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Presssure drop studies in Fluidized bed, Packed bed and Spouted Bed
(Experiment No. 4)
Date of Experiment -
22/01/2014
Date of Report Submission -
29/01/2014
I.I.T KANPUR
Contents:
2 Objective 3
3 Theory 4-6
4 Apparatus Description 7
5 Procedure 8
9 Nomenclature 26 - 27
10 Precautions 27
11 Reference 28
1|PAGE
Introduction:
2|PAGE
Spouted Bed: They are similar to fluidized beds
but the bottom is conical in shape and the
fluidization occurs more quickly than in fluidized
bed and thus more efficient and useful then
fluidized bed. Some particles which cannot be
treated using fluidized bed are treated using
Spouted bed.
Objective:
Fluidized Bed:
Packed Bed:
To verify the correlation between the speed of the fluid and pressure drop per
unit length of packing.
Spouted Bed:
3|PAGE
To calculate the pressure drop per unit length as a function of superficial air
velocity.
Theory:
Packed bed:
Fluid passes through the continuous channels in the packed bed column. The flow can be
laminar as well as turbulent all across the bed. The resistance per unit length of bed can
be taken as the summation of:
(1) Viscous drag forces which are directly proportional fluid velocity v
And
(2) Inertial forces which are directly proportional to the fluid velocity to the power of
2. The pressure drop per unit length is given as
P 1 1 150(1 ) f V
3 1.75 f V 2
L d p dp
(1)
Where
P: pressure drop across column
f: fluid (air) density
L: packed bed height
f: viscosity (air)
: fractional void volume
Fluidized bed:
P
(1- )( s - f )g (2)
L
W
1- s (3)
s LA
For fluidization to occur the upward
force by the fluid must balance the weight of the solids in the bed. This occurs at a
4|PAGE
specific velocity depending on the dimensions and characteristics of the solids. The
buoyant weight of the solids is balanced by the total upward force due to the pressure
drop.
At the start of fluidization, the pressure drop across the bed becomes equal to the weight
of the bed per cross-sectional area. Equating we get the minimum fluidization velocity.
d 2p ( s - f )g mf3
Vmf (4)
150(1 mf ) f
Karn and Levenspiel gave some simplified expressions for min. fluidization velocity:
d 2p ( s - f )g
Vmf Re P 20 (5)
1650 f
d 2p ( s - f )g
Vmf Re P 1000 (6)
24.5 f
d pV
f
Re p (7)
Erguns Equation:
P V 1 150(1 ) f
(8)
L d p 3 dp
(GF GE )
Fluidization Efficiency (9)
GF
Where
GF: Theoretical mass velocity of fluid to produce fluidization, kg/s.m2
5|PAGE
GE: Actual mass velocity of fluid to cause initial expansion of bed, kg/s.m2
Spouted bed:
Pressure drop in spouted beds occurs because of the spout in which dilute phase transfer
occurs and another due to downward movement of the packed bed. The fluid injected
from bottom and the bed along with the fluid starts behaving like a fluid altogether. A
conical base is used to get smooth fluid motion and to avoid blockage. Pressure drop for
bed of height H is given by:
Pf L( s f )(1 ) g (10)
Munuro and Hattori gave some expressions for pressure gradient along the bed length:
dP z
3
(1 )( s f ) g 1 1 (11)
dz L
On integrating this equation for a bed of height H, it gives the spouting pressure drop by
the following equation:
The corresponding pressure drop Ps for a fully turbulent flow in annulus is given by:
v2
N FR (14)
dpg
6|PAGE
When, NFR < 1 Particulate fluidization occurs, followed by small difference in densities
7|PAGE
Pictorial Representation of the Experimental Setup
Utilities Required:
1. Constant Air Supply
2. Measuring Cylinders
3. Manometers
4. Resins
5. Rotameter
The setup had 3 cylinders. Each having its own manometer to measure the pressure drop
across the bed. All 3 are connected with metallic pipes for transfer of air. All the 3
cylinders had markings to note down the height of the bed. Rotameter is used to maintain
constant air supply.
