Australia

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Australia
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Australia is both a continent and the sixth largest country in the world. Most of the
population is concentrated along the eastern and southeastern coasts.
A key business location, Australia has the unique advantage of historically being a
European-based English-speaking culture with a multicultural population located in
the Asian region. Economically, politically, socially, and educationally, Australia is
on a par with leading economies.
Mass immigration after the World War II brought large demographic changes,
making Australia one of the world's most multicultural countries. Much of the recent
immigration has been from Asia. Australia sees its future as a dominant Southern
hemisphere and Asian power. It is an important member of the Asia Pacific
Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum and strives to forge free trade arrangements
with China and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
The country faces some of the same long-term challenges as other developed
countries: an aging population, pressure on infrastructure and environmental
concerns including climate change.
Culture Overview
Cultural Essentials
Multiculturalism
Australia is a multicultural country where about one-quarter of the
population was born overseas or has a parent who was. More than 260
languages are spoken and residents identify with about 270 ethnicities. In
addition, the government is actively engaging with the Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander Peoples.
Before reaching the stage of multiculturalism, the country went through

several stages, including "White Australia" policy, assimilation, and
integration. The multicultural policies ensure the equal involvement of
migrants in society, while acknowledging their rights to maintain their
cultural differences. Australia joins people's individual cultural traditions
and values to develop common future.
Multiculturalism has been quite successful for Australia and helped

transform the country from a small, insular community with a colonial
mindset to a sophisticated and cosmopolitan nation that can engage with
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the region and the world on its own terms.
Egalitarianism
Australia is an egalitarian country that does not have rigid class distinctions
and wealth does not make someone more important than others. This
dates back to the demarcation between convicts and ex-convicts and the
rest of the settlers. The ex-convicts who were treated as second-class
citizens refused to see themselves as inferior and believed they could
reach their goals if they worked hard.
The phrase "tall poppy" is used to describe someone who tries to stand out
from the crowd and act as though s/he is better than anyone else. Once
commonly used, the phrase has lost impact in recent years as Aussies
have realized they have a lot to offer on the global arena. Nonetheless,
most Aussies strive to remain modest about their accomplishments and
believe boasting or bragging is arrogant.
Basic egalitarianism is seen in all aspects of life. Aussies generally use first
names with everyone, from their boss to the server at a restaurant. They
form a queue when waiting to be served where a number of people seek
attention simultaneously. They are willing to wait their turn. When riding in
a taxi, men sit in the front with the driver to show that they see themselves
as equal.
Australians value authenticity and sincerity, and dislike pretentiousness.

They like to get to know "the whole person": What are your values and
interests? Are you a person of integrity? Do you have a sense of humor or
do you take yourself too seriously? Are you too focused on work? Do you
self-promote, talk about your background and achievements, or
importance?
Aussies may downplay their own success, which has given the
misconception that they are not achievement-oriented. The reality is that
Aussies are smart and competitive. Their "who me?" attitude may hide a
human dynamo.
Individualism and Group Orientation

Australians are individualistic and are comfortable working independently
to reach their goals. At the same time, they work well in groups and it is
common for everyone to pitch in and work together in times of crisis. This
is similar to the concept of "mateship," which is thought to emanate from
the sense of mutual dependence that came from the harsh conditions the
first settlers endured in the penal colonies. Individuals had to rely on each
other for mutual survival. Once a term used for male relationships, the
meaning has broadened over time.
Perhaps as a result of their passion for sports, Aussies accept that despite
their individuality they are part of a group. It could be a sporting team, work
group, company or neighborhood. When working in a group, Australians
believe each person should contribute to the best of their ability for the best
interest of the group. They will refer to success as the group's success,
even if they were a principal reason for the success.
Informality
Australians are renowned for their easy-going behavior and senses of
humor. Foreigners generally describe them as casual, laid back and
passionate about sports.
Their informality is seen in the speech pattern and their ease at addressing
everyone from the CEO to the bank president to the mail carrier by their
first name. Australians are not impressed by titles; they want to see what
someone can do. This is not a culture where hyperbole is the norm. In fact,
it can lead to Aussies feeling the need to take "the person down a peg".
More so than most cultures, Australians do not like conducting business

with people who think that they are better than others. This is a culture
where appearing modest and unassuming is preferable to touting your
achievements and success. Information about your qualifications should be
revealed gradually and over a period of time rather than at the initial
meeting.
At times, Australians may use language that is more colorful than you are
accustomed to hearing. This is not meant as an insult. Rather, it is their
way of demonstrating their sense of egalitarianism.
Direct Communication
Australians pride themselves on saying what they mean and meaning what
they say. They openly discuss their ideas without trying to state them in a
politically correct manner. They consider being understood as more
important than being diplomatic and polite. They are not afraid to disagree
with what someone has said, but do not make it into a personal attack on
the person. When people speak indirectly, Aussies may not understand the
message.
Aussies value verbal sparring and frequently use understatement or

humor, mixed with cynicism or irony to make a point. Their humor is often
self-deprecating, but it can also be used to bring someone down if they are
taking themselves or the situation too seriously. People are expected to be
able to take a joke. In fact, Aussies' sense of humor is one of the first
things foreigners notice about them. Australians can poke fun at nearly
anything or anyone. Perhaps the only topic that can be off-limits is sports.
When presenting to an Australian audience, make sure your material

stresses substance. This is not a culture where fancy graphics can
compensate for a lack of good, concrete data.
Quality of Life / Work-Life Balance

The Australian quality of life, together with their home and family, are
sources of pride and enjoyment. As such, they strive for a balance between
their business and personal lives. This is especially the case with workers
born after 1965 (Gen X And Gen Y). They work to live, enjoy their leisure
time and are extremely sports-minded. This does not mean that Aussies
don't work hard; they do. They simply work to live rather than live to work.
Aussies often pepper their speech with sporting analogies. The most
popular sports are football, rugby, cricket, bush walking, tennis, and water
activities such as sailing or surfing. Most Australians actively participate in

at least one sport and are frequent spectators to others. Sports often form
the basis of their social networks, since sporting friendships endure even if
you switch companies.
Much business entertaining revolves around sports, and the calendar is

punctuated by annual sporting events such as the Melbourne Cup horse
race, the Sydney to Hobart yacht race, international cricket tests, and the
Australian Open tennis tournament. When these events are happening,
they rivet the nations attention and are common topics of conversation.
Religion
Australia has a reputation for religious tolerance and acceptance. There is

not a state religion and, for the most part, religion is considered a private
matter that has little impact on everyday life. The majority of Australians
only attend church at Christmas or Easter, or to occasionally participate in
the important family rituals of christenings, weddings, and funerals.
The diversity of faiths has increased as Australia becomes increasingly

multi-cultural and aligns itself with its Asia-Pacific neighbors. Although the
largest segment of the population are nominally Christian, there are
increasing numbers of Buddhists, Muslims, and Jews.
Role of Women
Surprisingly for a country that produced well-known feminist Germaine

Greer, Australia was "behind the curve" on feminist issues for many years.
Between 1986 and 1993, the government took steps to address gender
stereotypes and promote positive images of women through extensive
consultation, research and the establishment of the National Working Party
on the Portrayal of Women in the Media.
More women than men complete secondary school and university and
women comprise nearly 60% of the workforce. In addition, more than 30%
of small businesses are female-owned.
Women hold about 40% of senior and executive positions in public service.
They also hold 34% of seats on federal government-controlled boards and
23% of chair or deputy chair positions. Twenty-five percent of women were
elected into the House of Representatives in the 43rd parliament and 37%
women in the Senate.
On 1/1/2011, the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) Corporate

Governance Council implemented a diversity policy requiring all publicly
traded Australian companies to set gender diversity targets. Companies

must report on their targets and provide explanations if they are not in
place.
According to the 2012 Australian Census on Women in Leadership, 12.3%

of directors at ASX 200 companies are women. Interestingly, the larger the
company, the greater the change of gender equality since only 9.2% of
directors at ASX 500 companies are women. Women hold 9.7% of
executive key management positions in the ASX 200 and 9.2% of
executive key management positions in the ASX 500
There are more female directors in insurance, banking, retail and

telecommunications. Women remain under-represented in fields
traditionally thought of as male, such as IT and engineering. Many
businesses and industry associations have created programs to encourage
young women to study for and enter technical careers.
Although there remains a wage disparity between men and women, Gen Y
and Gen X employees are closer to pay parity (men out-earn women by
3.5%), whereas for Baby Boomers, the wage differential is nearly 15%.
View of Foreign Women

Foreign businesswomen should not expect to face gender bias or
discrimination. Australians generally accept foreign businesswomen and
treat them with the respect that is due someone in their position. Some
Australian businessmen may be more accepting of foreign businesswomen
than Australian businesswomen.
What is most important to Australian businesspeople is that the foreign

businesswoman makes an effort to fit into the local business culture and
follows through on her agreements and commitments.
Tips for Businesswomen

Foreign businesswomen should maintain a professional image and be
confident and assertive in their business dealings.
Since the business culture is somewhat informal, businesswomen should

not be standoffish or overly reserved or formal; such behavior may be
misinterpreted as putting on airs.
It is a good idea to demonstrate a sense of humor. Being able to accept a

joke made at your expense will improve your image and demonstrate that
you are self-confident.
In many companies, work associates my meet up after work for a drink. If a

foreign businesswoman is invited, she should attend, even if she only
drinks something non-alcoholic. If attending, the businesswoman should
pay for her "round".
It is generally a good idea to learn something about the organization and

the individual you will be meeting. It is also important to understand
Australian current affairs.
Arrive on time for meetings as this shows respect for the Australians.
Likewise, do not engage in lengthy getting-to-know-you conversation.
Establishing Credibility
In terms of greeting protocol, a businesswoman should extend her hand to
her Australian counterpart.
The best way to establish credibility is to have your credentials presented

prior to your arrival. Although a personal introduction is not required,
having someone else introduce your background and qualifications can
alleviate the need for you to speak about yourself in a way that could be
considered boastful.
There are still remnants of the "tall poppy syndrome" where Australians
poke fun at someone who boasts or brags about what they own or their
accomplishments. Therefore, a foreign businesswoman should avoid self-
promotional conversations. This is a culture where actions speak louder
than words.
Strive to speak clearly and concisely and present a well-ordered business

case. Respond as candidly as possible to questions. If you do not know the
answer, it is better to admit that rather than appear evasive, which may be
misinterpreted as insincerity.
Avoid excessive use of superlatives, which may be considered over the top
or insincere.
Following through with promises and agreements is extremely important in

developing an ongoing business relationship. If you do not keep your word,
you will lose credibility and have greater difficulty achieving a successful
business deal.
View of Foreigners
Australians are generally quite open to foreigners. Attitudes are shaped by

many variables, including personal travel experience as well as living or
working internationally or in a multicultural environment. However, as a
relatively young nation of immigrants, Australians are relatively
accommodating of newcomers in their communities and workplace. Both
the government and corporate Australia have comprehensive initiatives
addressing diversity and the challenges of multiculturalism.
For the most part, Australians take a pragmatic approach and give
newcomers the benefit of the doubt. A naturally curious people, Australians
are interested in learning about other cultures and are adept at adopting
many influences imported by immigrants. This is seen in the countrys
array of ethnic restaurants, "fusion cuisine", as well as international

influences in alternative forms of exercise and medicine.
Cross Culture Tips
The following cultural observations are based on the dimensions in the

