al. / Chemical Engineering Science 57 (2002) 29872994 2989

Fig. 1. Ejector assembly.

Fig. 2. Experimental setup. BC: bubble column; EJ: ejector distributor; QH : height di;erence between the pressure taps of two manometer tubes giving
the di;erence Qh of liquid levels; PC: packed column; QG and QL : gas suction rates and liquid ow rates measured by using turbine ow meters; T1
and T2: storage tanks.

Table 1

Physical properties of the liquid batches at 30 C with corresponding symbols used in Ogures

Liquid batches L L DO2 109 Ejector A Ejector B

(kg m3 ) (mPa s) (mN m1 ) (m2 s1 ) (%)
Hy0 MT1 MT2 Hy0 MT1 MT2

Coalescent batches
Distilled water 995 0.7 65.4 2.57 100
Distilled water & OCENOL 996 0.7 33.5 2.57 100
3% SOKRAT & OCENOL 1004 10.2 37.5 2.52 100
6% SOKRAT & OCENOL 1007 16.2 42.8 2.48 100
10% SOKRAT & OCENOL 1011 24.4 45.4 2.42 100
58% Sucrose 1270 25.6 57.0 0.17 95
Non-coalescent batches
0.5% SOKRAT 998 1.5 64.5 2.56 1.8
3% SOKRAT 1004 10.2 54.6 2.52 3.2
6% SOKRAT 1007 16.2 52.5 2.48 3.5
10% SOKRAT 1011 24.4 48.7 2.42 10
2990 A. Elgozali et al. / Chemical Engineering Science 57 (2002) 29872994

Because of some ambiguity concerning the actual pressure

inside the ejector, the di;erence between cG; ej at outlet and
inlet was neglected and referred to the outlet pressure.

2.4.3. kL acol in the column

Assuming perfect mixing of the liquid phase, plug ow of
gas phase and the vertically varying oxygen concentration in
the gas phase along the column due to hydrostatic pressure,
the following expression was deduced for mass-transfer co-
eCcient in the column:
out in
QL (cL; col cL; col )
kL acol = out ; (5)
Vcol ((cG; col (z)|z=0:5 =mO2 ) cL; col )

where cG; col (z)|z=0:5 is oxygen concentration in the gas phase

in the middle of the column calculated from
yO [p pW + L gH (1 G; col )(1 z)]
cG; col (z) = 2 : (6)
RT
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Gas suction rate
Fig. 3 shows that a swirl body enhanced gas suction rate.
This agrees with the observations of Zehner (1975), Henzler
(1981), and Rylek and Zahradn16k (1984). The function of
the swirl body is to transform part of the axial momentum
of the liquid phase to the angular momentum. This further
results in stabilization of the mixing zone position and hence
improves the maximum gas suction rate as is described by
Cramers et al. (1993) and Havelka et al. (1997). Fig. 3 also
shows the negative e;ect of increasing liquid viscosity on
gas suction rate. Davies, Mitra, and Roy (1967), Acharjee et
al. (1975), Marquart (1981), and Ben Brahim, Prevost and
Bugarel (1984) also have observed the same trend. On the
other hand, it is apparent that ejector needs some minimum
kinetic energy of the liquid phase to ensure eCcient suction
Fig. 4. Correlated data on gas suction rates. Legend for the symbols used
is given in Table 1. The straight lines correspond to Eq. (7).
capacity. It is understandable from Bernoulli equation that
this minimum kinetic energy is needed to overcome the hy-
drostatic head exerted by the liquid in the column. The ef-
fect of liquid-phase viscosity on the gas suction rate for each
ejector conOguration was well correlated by the equation
B(QL QL0 )
QG = ; (7)
1 + 0:01(L =W 1)
where QL0 is the Bernoulli threshold needed to overcome
the hydrostatic head in the column, B is dimensionless co-
eCcient, and the denominator represents the viscosity cor-
rection function. The values of QL0 and B were found to be
103 m3 s1 and 4.5 for Ejector A, and 9104 m3 s1 and
2.3 for Ejector B, respectively. Correlation (7) proposed for
estimating the e;ect of viscosity on gas suction rate agrees,
within 16:5% for Ejector A and 11% for Ejector B, with
the experimental results as it is shown in Fig. 4.
3.2. Gas hold-up in the column

