HARDENING, ™*”" TEMPERING& ~ _HEAT TREATMENTWORKSHOP PRACTICE SERIES jrom Argus Boots 1, Hardening, Tempering and 8 Sheet Metal Work 15. Workholding inthe Lathe Heat Treatment RE Wakeford Tubal Cain Tubal Cain 9. Soldering and Brazing 16. Electric Motors. 2. Vertical Milling in the Home ‘Tubal Cain Vd. Cox Workshop eee F,, 17. Gears and Gear Cuting ‘Ainold Theop. ys ae ane Seeine iste 3, Screweutting inthe Lathe * 18, Basic Benchwerk ‘Martin Cleeve. W eens Les Oldridge 4. Foundrywork for the Amateur ves 19. Spring Design and Manufacture ca fee cece Spring Desin 5. Milling Operations in the Lathe alee 20. Metalwork and Machining: Tubal Cain 13, Workshop Drawing tins ood te 6. Measuring and Marking Metals Tubal Cain lan Bradley Ivan Law 14. Making Small Workshop 2, The Ar of Welding Tools WA. Vause Seay, 1. Hardening, Tempering and Heat Treatment In this Valuable book Tubal Cain takes the reader beyond the superficial or the simply practical with explanations of the composition of steel, its additives, and the effects of different temperatures on its constituents. With a grasp of what changes are actually taking place in the metal the care needed in following the practical processes described becomes under- standable and will lead to better and more consistent results. Flame, salt bath and furnace heating are detailed, with information on accurate measurement or recognition of temperature levels. For the average small workshop operative or model engineer the discourses on tool material, hardening and tempering will be of most use, and in this connection this book replaces the earlier “Hardening and Tempering Engineers’ Tools”, providing a broader-based, more detailed and up to date examination of the subject. t ISBN O-g5242-837-5 808521428 |HARDENING, TEMPERING AND HEAT TREATMENT for model engineers Tubal Cain ARGUS BOOKSSear: Contents Cheptr ——hon Sint > honor? 2 herr 2 Sharer e hares Chap? * Shaper e Shapers = haptrt0 Sony Pecans 1 (2 tet 184 open Thema oy ie a opens? Can atin ose ws . opens ne omens 1CHAPTER 1 Iron & Steel Ser oe met enAig a ea ar he exis fm fe ten end Soca aera se care fe ‘Sou ieee von wi te Seees oor apm ‘Erg Sn ta \potateng rae pant ea ‘tile tapout empty ‘Unaee ve micoesape tha ma by 0 Se £ 13m wie «Hn. wt ting Seed Beiccinners os Pesce Benes rs orecss was cae he “camera a tes ercomenaton i ni apr (Bet torres rnd voy eee fr ver ‘ee cies = See, Sie bob eileen pees te rey Seema, Sees waa ry rn ‘ie ing cil won) 03HAPTER 2 inciples of the Hardening3 5 5 aN-CARBON TRANSFOR- ionSpeed atrakeg oer ay Jrvoerlin wo cots soe ae Sine Man popartan Peon iy Ts foe ve com. Fh Steere eos EFFECT OF COOLING RATE fie econo wh tor ase ooh nnd yy ae See Seas Zao Saaewaer a Siecceree seacoren suns Exco ees Leeson Seon mameecees Sapa Eyes ‘See ac wont ‘Sion fhe samara i ABC! go a tm Saet °G u at {ronan to Poome oat ene soberBisToRTION DURING THE eweonuawey sor nto Ingrt rotenone (Sade ne reo aay hres ‘Slice te rime certo be ‘ivafprarg ours mone gece snd Sisr ee af eon mnt be Etc rend et tb ban Sees ‘Son ae tut au fre esrenne eansnermns SSeS Macnon to ea Sao Sas TRS ces Ii ee han wo fo gn tie sre sees eres Sees a lene Seen rw” on ners Seer ern cece ‘Sorel seg socom mae forse Sr alan he ol Somnacntetcnoarcne imo era an ial pewien ey ad by sora dorm on ‘Seem eben Sago soe ioc’ Inpueyser A haere anf anercege ae Serio age” hes sae’ cigar i ona 3 {Cioran fore» ty se comomng ae ht OR ‘oi cernun conan Von, Soh re le ter oer Enzi tke ecard ote sn Ever ares you come Seer ep her sly =trent fy tbe Sepang We Seesaw a a SURFACE HARDENING 55 tapes rt fn est insta an pup oon ‘en toon up ane 9s (econ ey hos, a po {ea macnn punt on oer ‘Shea Rs" ge nw in \PTER 3 ictice ons as mae ing and Quenching in See eee Seanase purrctte me te tre tay feted ne he estrogen gue ne see ess is wing shave sendy seen te noes ne woes Soe SS Nee mmigene mare evocon Nt up hte mile, THIERNESS, oreo tol te Seatceo Sees Leimaweass Meanie eeiebeemve Senenies we pe oes we Eaienaae Sepeecete: ae Seccoreers Losec Bicsenarts teow mmiog tnt les at Sr” tel sot sn wats Tt mas tin pothemscoewioe on nsteeraae ee eee ers JS Pcie! mepcorrmnns Sv ccreis Sos eros eae See Sccoe reo San Wie" aA nba ay at Segre most eat pe arg emi ieemcele Seat he cent "Nae eee tor st ne ‘creat you mat you ge mls “aol congued wie Ries tee men'apece Srey wn easy ‘eas inure he enting Sn pe ATE a hea won (Eiipor note raion tayou tae wo gn och te << Leese es | Seema het aaa a oe SS LSTeasier bmp asi eeeeeeig seem narra Si iaees See cee Simeone Sretincmne cot Nt ol ledip hat ntaey Sa owene peuearecrere pees ee oe pees See ge ee Seay Ss ‘BE, seer wl wn ew wl se argc Soea aes sameeren SS Sie oe sonmgeeemact are oe Soe eet ‘oumnewpcothevarountemowrtwen so proed they havent teen Sock ieenody psn weyee one etc by ating ence ot (Geared cy me yaar oF Seeeeers eens toro when sting Tn nd ord ‘aveNcHiNG ‘Sra ect on son were Sectoct sor geanting conse: ago" tS bo MrsSottero ron So am pescome ate ow sa eae Stine ne wo Agata ‘Suton gesen 1 earn ot Sipe wee amw |mere Gave eee ae eas ics meen eee, oes Arona eon anh Ere a Some ee nt per ira So it a6 Ite! we voi use compartir ree be ot i ratry motion nd he to aa Sear eae ‘olien Sys" tho these have gond ge bu for sass wert HeeSarees rite ower arene i stm, Te Saas =a rch era ‘pie hil eee ‘orig en rae cna, 8 oo tors eet ereeurarere See nhaeen Sate agers pie weenie ‘men's porn re 9 ‘Ser Snel icone ese anon Pa ucts te, may fat a5 threes trun te ie "berate ot ‘Stig sono n Poin Eau eae soea ioon sia ane Wot fr exam. ‘Sexy peasy 386 hort ho [tt ber nm ne inn Srken soar i Ba Bata be thottat vegies trrt 116°C gta do Euan ene vag ayer aon, bell eee tr soy ‘arcs vos wemoghe ges 10 shen mach the won was het Sree et SS: ‘e Nom arse sti 10 Actng "rear a's ee eting toa wn "igh Saeed Se any Fecha ronperng ero {tegatanasoe