ICAM169; Cultural Model. They are designed to help you work and
understand people from other cultural backgrounds.
Please keep in mind that not all people from any given culture act the
same, but in order to describe cultural traits, we had to make
generalizations, which may not apply in some cases. Perhaps the most
important tip we can provide is that when interacting across cultures, you
need to approach every situation with an understanding of the basic tenets
of a given culture and yet remain alert to the specific cultural signals you
receive in each situation and adjust your behavior and expectations
accordingly.
Hierarchical vs. Egalitarian

The defining characteristics of this dimension are:
How society is structured

How power is allocated or earned
Tolerance for social mobility
How organizations are structured and run
The amount of responsibility and control employees are given
Australia is an egalitarian society. When you interact with Australians, the

following tips will help you:
People expect to be treated with an equal amount of respect and will

express their opinions based upon their ability to contribute rather
than their position.
As a manager or team member, plan to be inclusive.
Be aware that you cannot evaluate an individual's rank or importance
based on appearance, demeanor, privileges or status symbols.
These external manifestations of status may be absent and are often
regarded as pretentious in this environment.
People will feel empowered to demonstrate initiative and take
responsibility.
Don't expect deferential or special privileges based on your position
in society or the workplace.
Formal vs. Informal
The importance of appearance and demeanor as an indicator of

status
The importance of protocol and etiquette

The appropriate use of titles, surnames and honorifics
The appropriateness of discussing personal matters at work
Appropriate ways of meeting people, building relationships and
entertaining
Australia is an informal society. When you interact with Australians, the

following tips will help you as you cross cultures:
Don't be surprised or offended if people address you by your first

name-or even abbreviate it without your permission. (You may gently
and casually correct them if you prefer to be called something
different.)
Ostentatious displays of wealth or status may be considered
pretentious and arrogant.
Recognize that lines may be blurred-lines between socio-economic
groups, lines between personal and professional lives and status in
the organizational hierarchy.
Appearance, demeanor, and lack of status symbols may be
deceiving. These external manifestations of status may be absent
and are often regarded as unnecessary and unwanted.
Invitations to a social or business function might be vague and
unspecific. Check with a colleague, local national or fellow expat if in
doubt about specifics such as appropriate time to arrive and leave, as
well as dress code and gift giving.
Group vs. Individual

The source of an individual's identity and loyalties

The relative importance of the individual versus the group
Whether legal systems will protect the rights of the individual or focus
on the group as a whole
Whether individuals prefer to work alone or be part of a group
Whether work teams operate as a seamless entity or as cooperating
individuals
The value of individual contributions vs. teamwork in accomplishing
and rewarding business goals
The roles and responsibilities of individuals to other family members
The appropriate levels of self-assertion and self-promotion within a
society
Australia is a relatively group-oriented society. As you interact with people

from Australia, it will be helpful to remember the following tips:
People prefer to work independently rather than as part of a group.

When working in a group, individuals will focus on their own primary
tasks than that of the total group.
Groups are seen more for collegiality than for sharing responsibility.
An individual's importance and self-worth is determined by their ability
to think and work independently.
As an employer or manager, provide employees with sufficient

opportunities for independent problem solving. Individuals will
respond well to being given the autonomy, independence and
flexibility to get the job done.
Individual expression is encouraged and will be demonstrated in
people's appearance and behavior.
Transactional vs. Relationship

What constitutes a relationship

What are the expectations
Whether trust is deemed critical to building social or business
relationships
What takes precedence in making a business decision: the people
involved or other more objective business criteria
The pace and degree of formalized rituals in building new
relationships
The appropriateness of mixing business and pleasure, or
professional and personal lives
Australia is a transactional-oriented culture. When you have business or

social interactions with Australians, you will want to remember these
points:
Be prepared to "get down to business" much earlier in an interaction.

Avoid engaging in too much small talk or asking personal questions
in business situations.
While people may appear open and friendly, don't be offended if they
don't seem interested in knowing much about you.
While personal relationships are long-term, work relationships can be
very transient. So don't be surprised if former mentors or colleagues
fail to stay in touch once they (or you) have moved.
You will not have to build a relationship before commencing with
business, but you might have to engage in more legal discussions
than you would otherwise expect.
Indirect vs. Direct Communication

The relative importance of verbal vs. non-verbal communication

The degree of directness or subtlety in the language
The relative importance of contextual versus tactical information in
conveying a message
The need to maintain harmony and dignity when communicating
The degree to which a society uses conciseness and clarity versus
eloquent language when communicating
Australia is a direct communication culture. The following tips will give you
clues about how you might handle communication with Australian
colleagues:
It is important to stand by your word when you make a commitment.

In general, you will be judged on your words rather than your non-
verbal behavior.
Participants in a meeting may take turns speaking or they may speak
over the other person if they believe they understood the message. In
general, the goal is to continue the conversation to a logical
conclusion.
Brevity is appreciated in all kinds of communications. This is
especially true in business.
Do not be surprised if people offer direct praise, criticism or feedback,
even in a public forum such as a meeting or presentation.
Fluid vs. Controlled Time

The degree to which people feel that they can control time
The relative importance of relationships vs. schedules
Attitudes towards timekeeping and punctuality
Comfort level with short range vs. longer term planning
The feasibility / appropriateness of assigning set times for social
functions or business meetings to start and finish
Australia is a Controlled Time society. The following tips will give you clues
about how you may best interact with Australian colleagues around time
issues:
Most people consider time to be something that is within their control

and they may have difficulties when outside forces interrupt their
schedules.
Since they value their time, people tend to see those who are not
prompt as disorganized or even unprofessional.
Time management skills are valued; meeting deadlines shows good
management.
Meetings and social events may have a scheduled starting and
ending time.
Because they structure their time, it is important to schedule visits in
advance.
External vs. Internal Control

The degree to which people feel they control their environment and
destiny-or the degree to which they feel their environment and
destiny control them
Openness to change and innovation
The preference for rules and structure
Willingness to take risks
The degree to which organizational practices encourage and reward

initiative and risk taking, and allow failure
Australia is an Internal Control society. When interacting with people from

Australia, you should remember the following tips:
Change is typically perceived in a positive light, even if it is not easily

implemented.
People will be interested in new products and systems.
Employees expect work to be delegated as broad guidelines, with
them free to adopt how to approach the work.
Employees are often willing to make geographical moves for career
opportunities.
Individuals believe that they have some control over their destiny and
environment.
Balance vs. Status Motivation

The importance and value attached to professional vs. personal lives

How status and success are defined by a society
The presence or absence of government-sponsored initiatives
relating to family welfare benefits
The source of an individual's identity and self-esteem
Tolerance for blurring the lines between professional and personal
lives
Australia is a Balance-Status Motivation culture. When interacting with

people from Australia, you should remember the following tips:
Personal identity is a mixture of family lineage, education and

personal professional achievements.
People will find that doors open more easily based on family position
and status, but gain status and respect by workplace
accomplishments.
Highly motivated people will make significant sacrifices for individual
recognition and status, but financial achievement alone is not, in
itself, a motivator.
Social occasions are not used to achieve business objectives.
While family background is important, people are measured on their
own achievements in gaining status.
Generational Info
Generational Overview
Generations are shaped by history, technological advances, social

changes, and economic conditions, etc. Significant events during a
generation's formative years create similar values, expectations,
perceptions, opportunities and challenges.
Australia currently has three generations in the workforce whose life

experiences create behavioral differences. These generations often have
different viewpoints towards many aspects of business as well as how long
they expect to remain with a given company.
These are the most common definition, although a few years on either side
of the range is possible.
The groups are:
Baby Boomers: Born 1946 1964

Generation X: Born 1965 1979
Generation Y 1980-1994
Many Baby Boomers have already retired or are nearing normal retirement
age. It is estimated that within 5 years, only 10% of the workforce will be
Baby Boomers. Some may continue to work as consultants or freelancers,
either in their existing career or something entirely different.
Baby Boomers
Born
1946 1964
Seminal Events
Firing of Gough Whitlam

Vietnam war
No-fault divorce
Moon landing
Values
Hierarchical
Task-oriented
Idealistic
Enthusiastic
Energetic
Passionate
Principled
Relatively respectful of authority
Believe they could create a better world
Hard-working
Career-focused
What this Looks Like in the Workplace
Baby Boomers reliance on face-time can frustrate younger

generations who want to be evaluated on what they do, not how long
they spent doing it.
Extremely process oriented and concerned about adhering to
accepted procedures. Younger generations may view them as
inflexible and wedded to antiquated ways of doing things.
Baby Boomers expect younger generations to work their way up in
the organization whereas the younger generations want to ignore
unnecessarily complicated processes that could be automated.
Value job security and a stable working environment.
Remain loyal and attached to an organization.
Baby Boomers will work much longer than any generation before
them - as long as workplaces cater to their needs.
Work Ethic
Since they define themselves by what they do, Boomers are often
workaholics.
They work to live, often not enjoying the fruits of their labor.
Although they have a strong individualistic streak, most are proud of
being the generation that made a big splash by being the largest and
most vocal. Thus, they often enjoy being part of a team.
Although they work extremely hard, many focus on activities that do

not provide a meaningful ROI to the organization.
They can be intimidated when younger generations want to
computerize and streamline work they have done a certain way for
years.
They are slowing down and becoming more interested in work-life
balance.
They are team players who work together to achieve common goals.
Although they see themselves as change agents, younger
generations may see them as stubborn and reluctant to adopt
technology.
Preferred communication style