The primary data on gas hold-up in the bubble column

Fig. 3. Primary data on gas suction rates. Legend for the symbols used
is given in Table 1.
for all studied batches and the both ejectors are Otted to the
power-law empirical formula
a b c
G; col = KuG L L : (8)
Using this correlation, the correlated data were split into
two subsets of the coalescent and non-coalescent batches. In
the non-coalescent system, the size of the primary gas bub-
bles generated in the ejector, stays almost the same during
their journey along the bubble bed. In coalescent system, the
e;ect of primary gas dispersion is suppressed by fast coa-
lescence at the column bottom. Therefore, these two subsets
were correlated separately. Good agreement was achieved
within 8% relative error for coalescent batches and 7:5%
for non-coalescent batches. The resulting constants of cor-
relation (8) are given in Table 2. The exponents do not
agree with the Kolmogoro;s theory of isotropic turbulence
 A. Elgozali et al. / Chemical Engineering Science 57 (2002) 29872994
Table 2
Empirical constants for Eq. (8)
All batches
K (ma2b3c sa+b+2c ) (4:5 5:9) 109
a 0:67 0:04
b 0:22 0:02
c 1:95 0:12
Relative error 27.4%
that predicts negative exponents for both L and L , see e.g.
Kawase and Moo-Young (1990).
It is clear from Table 2 that the e;ect of liquid-phase prop-
erties, i.e. L and L , characterized by the exponents b and c,
respectively, is almost identical in both classes of batches,
while a signiOcant di;erence arises in the exponent a at
superOcial gas velocity. According to Shah, Kelkar, God-
bole, and Deckwer (1982) and Kawase, Umeno, and Ku-
magi (1992), the exponent value of superOcial gas velocity
depends on the ow regime. In churn turbulent or the transi-
tion regime, the e;ect of uG is less pronounced and the expo-
nent a in Eq. (8) is smaller and lies in the range 0.4 0.7. For
the bubbly ow regime the e;ect of uG is more pronounced,
the exponent a is larger and varies from 0.71.2. From the
exponents a observed in this work (a = 0:72) it follows that
a homogeneous bubbling regime is prevailed in fully coa-
lescent batches, while a fully turbulent bubbling regime is
dominated in non-coalescent batches (a = 0:44). It can be
concluded that rising liquid viscosity (up to 25 mPa s), has
no signiOcant e;ect on regime transition provided that the
liquid batch is fully coalescent.
Contradictory results concerning the e;ect of liquid vis-
cosity on gas hold-up have been published in the litera-
ture. Bhutada and Pangarkar (1988) have reported that in-
creasing liquid-phase viscosity decreased gas hold-up in
liquid jet loop reactors for non-Newtonian liquids (CMC
solutions). For classical bubble column reactor Eissa and
SchHugerl (1975), Zahradn16k, Peter, and KaJst1anek (1987) and
Kuncov1a and Zahradn16k (1995) have reported the positive
e;ect of liquid viscosity on gas hold-up in a complete agree-
ment with our present results. However, Godbole, Schumpe,
and Shah (1984), and Kawase et al. (1992) have published
the negative e;ect of liquid viscosity on gas hold-up for
classical bubble column. We have no clear interpretation for
such contradictory results.
3.3. Mass transfer in the ejector
Both ejector conOgurations demonstrated the negative
e;ect of rising liquid viscosity on volumetric liquid-side
mass-transfer coeCcient in the ejector. This can be ascribed
to a decrease in turbulence intensity, with corresponding
increase in a mean size of the primary bubbles. So far,
there is no published correlation concerning the in uence
2991
Coalescent batches Non-coalescent batches
(1:92 0:74) 106 (5:30 11:70) 106
0:72 0:01 0:44 0:01
0:14 0:01 0:13 0:02
1:26 0:04 1:41 0:20
8.0% 7.5%
Fig. 5. Bubble Sauter diameter for the ejectors. The upper line corresponds
to Ejector A and the lower line corresponds to Ejector B.
of liquid viscosity and=or surface tension on values of kL aej
in the ejector.
Our data on kL aej were correlated using the penetration
model. The resulting correlation formula for kL aej