wn a+ Seer Sener eaee Sore eeernee pegencn Taree Stee tr saree won wena Seeman Tamang ect. Ye be opty ern coe ot testing’ bere ‘ies ihn me boa at ered utes hs bt sree ieee res Eatiacene (Gibran. Beno wee os Yok wy ergs an puns ae he Sg otc aang sree bere Sie" ces Ac Se HO Bert ae Sierras are Sten pa eemenss Saar nie 9 8 ya 8 ser hn eee = Soe Favecaeanies 10 Ao, you re ‘aca “ny ropes sr ai mah Eee es oreo ater goup hone {the booh 16 pled tho usu ods mor’ he mae Pee Dacascos suberSScrevmrtes «elo neu Boe Serena! ar bot meat eager eee. oat nln SSUSe wrt de sore moa ‘hamntng sce tn neon Sisnemers Seamer Tuning. mi ne natos fave'o'ne nt eens fetes a dent med oo foun fog yt at sere ba! us no wave nce Sen ogee at Veet a: at were Soothe pe ‘aint amoung me aia Th {you mon asp ry car aeone woe 0 ‘et omen eee yoy Tisai we etn net Teich snare Prctatsthaes endECR IRS Saati emoer ‘he ening oh ft seem ge cesta hate"vont oat herons Mei, ‘on ig aren ‘Songun at You NEVER ‘Serene eyo Siena leet ome terreaayt bo fe pt go oto etblllitalidie ~~fe, moe ye nt recrg wnpance = sateg eset te ‘tent tar tet the we re Using Ieguv by schon bem hee Sob stb and mre eve AF soe oti yp Ts kon vnetirg race, Thoy aves a Rese tence Wien Xi Segoe ke Speier ceeece neCarga ore Mairgete Sy ate ony ~ bat fe he model eng na Seat ae 7 ry rat Bec tt tated lr nest Bet Steno SE SOS S HD ti cemen ‘a ae coed reer ma nay penne to asap man be orehy onmmcid and be sak esi a ‘Sita st tw anon ofa ols ‘Srp ae hy ‘he “Eoogy Coneclor” se umn on Mute ac, tee tere Seen cake oe entedtc, he and in ony ia eatmponee St Be roe Soi Lampe. Fon te te wth trond wie ne ch teen of 292m Samat | ios aiaay rr ose ‘main Nay yu have to be ‘ising treat Ste nal rites nang ew Teele sot ch Fore a acct at om Sn wh Soc Se teoun eo mow ses sea Sn 36 sh fot ase sangre stad peal edie mon tote re eee Oe evecare Scetaes Set Sots teen nee ees "ope Naas moe ihetiy'n conse stron sonsCHAPTERS CasehardeningRS see vot ea ee re ing ha Sha oe he ore Sinica ee Iegevrs com at. ak ‘ib conona ue ote tanec ieee ‘Sty rad toe "gh ehh Baer cons Seat tage ae ovine pipr 800% 6 8303 re Dope taene oe ‘kenge prose enedSeca ine he Ot ‘ray compan a Ser hove {SOTA srt eas Sah east th eee ‘Elicioe witeh pre he hors ‘Sata bette mossy a eon tem tere Inte Seiya (enlaehrenng isn Ts ‘Sr can ou 18 FR ‘ie sore te pn o SIG ‘ne pong ten sen cee eco ac ont SEE oso i assrasora wach ‘ones Sew Sen rece en eee Saneees Docs Sioa ad "aan gen me Kan eset sa Si coms Sigh Site tes ie eteSipe hou hr eat on 8 he pe! oe‘ence apes onc ‘Minson tempt be our et ‘Siena rr oan Th ‘eve ow eno ae | oe my Sees Selcwe adherent ted tel ok eons cero ‘hot er pone on ns SSenses ‘room wheat tebe! eso shrews Bearers ee eee Se secoree Ss a oe nae Sscshecvee or mene ee he pec ton Be pra enn ‘sre anche eg ae tetcot rune mae Ha ae aus tpaing seb ot mid ot nw or hal an four ee elem mst sown be ethan oape Bor a os 2s PSaatsas