Although not as formal or hierarchical as Builders, Baby Boomers prefer
formal communication.
Most comfortable with print mediums or face-to-face communication

for serious communication.
Prefer person-to-person encounters, especially meetings.
Write emails in standard language without texting acronyms.
Do not appreciate being bombarded with information.
They enjoy holding meetings and giving stakeholders the opportunity
to present their case.
See meetings to be the ideal way in which to gather information.
Risk Tolerance
Since they see themselves as change agents who brought to the
workplace the same unbridled enthusiasm that took on the establishment,
they are risk tolerant, although the level varies by person.
Although they began their careers wanting to effect change, most

tempered this in order to succeed. However, as a group, they remain
willing to take calculated risks.
Corporate downsizings and the devastation of their financial futures
leads many to be more risk tolerant since the only true security is the
ability to take care of themselves.
How to Manage
Tap into their historical perspective when considering a new business

case. They may understand why certain "solutions" are not workable.
Acknowledge and respect their experience and knowledge; recognize
the quality of their work and appreciate the hours they put in and the
loyalty they
Foster their creative and entrepreneurial drives by allowing them to
take chances on new ventures without fear of reprisal. Baby Boomers
respond positively if they believe they are respected for what they
have to offer.
Younger managers should respect their knowledge and experience.
Reverse mentoring often works well for the organization.
Motivated by individuality and achievement; respond best to a
cooperative management style that is competency based.
Appeal to their knowledge and team spirit to have them mentor
younger workers.
Provide flexible work arrangements such as part time, work from
home, or short sabbaticals. Such arrangements can bridge the way
into retirement and facilitate the change for both the employee and
the organization.
Promote the use of team approaches as a vehicle to improve their
individual skillsets.
Recognize what they have to offer. This generation is learning to
appreciate recognition and find it as rewarding as they once found
promotions and salary increases.
Generation X
Born
1965 1979
Other Names
Gen X
Slacker Generation
Baby Busters
Seminal Events
Fall of the Berlin Wall

Challenger disaster
AIDS
Single-parent families
Multi-culturalism
Desert Storm
Latchkey children
Values
Self-reliant and resilient

Career-oriented but also value family
Pragmatic
Realistic
Low-key
Innovative and flexible
Independent
Cautious
Goal-oriented
Collaborative
Team focused
Resourceful
Entrepreneurial
Embrace change
Have a natural skepticism about companies. They watched their

parents give their all to an organization only to be made redundant.
Therefore, they do not expect job security and stay with an
organization as long as they are learning and enjoying themselves.
Believe respect must be earned. Extremely egalitarian.
Look for collegial working relationships, which are often viewed as
more important than achievement.
Want frequent feedback.
Results rather than process oriented.
Tech savvy
Work Ethic
Seek work-life balance.

Work to live.
Fun-loving and creative.
Although they are willing to work hard, they focus more on working
smart. If there is a shortcut or a way to streamline a process, they will
find it. Older generations may see this as a desire for change for its
own sake.
Seek variety and constant stimulation; dislike repetitive tasks. This

may be viewed as a lack of attention to detail.
Want work to be a source of lifelong learning. Expect to enjoy what
they do and have fun while doing it.

Since they are egalitarian, they prefer informal communication vehicles that
are direct and immediate.
Want written communication to be visually appealing

Expect limited amount of theory or context
Informal writing style
Prefer email as the major communication vehicle. Memos or reports
are viewed as too formal and requiring too much unnecessary detail
and background information.
Do not particularly care for meetings unless they serve a purpose.
They see most meetings as a waste of time that could have been
spent more productively.
Preferred Learning Style

Gen Xs are experiential learners who learn by doing. They want to find
solutions to real problems rather than hypotheticals.
The best way to transfer knowledge to this generation is by

mentoring.
When providing instructions, stress the steps that must be followed. If
there is a strict order of steps, explain why and be prepared to
discuss exceptions.
Risk Tolerance
Since they were raised to be self-reliant, Gen X can be extremely risk
tolerant. They are also highly entrepreneurial.
Eager for change and new challenges since they are constantly
striving to be all they can be.
Gen Xs adapt well to change and are not lulled into a sense of
security with the status quo. They enjoy brainstorming and coming up
with new solutions to old problems.
How to Manage
Value constructive feedback

Do not micro-manage; they work best with a hands-off management
style.
Provide frequent communication so that they feel they are in the loop
and understand the rationale behind decisions.
Foster collaborative relationships within the work group.
Offer a variety of tasks and projects with increasing responsibility.

Gen Xs believe they're responsible for their career advancement; and
will achieve it with your organization or elsewhere.
Provide performance-based rewards for achievement.
Focus on results rather than procedures and processes.
Provide clear deadlines and expectations. Gen X wants to
understand how their performance will be measured so they can
monitor their progress.
Create opportunities to work in teams. Work relationships are
extremely important.
Provide ongoing training, mentoring and coaching.
Generation Y
Born
1965 1979
Other Names
Gen Y
The Why Generation
Millennials
Seminal Events
New millennium 2000

September 11
Bali bombings
The Internet age
Iraq War
Values
Optimistic
Self-Confident
Socially aware
Lifelong learners
Respect diversity
Technologically savvy
Close relationships with parents
Achievement-oriented
Work-life balance
Multi-taskers
Open and collaborative
Creative
Productive
What's-in-it-for-me attitude
Relationship oriented
Older generations see them as arrogant, selfish, lazy and unethical.

The close relationships with their parents may make them appear
immature. Many discuss work challenges with their parents.
They focus on what is achieved rather than how it is achieved.
Expect their careers to fit their lifestyle.
Have a strong desire for a close, informal relationship with their
manager. Expect their manager to also be their friend.
Want mentors.
Prefer to share the same beliefs as their organization.
Expect immediate gratification and frequent promotions or new tasks.
Enjoy being part of a team -- they want to participate, and they want
their views to be heard.
Expect to do well and may place the blame elsewhere if they don't.
Sense of entitlement.
Low tolerance for boredom; action oriented and multi-taskers.
Question anything and everything. Nothing is sacred and nothing is
immune to improvement.
Live in the here and now. Do not care about the history or why
something is done a certain way.
Work Ethic
Work to live
Work-life balance is considered a given
Expect to succeed
Want flexible schedules and work arrangements that take into

consideration their outside interests.
Define success by what is important to them. Titles are not as
important as challenging work.
Expect to progress rapidly, which older generations may view as a
sense of entitlement not backed up by experience or performance.
Have high expectations and are not afraid of making their desires
known.
Want work that is challenging and meaningful. Have a low tolerance
for boredom.
View micromanagement as a lack of trust.

Having been raised with computers, they look for instant gratification.
Therefore, immediate, informal communication is the ideal. They have no
difficulty being barraged by information from multiple sources
simultaneously.
Prefers to communicate through email, Instant Messaging (IM), blogs

and text messages, rather than on the phone or face-to-face
conversations.
Expect fast messages that are short, sharp, and to-the-point.
Focus on speed and getting the message across, not on how it is

done.
Prefer webinars and online technology for on-going education.
Do not like meetings; see them as a waste of time.
Want transparency and credibility.
Frequently use humor, which is generally funny, mocking or even
edgy.
Preferred Learning Style

Prefer consensus-driven, participative situations that offer flexibility. They
do not believe there is only one way to do anything. Want multi-sensory,
spontaneous learning situations.
On the job training and mentoring are the optimal approaches to

transferring knowledge.
Good at building culturally diverse teams without discriminating.
Want to learn more about "soft skills" such as presentation skills,
management and communication skills.
They can have difficulties with Baby Boomer's approach to
knowledge transfer in the guise of story telling since they have little
patience for long-winded recitations. They are interested in getting
facts quickly.
Risk Tolerance
Since they are not accustomed to failure, they can be risk averse.

Prefer to work in a team environment to mitigate risk among a group rather
than accept individual responsibility.
How to Manage
Explain how their role fits into the organization. Gen Ys work best
when they understand how their contribution matters.
Clearly communicate expectations and what the employee can
expect from the company. It is important to provide context to Gen Ys
and help them develop a realistic idea of what they can expect.
When delegating routine and mundane tasks, explain how this task is
relevant to the organization.
Take an interest in them as a person. Give recognition in a form that
matters to the individual. Consider new and innovative approaches
that are motivational to the individual.
Be their role model they measure others on what they do.
Set up reverse mentoring where knowledge flows both ways. Let the
older share their experiences and expertise while Gen Y provide
insights into engaging with their generation and the new times.
Given their strong relationship ethic, Gen Ys are collaborative
learners, enjoy working in teams, and thrive in a relaxed consensus-
driven group.
Provide opportunities to try new skills and take on new assignments
in a protected environment.
Provide frequent feedback. When offering constructive criticism, start

with something positive.
Take the mystery out of how decisions are made. Create an
environment of transparency.
Remove barriers and unnecessary bureaucracy.
Communicate expectations clearly.
Break large goals into pieces so they can self-monitor their
performance. Millennials often only focus on those parts of the task
that are enjoyed.
Offer training on basics of dealing with others and customer service.
Many don't understand the basics of good manners and decorum.
This may be interpreted as lack of respect for authority or rudeness.
Provide clear deadlines and follow-up promptly if one is missed.
Country Overview
The People
Australians are generally thought of as congenial, urbanized people (with

less than 15% of the nation living in rural areas), and are known for their
rugged individualism and concern for their health and the environment.
Nationality:
Noun: Australian(s)
Adjective: Australian
Population:
22,992,654 (July 2016 est.)
Population Growth Rate:

1.09% (2014 est.)
Ethnic groups:
English 25.9%, Australian 25.4%, Irish 7.5%, Scottish 6.4%, Italian 3.3%,
German 3.2%, Chinese 3.1%, Indian 1.4%, Greek 1.4%, Dutch 1.2%, other
15.8% (includes Australian aboriginal .5%), unspecified 5.4%
Note: data represents self-identified ancestry, over a third of respondents

reported two ancestries (2011 est.)
Religions:
Protestant 30.1% (Anglican 17.1%, Uniting Church 5.0%, Presbyterian and
Reformed 2.8%, Baptist, 1.6%, Lutheran 1.2%, Pentecostal 1.1%, other
Protestant 1.3%), Catholic 25.3% (Roman Catholic 25.1%, other Catholic
0.2%), other Christian 2.9%, Orthodox 2.8%, Buddhist 2.5%, Muslim 2.2%,
Hindu 1.3%, other 1.3%, none 22.3%, unspecified 9.3% (2011 est.)
Languages:
English 76.8%, Mandarin 1.6%, Italian 1.4%, Arabic 1.3%, Greek 1.2%,
Cantonese 1.2%, Vietnamese 1.1%, other 10.4%, unspecified 5% (2011
est.)
Source: The World Factbook
Cities & Regions
Australia's terrain ranges from tropical to desert, and is home to some of

the worlds most unusual and varied wildlife. The country is divided into 6
distinct self-governing states and two mainland territories. It also
administers a number of island territories (Ashmore and Cartier Islands,
Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Norfolk
Island) as well as the Australian Antarctic Territory and the subantarctic
Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Island.
Sandwiched between the Indian and Pacific Oceans, Australia lies across
the Tropic of Capricorn. The country has relatively flat lands, with the
exception of the Blue Mountains of New South Wales, and the Grampians
of Victoria. Australia is the driest continent in the world.
Sydney, as the largest city in the country and

the capital of the state of New South Wales,
Sydney's Central Business District and many
of its suburbs sit on sandstone cliffs
overlooking Sydney Harbor considered one
the most beautiful harbors in the world. With its
fascinating history as home to the indigenous
Aborigines for thousands of years, and later to
prisoners of a penal colony, Sydney is the tourist and economic capital of
Australia. With nearing 6 million residents, Sydney is a bustling metropolis
with tall buildings, a vibrant night life, and beautiful beaches.
One of the most architecturally distinctive buildings in the city, and indeed
in the world, is the Sydney Opera House, which hosts about 3,000 events
per year.
Melbourne, as the capital of Victoria and the cultural capital of Australia,