Procedure:
Rotameter calibration:
Air is passed through the Rotameter for different duration and flow rate is noted.
Process is repeated again and again for different Rotameter readings
Packed bed
Fluidized bed
100 gm of Resin were weighed and added to the column.
Initial height of bed is noted down.
8|PAGE
Rotameter is set at different values and each time average height of the bed and
pressure drop is noted down.
The experiment was repeated for additional 100 gm of Resin and for another 100
gm of Resin.
Spouted bed
100 gm of Resin were weighed and added to the column.
Initial height of bed is noted down.
Rotameter is set at different values and each time average height of the bed and
pressure drop is noted down.
The experiment was repeated for additional 100 gm of Resin and then for
additional another 100 gm of Resin.
9|PAGE
Porosity of packed bed:
30 ml of water + (30 ml of resins + void space) = 47 ml
Void space = 13 ml
Porosity () = 13/30 = 0.433
Least Counts:
Rotameter reading: 0.01
Manometer reading: 0.1 cm
Scale: 0.1 cm
Balance: 0.01gm
Rotameter Calibration:
10 | P A G E
Flow-rate(L/sec)
1.8
1.6
f(x) = 0.13x + 0
1.4 R = 1
F
l 1.2
o
1
w
- 0.8
R
a 0.6
t
e 0.4
0.2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Rotameter Reading
Packed Bed:
The different values for pressure drop, Reynoldss Number and Experimental as well as
Theoretical friction factor have been calculated:
11 | P A G E
0.3 9 1091.70698 0.0375 0.01766667 6.524746306
8 9
0.35 15 1819.511647 0.04375 0.020611126 7.612204024
0.4 20 2426.01552 0.05 0.02355557 8.699661742
9 2
0.45 26 3153.82018 0.05625 0.02650001 9.78711946
8 9
0.5 30 3639.02329 0.0625 0.02944446 10.87457718
4 5
500
0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Reynold's Number
12 | P A G E
P/L(Pa/m)*-1
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000 P/L(Pa/m)*-1
Prssure Drop(Pa/m)
1500
1000
500
0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Reynolds Number
Spouted Bed:
13 | P A G E
15 163 300 0.45 75 0.05625
Pressure Drop (Theoretical and Practical) v/s Reynolds Number (100 gm Resin)
1200
1000
800
600
Pressure Drop(Pa)
Theoretical Pressure Drop
Practical Pressure Drop
400
200
0
0 0.5 1 1.5
Reynolds Number
Pressure Drop (Theoretical and Practical) v/s Reynolds Number (200 gm Resin)
14 | P A G E
1400
1200
1000
800
Pressure Drop(Pa)
600 Theoretical Pressure Drop
Practical Pressure Drop
400
200
0
0 0.5 1 1.5
Reynolds Number
Pressure Drop (Theoretical and Practical) v/s Reynolds Number (300 gm Resin)
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
Pressure Drop(Pa) 800 Theoretical Pressure Drop
600 Practical Pressure Drop
400
200
0
0 0.5 1 1.5
Reynolds Number
15 | P A G E
Fluidized Bed:
Data Table for Fluidized Bed
16 | P A G E
Plot of log (P) v/s log (Re) (100 gm resins)
log(-P)
2.2
2.1
1.9 log(-P)
log(-P)
1.8
1.7
1.6
-0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2
log(Re)
17 | P A G E
log(-P)
3
2.5
1.5 log(-P)
log(-P)
1
0.5
0
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2
log(Re)
log(-P)
2.65
2.6
2.55
2.5
2.45
2.4 log(-P)
log(-P)
2.35
2.3
2.25
2.2
2.15
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2
log(Re)
18 | P A G E
Plot of Height v/s Superficial Velocity (100 gm)
2.5
2
Height of Packing L(mm)
Height(mm) 1.5
0.5
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03
Velocity(m/s)
19 | P A G E
Height of Packing L(mm)
29.5
29
28.5