eee Seas Saar eee Sous ‘Guest ughenton ea arent ‘Spt we peer ne rae, ‘oie! it tn ta ou il ead al penuie wo 38 (ety a8 a aed tect |EKonca > hse wo 0860" ‘tice nthe mors on acs Hoag sn sas ing‘Found 42 Vaginal point about 267) OH Herd. and Tempore” coca Racers: poem one Sacre geeeieenere Sees ene corer et Bose vcs Sees ‘ought br th Sot of the arog an eae = : er | oe a : am ‘ ela a _| J erovcarions aire z i, =e ‘ | iar oa Smee rate Pano asa rs 100300 “TEMPERING TEMPERATURE °C a Roane{CORE QUENCH LINE. fotng may rol renge The Hore wal above ems ees enoeng' enowrsie "os Som Shcoarees ‘ectsiy Homere oer wor an ean Seite arias Sanier teres See eteeees Soren mens ‘sTeMeERED MERERSHES oe ewe Woy’ ese unas {Son nc Yee TEMPERATURE, SALE OR LEAD ‘ear TEMPERATURE. a an gods sotowen nn ater ‘arte corona eo seotee sping “or tetparing ft 1 ‘Beceta’ niet ay, sy "Sig Basaran” ser sero Sao See Sato “ce ese he TEMPERED MARTENS QUENCH TEMP we! Cepeg an eo te pt Sonat roe aia used by fers = beat (Peyee sed na snd bs orn ono fee ser owed by ain pre ‘room ant ewe wnchosisyoubet htay ower te tat werk town re ila whi mary ot Senere. tot Si hye beaSateeeineieers Sat ee erie eens soe ena Perr Slig"cwe sh te Gerapt Bo toe Ieane somes bese (aPrargng. rors, aout ‘Sanaa common Evans ji care cn of mock bay to a heat [Sener sve rear acne st {182° tn orn rt wen» seh operon or ane ‘an uses og up wo out TOR. hr rh rope at ae ana eran, eka 5 Tcroegoatemgh ane SSS rer seit My erect ns Teed harmner toe toa fo oe ree 700. ‘oven tome fpasten Oe ‘TS€scuangw some mie ‘hoch "ane fogs Been one =k {Siton oor ee on a ou gv 68 or a (5) Hon Speed Stet he naaing reese eas maa ear Sonn tem parage 140% nee ‘Stern et SPC ‘aviing cononcete wget ‘Sones wo en cats el tc yee and Sh Tesco von i apd no serene tat eee ‘SS oem ype (gece elise nouncHapTERS. The Measurement of Hardnesshse go one ose owe Sis oma th et at oH Efe sn he ae an fet ting eb toes "Homer the Eaecan tae eee ncn ate Sec eer Sieesen cence SS eak Wah count sant of the Tiros acre. tweet tee Se orb Sr as ep emocrna cee 22 enema (2c npn oon Sas Hoses iaowteaer SSue-"Tor) ie jor mscrrsbl ‘St act 32009 coneoian The gy iy nerds ‘nmber aut hea ow ‘rots ry aaa See eens ‘meaning sey. eer Ser ca esr "materi Sonn "he rat Roca ond pot eee sarees aan sCHAPTERS Home Construction of Furnacesteas Soares acces See ee aod ‘ey atin fret oes ‘was eualy Syrdnyo sheet. soot jm St comune ems tno {Stace "mayb tae Sey eto an eardete pie i os heptane este ote Se seca eta tespot Seen atin, ax eve Gibecke at Sion ae a dyermnais Row na a "Sw tars wonton spas bd io34 6, tre Maen BOE High Ain {aroun pa rs Soe Se cy oe rage or ion, Siete. tewshSES SEES eee eacectes (eed ts Ria eo * Sevinteaenennrs ‘3 set he anes tc aaa ie Pe ooirsn orcs Sot Roaeed carat = 10007240 = 4.17 ‘oomare st woore aon are sain ce a men se Seeman The eat fot ond surface eee ‘aa eae re ae Ey avaeerune Sa ‘Bato ave wren lp ye Saline