Melbourne is home to over 4 million people. The city is known for its mix of
19th century architecture and modern urbanity, excellent public
transportation system, and international cuisine.
Government
Country name:
Conventional long form: Commonwealth of Australia

Conventional short form: Australia
Government type:
Parliamentary democracy (Federal Parliament) under a constitutional
monarchy; a Commonwealth real
Capital:
Canberra
Independence:
1 January 1901 (from the federation of UK colonies)
Legal system:
Common law system based on the English model
More Government Information
Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members in Australia

https://www.cia.gov
An online directory of leaders updated weekly by the Central Intelligence
Agency.
Background Note: Australia

http://www.state.gov/
An overview of government and political conditions published by the U.S.
Department of State.
Links to Government Web Sites

http://www.gksoft.com/
A comprehensive directory of Australian government web sites.
Economy
Currency:
Australian dollar (AUD)
Economy - overview:
Following two decades of continuous growth, low unemployment,

contained inflation, very low public debt, and a strong and stable financial
system, Australia enters 2016 facing a range of growth constraints,
principally driven by a sharp fall in global prices of key export commodities.
Demand for resources and energy from Asia and especially China has
stalled and sharp drops in current prices have impacted growth.
The services sector is the largest part of the Australian economy,

accounting for about 70% of GDP and 75% of jobs. Australia was
comparatively unaffected by the global financial crisis as the banking
system has remained strong and inflation is under control.
Australia benefited from a dramatic surge in its terms of trade in recent

years, although this trend has reversed due to falling global commodity
prices. Australia is a significant exporter of natural resources, energy, and
food. Australia's abundant and diverse natural resources attract high levels
of foreign investment and include extensive reserves of coal, iron, copper,
gold, natural gas, uranium, and renewable energy sources. A series of
major investments, such as the US$40 billion Gorgon Liquid Natural Gas
project, will significantly expand the resources sector.
Australia is an open market with minimal restrictions on imports of goods

and services. The process of opening up has increased productivity,
stimulated growth, and made the economy more flexible and dynamic.
Australia plays an active role in the World Trade Organization, APEC, the
G20, and other trade forums. Australias free trade agreement (FTA) with
China entered into force in 2015, adding to existing FTAs with the Republic
of Korea, Japan, Chile, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, Thailand, and
the US, and a regional FTA with ASEAN and New Zealand. Australia
continues to negotiate bilateral agreements with India and Indonesia, as
well as larger agreements with its Pacific neighbors and the Gulf
Cooperation Council countries, and an Asia-wide Regional Comprehensive
Economic Partnership that includes the ten ASEAN countries and China,
Japan, Korea, New Zealand and India. Australia is also working on the
Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement with Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan,
Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, the US, and Vietnam.
Industries
Mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing,
chemicals, steel
Exports - partners:
China 23%, US 11.2%, Japan 7.4%, South Korea 5.5%, Thailand 5.1%,
Germany 4.6% (2015)
More Economic Information
Department of Treasury
http://www.treasury.gov.au/
Official information from the Commonwealth Department of the Treasury,
Australia.
Department of Finace
http://www.finance.gov.au
Official information from the Department of Finance and Administration.
Geography & Climate
Location:
Oceania, continent between the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean
Area:
Total: 7,741,220 sq km
Land: 7,682,300 sq km
Water: 58,920 sq km
Note: Includes Lord Howe Island and Macquarie Island
Land boundaries:
0 km
Coastline:
25,760 km
Climate:
Generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north
Terrain:
Mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast
Elevation extremes:
Lowest point: Lake Eyre -15 m
Highest point: Mount Kosciuszko 2,229 m
Natural hazards:
Cyclones along the coast; severe droughts; forest fires
Volcanism: Volcanic activity occurs on the Heard and McDonald Islands
Environment - current issues:

Soil erosion from overgrazing, industrial development, urbanization, and
poor farming practices; soil salinity rising due to the use of poor quality
water; desertification; clearing for agricultural purposes threatens the
natural habitat of many unique animal and plant species; the Great Barrier
Reef off the northeast coast, the largest coral reef in the world, is
threatened by increased shipping and its popularity as a tourist site; limited
natural freshwater resources
Geography - note:
World's smallest continent but sixth-largest country; the only continent
without glaciers; population concentrated along the eastern and
southeastern coasts; the invigorating sea breeze known as the "Fremantle
Doctor" affects the city of Perth on the west coast and is one of the most
consistent winds in the world
History Overview
The first known people in Australia were the Aborigines, thought to

have migrated from Southeast Asia. The Aborigines are a very
spiritual people with deep connections to nature and the land.
Europeans had charted some of Australias coastlines; but for
centuries, it was largely unknown land referred to as Terra Australia
Incognita. The Portuguese, followed by the Dutch, were the first
Europeans to briefly set foot on the continent.
In 1770, explorer Captain James Cook sailed for four months along
the uncharted eastern coast of Australia, the southern part of which
he named New South Wales. He stopped at various points and at
Possesion Island in the North he planted a flag and claimed Australia
for the British Crown.
With industrialization rapidly increasing in England and the loss of the
American colonies following the Revolution, crowded cities began to
create a demand for more space for prisons. Australia, still largely
unexplored and thought to be uninhabitable, was chosen as the place
to set up penal colonies, which began to be established in 1788.
The first penal colony was founded on the shores of Port Jackson,
now known as the city of Sydney. Arthur Philip, a retired Naval
Captain, was the first to govern the colony.
Philip took formal possession of the colony on January 26, 1788,
which is known as Australian Day the biggest day of celebration in
the country. However, for many indigenous Australians, it is a day of
protest and mourning.
The colonies encountered many problems after settlement. They
suffered due to bad farming conditions, disease, and lack of
adequate food and supplies.
The entire continent came under British dependency in 1829.
Between the 1820s and the 1880s, Australia developed as a free
society. In the 1850s, the country experienced a Gold Rush.
From the 1850s to the 1890s, the population grew very rapidly, and
became increasingly urbanized.
A constitution for separate Australian colonies was approved by the
British in 1897-98. By 1901, the colonies of New South Wales,
Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, and
Tasmania were self-governing and federated. The Northern Territory
joined the federation ten years later.
During both World Wars, Australian troops fought with the Allies.
They also contributed troops later in the Korean, Vietnam, and Iraq
Wars.
During the 1960s, as in many democratic countries at the time,
Australia saw a great deal of political change with women's
movements and movements by indigenous peoples. In the 1980s,
there were increasing struggles regarding Aboriginal land rights.
A referendum to change Australia's status, from a commonwealth
headed by the British monarch to an independent republic, was
defeated in 1999.
Sydney hosted the 2000 Olympic Games.
In 2003 the Senate passed no-confidence motion against Prime
Minister John Howard over his handling of Iraq crisis. It was the first
time the Senate's ever voted of no-confidence in an active
government official. Nonetheless, Howard was elected to a fourth

term the following year.
In 2006 Australia and East Timor signed an agreement to divide
billions of dollars in expected revenues from oil and gas deposits in
the Timor Sea.
Prime Minister Rudd ratified the Kyoto protocol on climate change in
2007. This reversed the previous government's policy.
In 2008 the government abandoned the policy it had held since the
1990s to hold asylum seekers in detention centers until their cases
were heard.
In 2008 the government abandoned the 1990 policy to hold asylum
seekers in detention centers until their cases were heard. Julia Gillard
was elected Governor General the same year. She was the first
woman to hold her position in Australia.
In February 2012, Kevin Rudd, the Foreign Minister, challenged
Gillards leadership and lost.
In July, a carbon tax was implemented amid economic concerns.
An independent panel recommended creating asylum centers in
Nauru and PNG in September 2012. At the same time, Australia
signed an agreement with PNG to conduct off-shore processing on
Manus Island. Both arrangements were approved in July 2013.
Despite Gillards announcement of September elections, a leadership
challenge in March 2013 led to a cabinet reshuffle, the goal of which
was to get rid of long-time Kevin Rudd supporters.
Country Information
Embassies
History
Public Holidays
Tourist Information
Social Etiquette
Meeting People
Greetings are casual, often a handshake and a warm, welcoming smile.

While an Australian may say, "G'day" or "G'day, mate" (when a man greets
another man), this can sound patronizing when spoken by a foreigner. It is
better to simply say, "Hello".
The question "How are you?" is rhetorical and the expected response is,
"Fine, thanks." You may also simply ask the question in return rather than
giving a response.
Naming Conventions
Aussies often use first names, even the first time they meet
someone.
If in doubt as to the correct protocol, use the same name that was
used during introductions.
Whether or not a woman adopts her husband's surname upon
marriage is a personal decision rather than a cultural nuance.
Some women continue to use their maiden name at work and adopt
their husband's surname in other situations.
Gift Giving
In general, Australians do not lavish expensive gifts on each other. Small

gifts are commonly exchanged with family members, close friends, and
neighbors on birthdays and Christmas. Trades people may be given a
small amount of cash, a bottle of wine, or a six-pack of beer at Christmas.
Here are some general gift giving guidelines (but also check to be sure
they are permitted under company policy):
If invited to someone's home for dinner, bring a box of chocolates or

flowers to the hosts.
A good quality bottle of wine is also a good hospitality gift.
Avoid giving an expensive gift, which could be interpreted as
boasting.
The thought behind the gift is generally considered more important

than the gift itself.
A small gift for the children is generally well received.
Gifts are opened when received.
Entertaining
How Australians Entertain

Australians enjoy entertaining and can be quite casual about it. They may
invite you to their house after a brief acquaintance.
Australians often extend invitations on relatively short notice. It is not an

insult; they have simply decided to invite some friends over for a barbeque
or small gathering. Australians generally extend invitations a week in
advance; two weeks for more formal events. Invitations may be verbal
You will often be told to make yourself at home, which is meant quite
literally. You may be told where things are and be expected to serve
yourself. Sitting back and waiting for someone to serve you may be
interpreted as thinking that you are superior a negative in egalitarian
Australia.
Many invitations will be for a barbeque or "barbie". Guests typically bring

wine or beer for their personal consumption. In some cases, an informal
barbecue may be held at a public beach or park, in which case everyone
will be expected to bring their own food.
If you are invited to an Australian's house:
Arrive on time if invited to dinner; no more than 15 minutes late if

invited to a barbeque or a large party.
Contact the hosts ahead of time to see if they would like you to bring
a dish.
Offer to help the hosts with the preparation or clearing up after a meal
is served.
Unless stated otherwise, the dress code is generally casual.
If asked to "bring a plate" you are expected to bring a dish that the
guests can share. It is a good idea to check with the hosts to see
what they recommend.
A thank you note is not expected, but a telephone call the next day to
thank the host and hostess for their hospitality is a nice gesture.
Table Manners
Australians are very casual and this is seen in their table manners. The
more formal the occasion, the more strict the protocol. When in doubt,
watch what others are doing and emulate their behavior.
Table manners are Continental -- hold the fork in the left hand and
the knife in the right while eating.
Australians are quite accepting of different types of table manners.
Keep your elbows off the table and your hands above the table when
eating.
At a barbeque, guests are expected to help themselves.
It is impolite to use salt or pepper without first tasting the food.
Portion sizes can be quite generous.
Wait until everyone has been served before eating.
At formal meals, wait for the host to start eating or until you are
invited to begin.
Indicate that you have finished eating by laying your knife and fork
parallel on your plate.
Toasting
Toasts are common.