28
27.5
27 Height of Packing L(mm)
Height(mm)
26.5
26
25.5
25
24.5
0 0.01 0.02 0.03
Velocity(m/s)
Velocity(m/s)
20 | P A G E
Plot of Fraud Number v/s Reynolds Number (100 gm)
Frauds Number
0.12
F
r 0.1
a
u 0.08
d
0.06 Frauds Number
N
u 0.04
m
b 0.02
e
r
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Reynolds Number
21 | P A G E
Frauds Number
0.12
F 0.1
r
a
u 0.08
d
0.06 Frauds Number
N
u 0.04
m
b
e 0.02
r
0
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3
Reynolds Number
Frauds Number
0.12
F
r 0.1
a
u 0.08
d
0.06 Frauds Number
N
u 0.04
m
b 0.02
e
r 0
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3
Reynolds Number
22 | P A G E
Given Formula is used to calculate the minimum fluidization velocity:
d p 2 ( s f ) mf 3
Vmf
150(1 mf ) f
Utilizing the given data the minimum fluidization velocity is 0.0609 m/s.
The practical results are around the same order with some fluctuations.
For Vmf = 0.0609 m/s the Fraud Number is 0.01248.
For Fraud Number =1 Re is: 71.67
Error Analysis:
Spouted Bed
Error in Error in Error in Error in P Error in P
Flow Rate Velocity Re (theoretical (experimenta
) l)
0.000125 0.00028538 0.013283 9.58019657 9.580196572
5 2
0.000125 0.00051188 0.023825 9.58019657 9.580196572
1 1 2
0.000125 0.00073837 0.034367 9.58019657 9.580196572
7 1 2
0.000125 0.00085162 0.039638 9.58019657 9.580196572
5 2 2
0.000125 0.00107812 0.050180 9.58019657 9.580196572
2 2
0.000125 0.00028538 0.013283 9.58019657 9.580196572
5 2
0.000125 0.00051188 0.023825 9.58019657 9.580196572
1 1 2
23 | P A G E
0.000125 0.00073837 0.034367 9.58019657 9.580196572
7 1 2
0.000125 0.00085162 0.039638 9.58019657 9.580196572
5 2 2
0.000125 0.00107812 0.050180 9.58019657 9.580196572
2 2
0.000125 0.00028538 0.013283 9.58019657 9.580196572
5 2
0.000125 0.00062512 0.029096 9.58019657 9.580196572
9 1 2
0.000125 0.00085162 0.039638 9.58019657 9.580196572
5 2 2
0.000125 0.00096487 0.044909 9.58019657 9.580196572
2 2 2
0.000125 0.00107812 0.050180 9.58019657 9.580196572
2 2
Fluidized Bed
Error in Error in Error in Error in Error in Frauds
P Flow-Rate Velocity Re Number
12.77359 0.00125 0.0008153 0.037951 0.001386057
5 85 4
12.77359 0.00125 0.0009286 0.043222 0.002367847
5 33 5
12.77359 0.00125 0.0012683 0.059035 0.006468265
5 77 5
12.77359 0.00125 0.0013816 0.064306 0.008220086
5 25 6
12.77359 0.00125 0.0016081 0.074848 0.012301253
5 21 6
24 | P A G E
12.77359 0.00125 0.0009286 0.043222 0.002367847
5 33 5
12.77359 0.00125 0.0011551 0.053764 0.004908951
5 29 5
12.77359 0.00125 0.0012683 0.059035 0.006468265
5 77 5
12.77359 0.00125 0.0013816 0.064306 0.008220086
5 25 6
12.77359 0.00125 0.0016081 0.074848 0.012301253
5 21 6
12.77359 0.00125 0.0009286 0.043222 0.002367847
5 33 5
12.77359 0.00125 0.0011551 0.053764 0.004908951
5 29 5
12.77359 0.00125 0.0012683 0.059035 0.006468265
5 77 5
12.77359 0.00125 0.0013816 0.064306 0.008220086
5 25 6
12.77359 0.00125 0.0016081 0.074848 0.012301253
5 21 6
Packed Bed
25 | P A G E
129.0986835 0.00125 0.00147977 834.4660677 1.091819639 0.546517
134.2972882 0.00125 0.001579 815.3358495 0.855941903 0.583164
138.6294588 0.00125 0.00168173 733.4810939 0.69796729 0.621105
143.8280635 0.00125 0.00178680 164.5109306 0.585934953 0.659910
147.2938 0.00125 0 136.46479 0 0
Packed Bed:
1. First decrease in e (experimental friction factor) then increase proves that firstly it
was in laminar zone than turbulent zone.