12G; ej DO2
kL aej = ; (9)
db; ej "tej
where tej is a residence time of the dispersion in the ejec-
tor (=Vej =[QL + QG ]). The equation contains only one ad-
justable parameter, the bubble Sauter diameter db; ej . Corre-
lation analysis showed that db; ej is independent of all rel-
evant process variables excepting the batch viscosity. This
dependence, shown in Fig. 5, slightly di;ers for the ejector
with and without the swirl body. The values of db; ej were
found to vary between 104 and 2 104 m. With a linear
Ot of the dependence db; ej = db0; ej + db1; ej (L =W 1), good
agreement, within 10%, between experimental kL aej and
correlation (9) was achieved, see Fig. 6 and Table 3.
3.4. Mass transfer in the bubble column
There are several factors that lead us to be cautious in
interpreting the column mass-transfer data: extremely high
saturation degrees, both at input and output of the column,
increased an experimental error. Desorption capacity of the
column was not high enough to reduce oxygen concentra-
tion below 10% of the saturation value in the tank T1 at high
liquid ow rates. The amount of nitrogen bubbles sucked
from the tank T1 to the ejector was probably negligible as
the mass-transfer coeCcient obtained in the experimental ar-
rangements MT1 (without the sheet, which guards nitrogen
2992 A. Elgozali et al. / Chemical Engineering Science 57 (2002) 29872994

decreased with increasing viscosity by 60% maximally in

the maximum coalescent viscous batch. Size of the primary
bubbles produced by the ejectors was very small, below
2 104 m. This caused the bubble column characteristics,
uncommon for other kinds of distributors. In particular, the
behavior of coalescent and non-coalescent batches was so
di;erent that the gas hold-up correlation had to be taken sep-
arately. The gas hold-up in bubble column was successfully
correlated by Eq. (8) within 8% and 7:5% relative errors
for coalescent and non-coalescent batches, respectively.
Because of high saturation degree in the preceding ejec-
tor, the data of mass-transfer coeCcient in bubble column
and the correlation displayed large scatter (relative error
27%). Mass-transfer coeCcient in the column decreased
with increasing viscosity by 30% maximally in the same
coalescent viscous batch.

Fig. 6. Mass-transfer correlation for the ejectors. Calculated values are Notation
according to the penetration model, Eq. (9).

a; b; c empirical constants in Eq. (8), dimensionless

Table 3 B empirical constant in Eq. (7), dimensionless
Empirical constants of the bubble Sauter diameter in the ejectors c concentration, kmol m3
Ejector A Ejector B
d diameter, m
D di;usivity, m2 s1
db0; ej (103 m) 0:0988 0:0026 0:1167 0:0026 g gravity acceleration, m s2
db1; ej (103 m) 0:0029 0:0002 0:0030 0:0002
Qh height di;erence in the manometer tubes, m
Relative error 9.8% 8.2%
H column height, m
QH vertical distance between the pressure taps, m
He Henry constant, Pa
bubbles entrained into ejector) and MT2 (with the guarding kL a volumetric liquid-side mass-transfer coeCcient per
sheet) were almost identical. unit volume of dispersion, s1
According to our knowledge, there is no published cor- K empirical constant in Eq. (8), ma2b3c sa+b+2c
relation concerning the e;ect of viscosity on volumetric K empirical constant in Eq. (10), m2=3 s2=3
liquid-side mass-transfer coeCcient in the column with an m distribution coeCcient (=(cG =cL )equilibrium =
ejector as the gas distributor. Our data was correlated by the HeM=RTL , dimensionless
following formula: M molecular weight, kg kmol1
kL acol = K DO1=22 G; col L1=6 ; K = 627 m 2=3 2=3
s (10) p total pressure, Pa
Q volumetric ow rate, m3 s1
with rather large relative error 27%. Taking into account
universal gas constant = 8:314; J mol1 K 1

R
the gas hold-up dependency on liquid viscosity, see Eq. (8),
tej residence time of dispersion in ejector, s
we can see that kL acol is practically independent of viscosity.
T absolute temperature, K
u velocity, m s1
V volume, m3
4. Conclusions
y molar fraction in the gas phase, dimensionless
z axial coordinate in the column, dimensionless
Gas suction rates were enhanced by a swirl body inside
the ejector nozzle. The ejector with swirl body gave up to
Greek letters
two times higher suction rate than the ejector without swirl
body at the same liquid ow rates. Liquid viscosity a;ected
 hold-up, dimensionless
negatively gas suction rate.
The extremely high mass-transfer rates in the ejectors  viscosity, Pa s or kg m1 s1
(kL aej in the order of 10 s1 ) were successfully correlated  kinematic viscosity(=L =L ); m2 s1
by Eq. (9) within 10% relative error. kL aej decreased with  density, kg m3
increasing viscosity. Mass-transfer coeCcient in the ejector surface tension, N m1 or kg s2
 A. Elgozali et al. / Chemical Engineering Science 57 (2002) 29872994 2993

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