The host generally offers the first toast.
The most common toast is "Cheers".
Dining Out
Tipping is becoming more prevalent, especially in more sophisticated
restaurants. If a restaurant does not add a service charge, a tip of 10% is
given for good service. The GST included in bills is a goods and services
tax rather than a service charge. Tips are generally expected when there is
a group dining.
Some restaurants are called "BYO" (bring-your-own). They allow patrons to

bring their own alcoholic beverages and charge a minimal amount for
"corkage". It is best to call in advance to find out the policy of the
restaurant.
Most restaurants do not allow smoking.
An invitation to a restaurant by an Australian does not mean they intend to

pay; the invitation was to join them. Since Australians are egalitarian, they
expect everyone to pay individually when going out casually. If they plan to
host the group, they will generally say so when extending the invitation.
Splitting the bill among diners is commonplace.
Standard rules for buying a round or shout:

A round or shout is where one person pays for the drinks of the other
members of the group. Once the drinks have been drunk, another group
member pays for the next round. Every member of the group is expected to
buy the same number of rounds. Buying out of turn is considered to be
putting on airs while not buying a round is deemed rude.
Like splitting the bill at a restaurant, there is no consideration given to any

member's financial status, background, or gender when buying a round for
the group.
Tipping
The following tipping hints are guidelines. You can find more explicit
information on restaurant tipping in the Dining Out section above.
Restaurants: 10%15% in fine restaurants

Porters: $2 per bag
Taxis: Round up
Approach to Time
Most Australians think time is something you can control. Since time can
be controlled, they prefer that business not interfere with social time. This
does not mean that Australians won't work to finish a job, simply that they
will generally be unwilling to give up their weekend or holiday time for their
job.
In business situations, arriving on time, or even early for meetings is

important. It is considered extremely rude to arrive late for a meeting.
In social situations, guests are expected to arrive close to the time invited.
Arriving late is considered rude as is arriving before the stipulated time.
Sporting events start on time as do plays, operas, and other social
activities.
Conversation Topics
Australians are enthusiastic conversationalists and debaters. They will

gladly discuss a wide range of topics. They may discuss politics and
religion, although it is best to wait for them to raise these issues.
Discussing sports is a favorite pastime, especially rugby and cricket. Other

safe topics include travel, restaurants, local sights or landmarks, and local
wines.
It is a good idea not to raise sensitive subjects such as the treatment of

Aborigines or immigration unless you know the person well and can
present your case as an intellectual argument rather than an attack. For
the most part, Australians will let you know if they do not appreciate a
comment or discussion topic.
Aussies enjoy arguing and debating. They will gladly listen to your point of
view and play devil's advocate for enjoyment.
Humor is an integral part of Australian conversations. Their sense of humor

is often endearing. They are able to poke fun at themselves and at others.
If an Aussie makes a joke at someone's expense, it means that they think

of the person as a friend. Humor can also be used to poke fun at someone
who is too serious.
Australians are more direct than people from many other cultures. As such,
they will ask personal questions in an attempt to get to know someone
better. They will generally not, however, ask questions of a financial nature.
Australians do not use a lot of hand gestures, and enjoy quite a bit of
personal space. People usually speak at an arms distance, and getting too
close could be misconstrued.
Other Situations
Although Aussies are informal, do not drop in uninvited. It is polite to

telephone first.
Much socializing takes place in pubs where everyone in a group is

expected to pay for a round of drinks. This is called a "round" or a "shout".
(See Entertaining for more information.)
Australians are rather casual. There are few rules to follow:
Men should not wink at women since it may be taken as an overture.

Maintain eye contact while speaking.
Try to respond to teasing with a quick comeback. Aussies appreciate
people who can poke fun at themselves.
The attitude of "no worries" is the norm. Extreme displays of emotion
are frowned upon.
Queuing for the bus, train, and taxi are the norm. Do not jump the queue.
It is considered good manners to give up your seat on mass transportation

to the elderly, women with babies, or the handicapped. Men generally do
not relinquish their seat to women near their own age.
When riding in a taxi, it is customary for men to sit in the front with the
driver. A woman traveling alone should sit in the back left passenger seat
of the car; the driver will be on the right.
Faux Pas
Keep in mind the following behaviors while in Australia:
Do not boast about your accomplishments and achievements.

Do not appear too stiff or formal.
If there is a queue, go to the end and wait your turn. Barging in is

considered rude.
Communication
Communication Essentials
With the increased levels of immigration, communication may mirror that of

someone's country of origin rather than be purely Australian in nature. The
information provided is based on the Australian communication style.
Most Australians are direct and comfortable addressing others in a frank,

concise manner. They say what they mean and mean what they say and
expect the same from others. Body language is minimal, although it may
add emphasis or context to the spoken word.
If you come from a culture where communication is more indirect, you may
have difficulty with the brevity and lack of context provided in Australian
communication. This is a culture where what you say will be taken literally,
so it is important to speak plainly.
Direct questions are common and are not meant to be offensive. If you do
not understand something, you are expected to ask for clarification. Do not
expect the Australian to notice your non-verbal language and provide an
expanded explanation.
While this may differ based upon an Australians' cultural heritage,

Australians generally do not need a lot of background or context in order to
communicate their ideas or gather information in business and social
situations.
For the most part, Australians strive to maintain a cheerful demeanor. They
expect people to keep their problems to themselves. If you are having a
difficulty with an Australian in a business situation, the matter should be
discussed in private.
More so than most cultures, Australians do not like conducting business

with people who think that they are better than others. This is a culture
where appearing modest and unassuming is preferable to touting your
achievements and success. Information about your qualifications should be
revealed gradually and over a period of time rather than at the initial
meeting.
Australians do not trust people who give excessive praise. They expect
that others are doing their best. If you offer praise too frequently, they may
think that your compliments are a precursor to being given false
information. They value frank, straightforward, and concise speech.
Sporting analogies are frequently used in conversation, even in business.
You may want to learn something about Australian sports before

conducting business. Australians have a dry humor that often includes
irony and sardonic wit.
At times, Australians may use language that is more colorful than you are
accustomed to hearing. This is not meant as an insult. Rather, it is their
way of demonstrating their sense of egalitarianism.
Key Words/Phrases
Australia is extremely diverse: less than 80 percent of the population speak
English as a first language. However, English is usually used in business.
Australian English, or Strine, differs from other dialects mainly in its
vocabulary. The following are some Strine words or phrases that you may
encounter.
English Strine
Hello G'day
Afternoon Avo
Chicken Chook
Sick Crook
Cooler Eskie
Buy a round of drinks Shout
Lose your temper Spit the dummy
Lose control Throw a wobbly
Using Translators
When you select a translator, be sure to develop an early understanding of
what you expectspecifically. Be clear that the translation must be exact,
rather than what the translator thinks each party wants to hear.
It is a good idea to meet with the translator prior to your appointments so

that the person learns your accent and can be exposed to any technical or
non-familiar terms that may be used. Developing a thorough relationship
with your translator enables them to argue your points with a level of
confidence they might not otherwise have. Have your translator explain to
you the most elementary of basic courtesies.
Non-Verbal Language
Australians expect to be taken at their words with little emphasis on their

non-verbal language. They try to "say what they mean and mean what they
say." Non-verbal expressions are not as important in Australian
communication except as they add emphasis to a message or are part of
an individuals personal communication style.
Making eye contact during conversation adds to the credibility of the

message. Sustained eye contact throughout a conversation is expected.
Eye contact is a sign of sincerity.
Smiling is also an important non-verbal cue that you are listening and
enjoying the conversation.
Australians prefer some personal physical space between people when

conversingabout arms length (the distance of an outstretched arm).
For the most part, Australians are not tactile communicators. They do not
touch someone's arm. If you put your arm around an Australian's shoulder
when speaking, the person may feel that their personal space has been
invaded. If you are from a more demonstrative culture, you may find that
your Australian associates "freeze up" if you touch them while speaking.
Although female friends may hug or kiss when greeting, this is not the case
with men, regardless of the depth of the relationship. Men may kiss or hug
a woman with whom they have a personal relationship.
Mail & Telephone
Letters / Email
While in many respects Australia is an informal country, it retains some
vestiges of formality. Letters should be addressed using the persons
honorific title and their surname, unless you have a personal relationship. If
you dont know the persons name, "Dear Sir / Madam" is appropriate.
Language should be formal and polite. The proper way to close a letter
depends upon how well you know the person. The most common ending
for a business letter to someone with whom you dont have a personal
relationship is "Yours Faithfully" or "Yours Sincerely". If you know the
person well, you might close the letter with "Kind Regards".
Email is extremely widespread, for both personal and professional use.

Email is often the main vehicle of communication in business situations as
it provides a record that is not available from a telephone call. Due to the
direct and to-the-point style that many Australians prefer, their emails can
appear somewhat abrupt if you are from a culture where written
communication is used to foster the personal relationship.
In general, e-mail is considered a quick way to provide information, request

information, or come to agreement on business matters. The language is
less formal than a letter, although it is still common to start with a greeting
(Hi or Hello plus the persons name), and close with Regards, Kind
Regards, or the more informal "Cheers".
Telephone
Australia is an informal society, so expect to be on first names terms with
everyone except the most senior members of an organization. When in
doubt, err on the side of formality and address the person using their
honorific title and surname unless you have previously been asked to use
their first name.
In many cases, you may have to go through a secretary or P.A. (personal

assistant) to reach a senior level executive. Treat this person with the
utmost respect, as they function as the gatekeeper to the individual youre
trying to access.
Voicemail is extremely common. When leaving a message, be sure to

speak slowly and clearly and leave all of your contact details.
Conference calls and video-conferencing are also common. When

scheduling, it is important to bear in mind that the vast difference in time
zones that may complicate scheduling. If at all possible, avoid scheduling
at an anti-social time in Australia.
Presentations
Handouts:
It is customary to distribute a copy of the presentation at the start of

the presentation.
Handouts with backup data or more information may be given out at
the end of the presentation.
Handouts should provide additional details, background data, or
charts and data to substantiate what is presented.
If your company has not previously done business with this company,
provide references, case studies, and testimonials in the handouts.
Presentation Slides/PowerPoint:
Avoid excessive bells and whistles.