2. e (Experimental) and e (Theoretical) have huge difference between them which
concludes that Erguns equation may not fit into this system.
3. Pressure drop and Reynolds Number are almost linearly proportional.
Fluidized Bed:
1. Pressure first increases then decreases and then become constant (after fluidization
point) for each of 100gm, 200gm and 300gm of resins.
2. Porosity will increase after fluidization point.
3. Bed height is also constant but after fluidization it increases.
4. Fluidization Velocity increases with increasing mass.
Spouted Bed:
1. Porosity increases after fluidization.
2. There is huge difference between experimental and theoretical values of pressure
difference but this difference decreases as value of Re increases. This may also be
due to fluctuations in the system.
26 | P A G E
Answers to Questions:
Fluidized Bed
A1. Advantages of fluidization:
The main advantage is that mixing is uniform and there is no abnormality in the bed. The
temperature is also constant throughout.
Disadvantage of fluidization:
In case of solid gas fluidization there is uneven contact between the two.
A2. During fluidization with a liquid like water the particle move far apart and become
vigorously activated but bed density at all point is the same. This is called particulate
fluidization.
During fluidization with a gas most gas passes through the beds in form of bubble and
only small portion flows through the channels. This is aggregative fluidization.
And Frauds number is Fr= V/dp*g V= Superficial Velocity
dp =particle diameter g = acceleration due to gravity
A3. Yes it depends on the type of distributor. A good distributor creates maximum
pressure drop and is compatible to the bed.
A4. Two phase theory was given by Toomey and John stone in (1952). According to the
theory fluidizing bed composes of two phases: the bubbling phase and particulate phase.
Any excess gas during fluidization will pass as bubbles in the system and will not pass
through channels.
A5. Yes it is higher due to uniform mixing as well as high contact surface area.
Spouted Bed:
A1. Spouted bed can be used as dryers, recycling, gasification and catalytic
decomposition.
A2. In spouted bed density of particle is low and flow is upward while in moving bed it is
exactly opposite.
27 | P A G E
A3. Minimum spouting velocity: It is the fluid velocity at which spouting starts.
Maximum spouting velocity: It is the fluid velocity at which spouting stops and becomes
fluidized bed.
Maximum spouting pressure drop: Pressure drop at maximum spouting velocity.
Packed Bed:
A1. They both are inversely proportional.
A2. Maximum diameter can be diameter of the tube.
A3. Porosity will be different and different point. It will correspond to the diameter
which will be between d1 and d2.
Nomenclature:
28 | P A G E
NFR Froudes Number
Q Volumetric Flow Rate
Rep Reynolds Number of particle.
Vo Superficial Velocity
Vmf Velocity at minimum fluidization
Ws Weight of the bed
e Friction factor
Precautionary Measures:
References:
4. Coulson & Richardson , Chemical Engineering Vol-2 4th edition, Asian Books
29 | P A G E
5. George Granger Brown, Unit Operations,1st edition, CBS Publishers &
30 | P A G E