die omeedt pnCHAPTER 10, Safety Precautions thee sla tr nS Soe toe fact tha eka arn woes ‘Sih he ow that sas Sekinebcae smeretiberes Seen Cras een 9 won firmoule/ta veh oto ‘ean onary wt many oars have not bo mode sowoiegy. The trang 00 ira POU Sout Seung meeseey, flonow At 780°C tho workpce i suas Bie can gs cul OF hane Wy Seba deer area treed sed mse ay out Worse tem bur ou ye eh norccan pores Pata Sines Tae sco haere sPoveder® ype ana have =| COy icliow oe a. a ee 2 Ss comer a eee Serie eee rc rece On the stinks we aed ord wl ot satis Hom be 06 Yast Sathareiee Pace meee ema Semon “Eitslomond aerator pac afte toy ete ne ten noneane aeetip. Bernice Soeiemeo ‘anata ea om ha ais "eo Ransinss ‘etn. Bo heme th Bo Se erie sae aan er wt be et aig ‘Peni wife rate share However = teen 0 ovat ane rece the ‘ribaouto se wet Ans tom Si eens lo eset Seow sbmnbat 310°C on oy ‘olmrecmati ts gen ah ‘he tv sos xin a gee an A tng oy at bh, Tay ‘ae okay emo, oa tig dun eh 8 tt “Zovaea resonate cate neh eer mou tt a wae Seine cree at Se ‘i abe 05 rg ‘nem sw ‘ily ate thos pa reo mentee imarnwttn te get Taro the hgh {entonto porte tango a ee‘heen! By try “pews mwah wi ive ret ec ‘THERMOCOUPLES ee ae ip ose ee Eonar greens Be aroha res ees ‘shen oof mest ‘Sem emotes row me Meal Eh Nndtck Some te scion as 0° Th gues at ae eae ae a Y R Nom tampon hat wa og suching the temonatus an that ann Conseco te ht ee Dcned vahege nl be 286 = Sewanee bi" Als he eid Pickett opted Woe re wise tren anh Hoty se ne cia es at SORTED Cais ono at ea ietu's or sue degen Fe cle {ia dee on the mate he mee ‘Reetoecsonwe Soe ne arorwaive zat bonne st yan wi ee ‘rom tr Sher te unt‘fom hoch, ona (nthe ee af, ‘sro ime psu weg ort ‘ioc ea"Gactea? rma, ne ate ct eo ‘thy emia, oa ue ow hn eae aes {eran mito wi res secon ‘ie wort te Suppose, howe he ae “oar a, ta om 1 oe overt Sen OA 158 Bo cate een eee ‘ost boi“Sun a hs Sve eo vrai APPENDIX 2 Carbon Steel Cutting Tools ‘ton a 8 eto Ner i's usa aston Peron nda ge ‘mana utd btn ants ‘rareer tang ut ere ma neAPPENDIX British Standard Steel } Specification Numbers sei Tnrameral Turn we ej at wy a et Uy na ehAPPENDIX4 Approximate Conversion of Hardness Scales (ASTM Conversion Tables) muene eums page: He 13.9.0)Glossary of Terms Soa — feat Dagan ‘epoca y wn rp ct st Retains Se wot wae te ton Sotion. FG So rama lene ai ends er ‘taba but noe aay scat wt he ‘oped cmt oe wt an tam seven cae nd ae ats See og aeCaton St Han sents Pratien (coated nates ay aoe el ‘Sea oy om Soi a Trg a cer i SA gener eee tea whe "he metal in pay state sath both Imanoaar he etre "ae. ow pie a0 “aware comerngcast ten wrought an. ‘ty neato a ar SS Sa See ees steed nti cui ce ber A Siemans mrareseeenent Sted oiy teh Cen See some hewitt Seer Eee ee RSet festreed "suet tit tty aos “he ‘ay change oto misono tao chemi ‘tone on wept abst nt sa Imag once ea ‘aint athena entINDEXBRMELL. HB -z-2aP TOCD-UBE de mk B Loam %