Limit the number of words per slide and the number of graphic
images.
Typos, grammatical errors, or spelling mistakes indicate lack of
attention to detail.
Materials should inspire credibility, trust and confidence.
Keep A/V slides simple and easy to read.
To emphasize a point, intersperse charts and graphs with written
material.
Use diagrams and pictures when possible rather than words.
Slides should be an outline; not the presentation.
Audience:
Even if a Q&A session is on the schedule, the audience may interrupt

to ask for clarification or challenge you on a statement.
You may ask the audience to turn off their mobile phones.
Presenter:
Maintain an open and friendly style when presenting.

Avoid using hyperbole, exaggeration or self-promotion.
Make eye contact with your audience; do not focus entirely on one
member.
Avoid phrases that imply you have an emotional tie to the information
being conveyed. "I think" or "I believe" is preferable to "I feel".
Minimize slang or jargon, since they may not be readily understood.
Double negatives, while understood, are considered poor grammar
and should be avoided.
Speak in a straightforward manner. Use common sense arguments.
Opening the Presentation:
Welcome the audience.

Introduce yourself briefly (name, position, and company).
Open with something personal, humble, or even funny that segues
into the presentation. A joke or humorous story at the start can
facilitate developing a rapport.
Begin with an overview or agenda. Go over the presentations
structure. Show a clear start, middle and end.
State the business advantage of what you are about to discuss and a
big picture overview.
Body of the Presentation:
Focus on the benefits your product or service has for the audience.
Present your business case with facts and figures; emotions and
feelings are not part of the business culture.
Limit the presentation to three key messages. For each key
message, prepare a memorable anecdote or story.
Presentations should be well-organized, succinct and to the point.
Presentations should be straightforward and emphasize both the
positive and negative aspects of the business case.
Digressions or excessive details are not appreciated.
Australians prefer "substance over style". Be ready to put the visual
aids aside and discuss the substance of the presentation if that is
preferable to the audience.
When presenting a new concept, provide some brief historical data,
testimonials and references.
Draw parallels with the familiar to facilitate understanding complex
ideas.
Emphasize details and explain the practical implications of your
information.
Present potential drawbacks of not adopting the

proposal/recommendation.
You can use interactive exercises with Australians.
Closing the Presentation:
You may present a summary at the end of the presentation.

End the presentation with a call to action. This might include asking
for a follow-up meeting in a week to talk about the next step or to
answer any questions that arose in the interim.
Thank the audience.
Leave time for a Q&A session at the end of your presentation.
Expect challenging questions from the audience. Australians enjoy
verbal sparring and see it as a way "test your mettle".
Date/Time
Date
In Australia, dates are generally written in the day, month and year format
with periods or slashes between each number. If the day or month is less
than 10, including leading zeroes is optional. The year may be written in
two or four digits. Example: July 9, 2011 would be written 09.07.11 or
09/07/2011.
To ensure there is no confusion, you may want to spell out the name of the
month. This leaves no ambiguity as to what is the day and what is the
month.
Time
The 24-hour clock is a timekeeping convention where the time of a day is
the number of hours since midnight. The 12-hour clock divides the day into
two periods (midnight to noon and noon to midnight), each with 12 hours.
Thus, 2 o'clock in the afternoon would be 14:00 in the 24-hour clock.
Australians use the 24-hour clock in the defense industry and some airline
and train schedules. Most Australians use the 12-hour clock when
speaking and writing with the a.m./p.m. designation to denote day or night.
Internet
Language & Phrasebook
Newspapers
Postal Services
Radio & Television
Business Protocol
Meeting & Greeting
Shake hands upon arriving and when leaving.

Wait for a woman to offer her hand.
Maintain eye contact during the greeting.
Initially, address businesspeople by their honorific title and their
surname.
The move to first names generally occurs quite rapidly. Nonetheless,
it is a good idea to wait until invited before using someone's first
name.
Business titles are seldom used since they are viewed as putting on
airs.
As a Commonwealth country, some Australians may have honorary
titles which may or may not be used. When in doubt, address a
businessperson in the same manner they were introduced.
Business Cards
Business cards are exchanged at the initial introduction without

formal ritual.
The business card may be put away with only a cursory glance.
Titles should be simple to understand.
Business Attire
The way a businessperson dresses conveys their professional image and

their respect for the people with whom they conduct business. As such,
what we report is the conservative approach to business attire for a
country. Appropriate attire varies within countries based on location, event,
and individual organization culture. Some industries and companies may
have less stringent requirements. Before embarking on an international
trip, it is generally a good idea to check with the local office to determine
what the appropriate dress code is in a specific location.
Business attire is relatively conservative in Melbourne and Sydney.

Men should wear a dark-colored, conservative business suit to the
first meeting.
Women generally wear a smart dress or a business suit.
It is a good idea to dress conservatively until you know the dress
code of the company.
Some companies have instituted "casual Friday" and some allow blue
jeans or other casual attire to be worn. It is a good idea to check with
the company to determine how "dressed down" is acceptable.
In Brisbane or other tropical areas, depending on the job function and
company culture, men may wear short-sleeved shirts and ties.
Gifts
Here are some general gift giving guidelines (but also check to be sure
they comply with company policy):
Business gift giving is not part of the business culture.

If you choose to give a gift, something from your home country will be
appreciated.
Australians will be more concerned with the thought that went into the
gift than the cost.
Avoid giving something expensive as it might make the recipient
uncomfortable.
Inviting someone out for a meal or a drink can be considered a gift.
Business Entertaining
Much business entertaining takes place over lunch or a drink after

work.
Do not raise the subject of business unless the host does.
Business breakfasts are becoming popular in Sydney.
If invited out for a drink with colleagues, accept the invitation.
If taken to a pub, each person is expected to pay for a round of drinks
(called a "shout").
You may be invited to an Australian's house for a barbeque or a
meal.
If you host a business dinner, check if the restaurant is BYO ("Bring
Your Own"). If so, make sure to take beer and a selection of wines.
Standard rules for buying a round or shout:

A round or shout is where one person pays for the drinks of the other
members of the party. Once the drinks have been drunk, another member
of the party pays for the next round. Every member of the party is expected
to buy the same number of rounds. Buying out of turn is considered to be
putting on airs while not buying a round is deemed rude.
Like splitting the bill at a restaurant, there is no consideration given to any

member's financial status, background, or gender.
Business Hours
Offices: 8:00am5:00pm Monday to Friday

Banks: 9:30am4:30/5:00pm MondayFriday; Some are open
Saturday morning.
High street shops: On Saturdays 8:30am to between noon and
4:00pm. Many stores are also open on Sundays from 9:00am to
4:00pm.
Shopping malls: 10:00am to 7:00pm daily, except on late night
shopping when it can be around 9:00pm. Banks found in shopping
malls often operate extended opening hours.
Business Meetings
Meeting Essentials
Scheduling Meetings
Appointments are necessary and relatively easy to schedule. They should

be made with as much lead time as possible. It is a good idea to confirm
the meeting, either by telephone or in writing, a few days in advance. Most
executives will not receive cold callers, even if they have time in their
schedule.
Many executives have personal assistants who make their appointments. If

so, you may be able to schedule a meeting by explaining the reason.
Punctuality is expected. It is better to arrive a few minutes early rather than

to keep someone waiting. If you do not arrive on time, your behavior may
be interpreted as indicating that you are unreliable. However, emergencies
do arise. If you know that you will be late it is a good idea to telephone and
offer your apologies.
Christmas and Easter are not the best times to schedule business
meetings since many businesspeople take vacation during these times.
Agendas
For all but the most informal meetings, there will be an agenda, which
has been agreed to and perhaps circulated in advance.
The intent is to address items in order with little discussion of items
not related to the business discussion.
If something important arises as a result of the business discussion, it
will be discussed. The item will not be held over for another meeting.
Conducting Meetings
For the most part, Australians have a direct communication style. They
expect you to mean what you say and say what you mean. Therefore, it is
important not to make promises that you cannot keep. Your colleagues will
tell you what they think rather than what you want to hear. They are
generally comfortable giving a negative response. Australians tend to put
directness before diplomacy, which can make them appear blunt to people
from cultures where communication is more indirect.
Since Australians believe that everyone could have something important to

add to a discussion, they do not expect subordinates to remain silent if
their opinions are not the same as their superior. Rank is not considered
the sole determinant of having a valuable opinion. In fact, in the
collaborative business culture, open and honest dialogue is considered the

way to reach the best conclusion.
Boasting about your companys products or services may be considered ill-

mannered. Australians dislike hyperbole since they prefer to treat everyone
as equals and dislike people who appear self-important or overly proud.
Privacy is important. Do not discuss your personal life at a business

meeting.
Unlike most cultures, Australians frequently inject humor into business

discussions. Their humor tends towards irony and self-deprecation. They
also enjoy poking fun at others. If someone makes a joke at your expense,
laugh or smile. This shows that you do not think too highly of yourself. You
may respond with good-natured teasing of your own.
Due to the great distances between their country and others, Australians
tend to be more reliant on technology in business than many other
countries. They may use video conferencing or telephone conference calls
in lieu of face-to-face meetings.
Eye contact is important since it demonstrates respect and indicates that

the other person is listening.
Management Styles
Relationships
Australians are transactional and do not need long-standing personal

relationships in order to conduct business. Although it is not necessary to
use an intermediary to make introductions, a personal introduction can be
beneficial when trying to meet with a decision maker.
Since the population is relatively small given the size of the country and
most large businesses operate out of key cities, senior-level executives
within an industry generally know one another. These relationships may
not be as formalized as the "Old School" network and are becoming less
important as more women and immigrants move up the career ladder. For
the most part, people strive to develop harmonious working relationships
since they never know when they will have to work with that person again.
Networking and relationship building are often important to long-term

business success. Since Aussies work to live, they can be distrustful of
people who appear "all business". As such, it is a good idea to let them
know something about you as a person, such as your interests.
Be cautious not to appear impressed with your position, possessions or

achievements. Although the "Tall Poppy" syndrome is not as prevalent as it
once was, many Aussies remain cynical about others who come across as
snobs or impressed with themselves.
There is a marked tendency for Aussies to poke fun at or tease people with
whom they have a relationship. If they begin to tease you, it means your
relationship has moved beyond superficial. Feel free to tease them back in
a jovial manner.
Management Essentials
If you were to think about the most important cultural attributes that you will
see operating in business in Australia, they would be:
Egalitarianism
Achievement orientation
Direct communication
Controlled time
It is important to treat everyone with respect and deference. This is a

culture where seeing yourself as better than someone else can have
serious negative consequences.
For the most part, Australians appear superficially friendly and somewhat
relaxed. This does not mean that they don't pay attention to details or drive
a hard bargain; merely that they work to live rather than live to work.
Since they are direct communicators, Australians do not appreciate

hyperbole or hard sell techniques. They prefer concise communication.
As in most egalitarian cultures, positions of authority are earned on the

basis of individual achievement. Managers may consult employees to
gather background information and to share in the decision making
process.
Risk Tolerance
Australians tend to be flexible, which means that they can have a high
tolerance for risk and can be receptive to change. Organizations and
individuals are predisposed to risk, because there are rewards for risk
takers who succeed and significant tolerance for those who do not. Failure
is often viewed as a necessary step in the learning process.
Underlying this readiness for risk and change is a generally optimistic and
positive mindset, which believes that hard work and innovation will bring a
better tomorrow. Successful entrepreneurs who have achieved wealth are

admired as heroes and icons as evidence of Australias land-of-opportunity
mythology.
As a result, business opportunities are presented and discussed from an

optimistic perspective. While careful risk analysis is expected, it would
generally follow a positive interpretation of the opportunity. When
discussing plan implementations, Australian managers will look for a
proactive, success-oriented perspective with details about how to make the
plan succeed. Without losing sight of the risk, managers are expected to
stay focused on the opportunity and the positive vision.
Plans are created and followed, but they are often modified and adjusted
due to unanticipated events or changes in the environment. This can be
particularly off-putting to individuals from cultures who have been trained to
adhere to plans and weigh the risks before embracing the opportunity.
Impact of Generations on Risk Tolerance

Since they are not accustomed to failure, Gen Y can be somewhat risk
averse. They may prefer to have decisions come from a team so that the
risk is mitigated among a group and they do not have to accept individual
responsibility.
At the same time, they do not see any process or procedure as sacred and
believe that most processes can be improved upon. Since they live in the
here and now, they are less interested in maintaining a certain way of
doing something simply because it has historically been done that way.
Since they were raised to be self-reliant, Gen X can be extremely risk

tolerant. They are also highly entrepreneurial. They adapt well to change
and are not lulled into a sense of security with the status quo. They enjoy
brainstorming and coming up with new solutions to old problems.
Generation X employees are more concerned with working smart than with
working hard. If there is a shortcut that can be taken or a way to streamline
a process, they will find it. To older generations, this often appears as a
desire for change for its own sake, without understanding the ramifications
or why certain steps are necessary. Therefore, it is important to provide
context to guide the employee.
Schedules & Deadlines
Australia is a controlled-time culture, and adherence to schedules is

expected. Missing a deadline is a sign of poor management and
inefficiency. Since people in controlled-time cultures tend to have highly
structured time, its generally a good idea to provide milestones on major
projects so that everyone is clear on expectations.
Although Australians respect deadlines, they are generally not willing to

give up weekends to meet a target. If the deadline cannot be met without
extending into an employees free time, the deadline is considered
unrealistic. Australians work to live. Although they take work seriously, they
take their free time just as seriously.
For the most part, Australians prefer to complete a project before beginning
another. They do not value multi-tasking the way many other cultures do.
When working on a deadline, they may devote their entire workday to the
project until it is completed.
Decision Making
Company Structure
Company structures are somewhat flat and not very hierarchical. Most
organizations are headed by a Managing Director and some employees
have more status than others. At the same time, due to the belief that
everyone has something to offer, the management style tends to be
collaborative and participative.
Status tends to be based on achievement rather than position, which may

explain why titles are not as prevalent as they are in many other cultures.
Many organizations have adopted a matrix management style.
Many organizations have flexible working hours in order to accommodate

employees' lifestyle needs. This type of accommodation is especially
important to Gen X and Gen Y employees.
Managing Employees
Australian managers do not see themselves as superior to their
subordinates. Instead, most adopt a consultative management style. There
is no doubt about who is the boss; however, Australians don't believe this
makes them superior to other employees. In fact, many claim the linchpin
of Australian management is fellowship or leading by walking alongside.
Communication between managers and subordinates tends to be direct,

often with a bit of humor. Sporting analogies are often used since they are
commonly understood. Many managers prefer to give broad guidelines and
expect their subordinates to work out the details of how to structure the
assignment.
Managers tend to be task-oriented, but do not generally micro-manage.

They emphasize goals and outcomes and expect their employees to do
their job in a professional manner.
It is not common for managers to provide a great deal of positive feedback

to employees. In fact, employees might become suspicious if excessive
praise is given or if they do not believe the praise is deserved. Negative

feedback or constructive feedback is more common and is provided in a
matter of fact manner. Australians pride themselves on their ability to
respond positively to direct feedback. Negative feedback may be presented
in a humorous manner.
Since they were raised in a supportive educational system, Gen Ys yearn

for recognition. They expect this to continue in the workplace. They were
raised with feelings of self-esteem and self-worth, so they arrive at the
workplace brimming with confidence. To maintain these positive traits,
managers need to enthusiastically encourage subordinates and reward
them publicly.
When communicating areas where improvements could be made, it is

important that the manager shows a sincere interest in the subordinate's
development and provides guidance and feedback as the employee tries
new behaviors.
Generation Y employees expect to develop a close personal relationship

with their boss.
In research done on the Australian workplace, Gen Ys claimed that Gen X

managers treated them as equals and provided them with stimulating work,
whereas Baby Boomer managers gave less challenging work and tended
to micro-manage by telling them how to do something and providing little
room to make their own decisions about how to go about a task.
All three generations want to be engaged at work; both Gen X and Y also
seek autonomy in their role and tasks. Gen Ys also expect to be
recognized when they did their job well.
Impact of Generations on Managing Employees

The age of the employee can materially impact the best way to manage
employees. When managing employees born between 1965 and 2000
(Gen X and Gen Y), consider the following:
Explain how their role fits into the organization so the employee
understands how their contribution matters.
When delegating routine and mundane tasks, explain how this task is
relevant to the organization.
Be their role model they measure others on what they do.
Set up reverse mentoring where knowledge flows both ways. Let the
older share their experiences and expertise while Gen Y provide
insights into engaging with their generation and the new times.
Provide opportunities to try new skills and take on new assignments
in a protected environment.
Provide frequent feedback. When offering constructive criticism, start
with something positive.
Communicate expectations clearly.
Provide clear deadlines and follow-up promptly if one is missed.
Decision Making
When making a decision, rules and company policy are more important
than the decision maker's personal feelings or sentiments.
Decision making follows a logical and pragmatic approach. Decisions are

based on facts and reasoning.
The process can be slow and extended, especially in larger organizations,

which tend to have more standardized rules and procedures. In such
cases, do not rush the process. The collaborative business culture may
mean that considerable time is spent getting input from others before
reaching a decision. Even though the most senior person may ultimately
make the decision, there may be considerable time spent in consultation
with subordinates or key stakeholders.
Decision making is not reserved for those at the top of the organization.
Lower level employees often have a considerable amount of decision
making authority.
Impact of Generations on Decision Making

Both Generations X and Y expect to be able to provide input into decision
making.
Gen Ys are not attuned to hierarchical structures. Since they were given
leadership opportunities during their education and were encouraged to
challenge each others decisions, they expect to have input into decision-
making processes.
Team Focus
As a nation of sports fanatics, Australians understand the benefits of

working in a group to achieve a common goal. Team members are
generally chosen based on their experience or proven skills relevant to the
business issue. In the most successful teams, members are valued and
treated with respect.
Australians work best in teams when they are able to develop a bond with
their team members. Mutual trust and respect are tantamount to a teams
success since the team is often more highly motivated to work together if
they feel that each member is working to the best of their ability.
The team leader is also a valuable team member. It would be difficult for
leaders to be effective if they saw themselves as more important than the
group. A more appropriate viewpoint would be first among equals as this
reinforces the egalitarian nature of the culture.
Team members are expected to contribute ideas and thoughts openly and
succinctly. Each member is expected to voice their opinion, since
consensus is viewed as the optimal way to reach a decision. The leader is
deferred to as the final authority in decision making, but they do not

dominate the discussion or generation of ideas.
Praise should be given to the entire group rather than to individuals. Even
then it should be used sparingly. In this egalitarian culture, there is a
tendency to be suspicious of excessive praise.
Impact of Generations on Team Focus

Both Gen X and Y employees work well in teams and Gen Y employees
are adept at working in cross-cultural teams quite effectively.
Negotiations
Australians get down to business quickly with a minimum amount of small

talk. For the most part, they are win-win negotiators when negotiating with
those they see as equals. Someone who acts in a superior manner or as if
they know more than the Australian side will be met with a cold reception.
Brevity is a virtue. Australians are not impressed by irrelevant or redundant

detail. They tend to be direct, almost to the point of bluntness in some
cases. They prefer to get to the point quickly and say what they mean.
Likewise, they will take you at your word, so avoid making promises that
you cannot keep.
Australians negotiate in an open and direct manner, but in accordance with

company policy. It is important to follow established rules and protocols
rather than to allow feelings to take precedence.
Negotiations tend to proceed quickly. It is expected that your initial

proposal will have only a small margin for negotiation. They expect that the
initial price offered to be close to the price that will be agreed to and do not
expect to do bazaar haggling. If Australians make concessions, the amount
will decrease over time. At the same time, Australians are not averse to
using prices from competitors as a vehicle to get you to make concessions.
Company policies are important during negotiations and tend to be

adhered to without deviation. Australians will look for facts and figures to
prove a business case and do not rely on their personal feelings about the
proposal or the negotiator.
High-pressure techniques can be a turn-off to down-to-earth Aussies.
Australians are likely to become suspicious if you present a business case

that is overly optimist. No solution is perfect and presenting yours as such
could cause a lack of trust. Honesty is important to Australians.
Australians rely on written agreements at the end of negotiations to prevent
misunderstandings and problems down the line.
Moving There
Advice and Tips for Moving
Customs Regulations
Entry Requirements
Getting Around
Getting There
Safety & Security
Emergency Numbers
Emergency Numbers
To reach emergency services from a local phone, dial:
From a landline: 000

From a mobile: 112
Emergency Numbers
Emergency Numbers
To reach emergency services from a local phone, dial:
From a landline: 000

From a mobile: 112
Safety Precautions
Today, we think of political situations as causing safety concerns, but

ordinary crime, weather and geographic problems also pose risks. The
wise traveler is cautious about hurricanes and earthquakes along with hotel
fires, pickpockets and spontaneous political demonstrations. Terrorist
attacks and kidnappings have simply brought all security concerns to our
awareness. With the exception of the emergency telephone numbers, this
information is compiled for travelers in general and will apply in varying
degrees to your destination and personal situation.
Before You Go
Take time to get all of your financial and personal records in order,
including preparing a will.
Talk with a trusted family member or friend about what types of
emergencies might arise in your absence, and what to do in those
events.
Think about the small (and large) disasters that could occur at home
during your absence and be sure there is someone prepared to assist
you.
Make copies of all of your travel documents (including detailed
itinerary with contact numbers) and be sure two people have easy
access to them.
Do the same with crucial health documentation.
Be sure someone knows where you will be and how to contact you in
emergencies at all times.
Find out the services your company offers to you in case of
emergency; obtain and make several copies of important emergency
company contact numbers to keep and give to all members of your
family who might need them.
Be sure you have enough of your prescription medication so you are
all right if you cannot get a refill right away; take an extra pair of
glasses if you wear them.
In-Country
So many variables go into being safe, and many of them revolve around
understanding the specifics of where you are. Be sure to learn details of
your location -- how to dress, where you can go and where to avoid, how to
act in public, how to carry yourself, and who to be watchful of.
Seek information from cultural experts and local nationals whom you have
confidence in. When in comes to your safety, dont be afraid to ask.
Hotel Safety
Know how to call for help AND what to say.

Do not display your guest room key unnecessarily.
Lock your door and do not answer it until you feel comfortable that
you know who it is.
Dont let strangers into your room.
Use the room safe or hotel safe deposit box.
Hide personal documents, valuables and other important items.
(Remember to safeguard your passport.)
Read the fire safety information and know what you would do if you
need to evacuate. Know exactly where the nearest fire exits are.
In the event that you might need to leave your room quickly, keep
your room key, your glasses (if necessary), a pair of shoes and some
money by your bedside.
Travel with a flashlight.
Women traveling alone will have different issues depending upon the
mors of the society youre visiting.
As a rule, be extremely cautious and circumspect.
Find out all the gender-based restrictions and abide by them.
Use a hotel known for its security and be sure that whatever
type of transportation you use, it is reliable and safe.
Ask hotel concierge or front desk manager to assist you
whenever you have questions about your safety. (They will also
arrange for you to have help, if you wish walking you to your
room very late at night or escorting you from a parking lot to the
hotel lobby).
The following websites offer specific advice for women:
Travel Tips for Women

Best Women's Travel Tips
Her Own Way: A Woman's Safe Travel Tips
Tips for Solo Women Travelers Women Travelers
Travel Tips
Crowded Situations
When youre in crowded places, be very careful to guard your

property at all times.
Carry as few valuable items with you as possible when you know
youre going to a crowded area. For example, expensive cameras,
PDAs and cash are easy targets.
Watch out for pickpockets who will try to distract you in many different
ways while taking your money. Even groups of children can be
working together to divert your attention while one will steal your
money.
Safety in Your New Home City
Learn about your host country and culture. This is not only wise for
business and social purposes, but is extremely important so you can
understand what may be offensive or negligent behavior.
The more you know about your location, the safer youll be; certainly
understand written and unwritten laws and codes of conduct.
Use your Embassy. These people are here to help you.
Embassies Around the World
Even if you are living in a relatively safe country, always be sure that
close family or friends have accurate contact information so they can
find you quickly.
For helpful information: Helpful Tips
If you are living in a high-risk location, your company should have
guidelines for your safety. Be sure you have 24-hour hotline numbers
and appropriate contacts who can assist you.
No matter where you livehigh risk or low risk countriestodays
world is volatile, and you never know when a potentially dangerous
situation can develop. Keep informednot only with your countrys
published data and warnings, but by identifying sources of local
news, reading local papers and telling your local friends to keep you
informed.
Emergencies
In an emergency that requires help by your government, such as a

lost passport or the need for money because yours has been stolen,
contact: Embassies Around the World
Make sure you know the name of the firm your company has selected
for medical emergencies and evacuation services. International SOS
provides emergency medical and evacuation services for individuals
and companies. You might want to contact: International SOS to see
if you qualify for some of their services.
Security Issues
Security is not simply a state-of-mind, nor is it a stroke of luck. Keeping

yourself and your family safe anywhere you gowhether it is an extended
trip within hours of your home or a long-term assignment halfway around
the worldrequires planning and active follow-through.
Clearly the length of time you spend and the geographic and political
profile of the countries youre living in--or traveling to--will make a
difference in your level of preparedness. Nonetheless, practicing common
sense based upon knowledge of your location will help you. Dont
underplay the importance of understanding what is culturally
appropriateit may help you avoid some difficult situations. With the
exception of the emergency telephone numbers, this information is
compiled for travelers in general and will apply in varying degrees to your
destination and personal situation. Always check to see what services your
company may offer to you.
Emergencies
In an emergency that requires help by your government, such as a

lost passport or the need for money because yours has been stolen,
contact: Embassies Around the World
Make sure you know the name of the firm your company has selected
for medical emergencies and evacuation services. International SOS
provides emergency medical and evacuation services for individuals
and companies. You might want to contact: International SOS to see
if you qualify for some of their services.
Prepare For Your Destination
Read about security and safety issues in the countries youll be

traveling to or living in.
For the most current, up-dated information, we recommend the
following government sites as quite comprehensive and easy-to-
understand:
Australian Travel Advisories
Canadian Travel Advisories
UK Travel Advice
US Travel Warnings
Read about other precautions you should take for weather- and
geographic-related concerns. For example, keep enough cash on
hand so you will be all right if there are power failures and ATM
machines dont work.
Be sure you know how to contact (and get to) your countrys
Embassy and Consulate wherever you are travelingyou need the
location details, phone and hours of operation. Embassies Around
the World
See if there are any health-related issues in the countries to which
youre traveling. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has in-
depth information regarding all regions of the world.
Be sure you know how to call for help in an emergency. You may need to
reach the police, fire and other emergency personnel. Be sure you know
the words to use in the local language.
En Route
Protect your passport; it is one of the most valuable items you

possess--so protect it as you would cash, credit cards and other
valuables. If it is lost or stolen, report it immediately to the nearest
appropriate Embassy or consulate.
Avoid calling attention to yourself by wearing fancy jewelry or carrying
other expensive items.
Whenever possible carry valuables and important prescription
medications in your carry-on luggage; do not pack valuables in your
checked luggage.
Do not leave laptops, computer bags or other luggage unattended at
any time.
Be able to answer questions about your luggage and be able to open
all suitcases and packages immediately, if asked.
Use your business address on your luggage tags, if possible.
Be sure to respond completely to requests by security officials and

avoid comments about security that could be misinterpreted.
When youre on the plane or train, read safety literature and be sure
you know where emergency exits are located.
For general information when you are en route, the U.S. State Dept.
offers a wide-range of information to travelers of all nationalities:
http://www.state.gov/travel/
Moving Around Safely
Always remain alert.

Avoid disturbances and loud arguments. When they occur, quickly
walk the other way.
Dress conservatively. Your interpretation of this guideline needs to be
based on local practices and customs. Attire you may think is
perfectly acceptable, may not be so youll be well served to learn
what is appropriate. Otherwise, you could run the risk of being
misinterpreted and perhaps becoming a target if your clothing is
provocative or offensive.
Ostentatious jewelry will also draw attention to you.
Learn about transportation in your locationwhats safe and what
can be problematic and when. Trains, subways, buses, independent
taxi cabs may pose specific problems. Find out before you go if it is
preferable to hire a private driver and car. Contact your Embassy for
detailed information.
You should also ask your company about specific transportation
guidelines theyve established for your safety.
Avoid areas where you can become a victim of crime, such as poorly-
lit streets, alleys, and deserted train stations.
If you drive, keep your doors locked and windows closed, and never
pick up hitchhikers.
Be wary when you are alone in lifts. Get off if someone suspicious
gets on.
If you find yourself alone in a train car or compartment after everyone
else leaves, you may feel safer moving to an occupied car. Identify
the location of the emergency alarm system.
Experts say that if someone does attack you, give them your
valuablesmoney and passportand do not fight back.
Be sure to know enough of the language to call for help. Consider
marking and tagging the pages of a phrase book with these types of
important phrases.
Even when you have a mobile phone, learn to use the local pay
phones and keep change with you.
Know Where Youre Going
Ask people in the hotel what areas you should avoid.

When you have a specific location youre going to, ask colleagues or
people who work in the hotel if there are things you should know
about that area.
If you cannot speak the local language, carry the card of your hotel or
your address with you at all times--as well as your destination
address.
Make others aware of your specific whereabouts, even when youre

going to business appointments.
*Sources: U.S. Transportation Security Administration
Settling In
Accommodation
Arrival Procedures
Conversions
Eating Out
Entertainment
Family Corner
Health and Safety
Media
Money and Banking
Nightlife
Shopping
Social Clubs
Sports

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Before reaching the stage of multiculturalism, the country went through

Multiculturalism has been quite successful for Australia and helped

the region and the world on its own terms.

Australians value authenticity and sincerity, and dislike pretentiousness.

Individualism and Group Orientation

More so than most cultures, Australians do not like conducting business

Aussies value verbal sparring and frequently use understatement or

When presenting to an Australian audience, make sure your material

Quality of Life / Work-Life Balance

activities such as sailing or surfing. Most Australians actively participate in

Much business entertaining revolves around sports, and the calendar is

Australia has a reputation for religious tolerance and acceptance. There is

The diversity of faiths has increased as Australia becomes increasingly

Surprisingly for a country that produced well-known feminist Germaine

On 1/1/2011, the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) Corporate

traded Australian companies to set gender diversity targets. Companies

According to the 2012 Australian Census on Women in Leadership, 12.3%

There are more female directors in insurance, banking, retail and

View of Foreign Women

What is most important to Australian businesspeople is that the foreign

Tips for Businesswomen

Since the business culture is somewhat informal, businesswomen should

It is a good idea to demonstrate a sense of humor. Being able to accept a

In many companies, work associates my meet up after work for a drink. If a

It is generally a good idea to learn something about the organization and

The best way to establish credibility is to have your credentials presented

Strive to speak clearly and concisely and present a well-ordered business

Following through with promises and agreements is extremely important in

Australians are generally quite open to foreigners. Attitudes are shaped by

array of ethnic restaurants, "fusion cuisine", as well as international

Cross Culture Tips

The following cultural observations are based on the dimensions in the

Hierarchical vs. Egalitarian

How society is structured

Australia is an egalitarian society. When you interact with Australians, the

People expect to be treated with an equal amount of respect and will

Formal vs. Informal

The defining characteristics of this dimension are:

The importance of appearance and demeanor as an indicator of

The importance of protocol and etiquette

Australia is an informal society. When you interact with Australians, the

Don't be surprised or offended if people address you by your first

Group vs. Individual

The source of an individual's identity and loyalties

Australia is a relatively group-oriented society. As you interact with people

People prefer to work independently rather than as part of a group.

As an employer or manager, provide employees with sufficient

Transactional vs. Relationship

What constitutes a relationship

Australia is a transactional-oriented culture. When you have business or

Be prepared to "get down to business" much earlier in an interaction.

Indirect vs. Direct Communication

The relative importance of verbal vs. non-verbal communication

It is important to stand by your word when you make a commitment.

Fluid vs. Controlled Time

Most people consider time to be something that is within their control

External vs. Internal Control

The degree to which organizational practices encourage and reward

Australia is an Internal Control society. When interacting with people from

Change is typically perceived in a positive light, even if it is not easily

Balance vs. Status Motivation

The importance and value attached to professional vs. personal lives

Australia is a Balance-Status Motivation culture. When interacting with